The aim of this study was to quantify the density of taste pores on the anterior region of the tongue, in adult males and 8 to 9 year old boys. Earlier studies had shown that, although 8 to 9 year olds were poorer than adults at sensing the tastant sucrose using a whole mouth procedure, localised regions of the tongue in male children were more sensitive than equivalent regions in adults. This study aims to detemine whether the age differences in sensitivity is related to a difference in taste pore density. Two areas of the tongue, for which children had previously been shown to have higher sensitivity than adults, were examined using a videomicrosocpy technique and the number and diameter of taste pores were measured. Children were found to have a greater density of taste pores, however the number of taste pores per papilla were similar in children and adults. It was found to be likely that the greater sensitivity of localised areas on the children's tongue is due to a greater taste pore density. The reduced sensitivity reported using whole mouth stimulation may be due to a reduced capacity to assimilate taste input from the whole mouth or due to different relative contributions to whole-mouth taste from the various receptive fields in the mouth. / Master of Science (Hons)

Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Mémoire (M.Ress.Renouv.)--Université du Québec, 1994. / Résumé disponible sur Internet. CaQCU Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The climate around Prieska differs from other pistachio growing regions in the world in that it receives fewer winter chilling units, has higher maximum temperatures during winter and spring and receives summer rainfall. This possibly results in the observed delayed foliation, flower bud and inflorescence abortion, low fruit set and other flowering disorders, which lower yield potential. In order to increase yields, winter pruning, evaporative cooling and chemical rest breaking were investigated on ‘Ariyeh’, ‘Shufra’ and ‘Sirora’ pistachio trees. Tip-pruning (to remove <2.5cm) and severe heading cuts (to remove 35-45%) of one-year old wood were compared and 4% hydrogen cyanimide (Dormex®), 4% mineral oil (Budbreak®) as well as the combination (0.5% Dormex® + 4% Budbreak®) used as rest breaking agents. Bud break, reproductive bud differentiation, die-back, flower bud retention during winter and early summer as well as yield were evaluated. The results emphasised the interaction of rest breaking and pruning effects, with genetic chill requirements and environmental influences - specifically winter chill build-up. Severe pruning was detrimental to flower bud formation as well as yield. The bud break data suggests that the ability of some rest breaking chemicals to promote lateral development may be explained by their potential to impede the development of apical dominance, rather than a direct effect on the lateral buds. The inability of the chemical treatments to increase yield consistently might indicate other factors involved or that the average winter chill of Prieska is below the minimum amount necessary for adequate rest breaking effects on yield. Evaporative cooling was used to counteract potential negative effects of high maximum day temperatures during autumn and spring on flower bud retention, fruit set and yield. Cooling during autumn (May + June, Southern hemisphere), spring (August + September, Southern hemisphere) and the combination of autumn + spring were investigated during two seasons. Flower bud retention during winter and early summer, flowering patterns, as well as yield were evaluated. The significant effects obtained with evaporative cooling - specifically in autumn + spring, indicated the important role climatic conditions play during both stages of entering and exiting dormancy of pistachio trees. Although all differences are not yet clearly understood, the fact that evaporative cooling resulted in substantially higher yields in the case of ‘Ariyeh’ and ‘Shufra’ in an area with sub-optimal pre-blossom temperatures and less than 40% of the required winter chill of pistachio, emphasises its potential in horticultural management. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Prieska se klimaat verskil van ander pistachio-produksie areas in die wêreld deurdat minder winterkoue-eenhede opgebou word, dit hoër maksimum temperature het gedurende die winter en lente en ’n somer-reënvalgebied is. Dit dra waarskynlik by tot die waargenome vertraagde bot, blomknop- en bloeiwyse abortering, lae vrugset en ander blom-afwykings. Aangesien hierdie faktore opbrengspotensiaal verlaag, is wintersnoei, verdampingsverkoeling en chemiese rusbreking ondersoek as moontlike bestuursoplossings. Tip- (om <2.5cm te verwyder) en topsnitte (om 35-45% te verwyder) van eenjarige lote is met mekaar vergelyk en 4% waterstofsianied (Dormex®), 4% minerale olie (Budbreak®) en hul kombinasie is as rusbrekers aangewend. Bot, blomknop-differensiasie, terug-sterwing, blomknopretensie gedurende winter en vroeë somer sowel as opbrengs is geëvalueer. Die resultate benadruk die onderlinge interaksie van rusbreking- en snoei-effekte met genetiese koue-behoeftes en omgewingseffekte - spesifiek die opbou van winterkoue. Topsnitte was nadelig vir blomknopvorming, sowel as opbrengs. Die bot-data doen aan die hand dat sommige chemiese rusbrekers se potensiaal om laterale breke te bevorder, verduidelik kan word deur hul vermoë om die ontwikkeling van apikale dominansie te onderdruk, eerder as ‘n direkte effek op die laterale knoppe. Die chemiese behandelings se onvermoë om opbrengs deurggaans te verbeter, mag daarop dui dat die gemiddelde winterkoue van Prieska laer is as die minimum hoeveelheid benodig alvorens chemiese rusbreker effekte op opbrengs verwag kan word. Potensiële negatiewe effekte van hoë maksimum dagtemperature gedurende die herfs en lente op blomknopretensie, vrugset en opbrengs is teengewerk deur middel van verdampingsverkoeling. Verkoeling gedurende herfs (Mei + Junie, Suidelike halfrond), lente (Augustus + September, Suidelike halfrond) en die kombinasie van herfs + lente is gedurende twee seisoene ondersoek. Blomknopretensie gedurende winter en vroeë somer, blompatrone, sowel as opbrengs is geëvalueer. Die betekenisvolle verskille verkry met verdampingsverkoeling, dui die belangrike rol aan wat klimaatstoestande gedurende beide stadiums van in-, sowel as uitgang uit dormansie speel in pistachiobome. Hoewel alle verskille nog nie verklaar kan word nie, dien die feit dat verdampingsverkoeling tot substansiële opbrengste in die geval van ‘Ariyeh’ en ‘Shufra’ kon lei in ‘n area met suboptimale voor-bot temperature en gemiddeld minder as 40% bevrediging van die kouebehoefte van pistachios, as beklemtoning van die belang daarvan as hortologiese bestuursmiddel.

Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-10-17T18:25:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_Claudia_Afras_de_Queiroz.pdf: 3789291 bytes, checksum: 3d6004b5dd565bd0f743185deff3c4d5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-10-17T18:25:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_Claudia_Afras_de_Queiroz.pdf: 3789291 bytes, checksum: 3d6004b5dd565bd0f743185deff3c4d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-17T18:25:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_Claudia_Afras_de_Queiroz.pdf: 3789291 bytes, checksum: 3d6004b5dd565bd0f743185deff3c4d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Guarana plant (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) is an Amazonian species with great economic potential because of the different chemical properties of pharmaceutical and industrial interest. Brazil is the only of guarana seeds producer and Bahia followed by Amazonas major producers. Pests and diseases caused by fungi are among the main factors responsible for low production in the Amazon region. For many years considered a disease with no economic importance the oversprouting caused by Fusarium decemcellulare that is becoming a serious problem for the guarana culture in the Amazon and was also recently reported in guarana crops in the Bahia state, the disease has at least three characteristic symptoms: oversprouting of vegetative buds, floral hypertrophy and stem galls. This study aimed to analyze the diversity and genetic structure of F. decemcellulare from the main producing area of guarana in the Amazonas by molecular ISSR marker and conduct phylogenetic analysis to determine the occurrence of species complex in guarana plant. We analyzed 300 isolates collected from eight districts of Amazonas state based on 10 ISSR markers that generated 167 polymorphic bands. The number of observed alleles (Na) ranged from 1.48 (Presidente Figueiredo to 1.98 (Manaus) and the effective number of alleles (Ne) was 1.54 (Urucará) and 1.41 (Presidente Figueiredo), the values for heterozygosity (H) and Shannon Index (I) were very similar among the eight populations, with minimal to Rio Preto da Eva (H = 0:29 and I = 0:43) and maximum to Manaus (M = 0:39 and I = 0:48). The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed high genetic variability within populations (77%). Population genetic analysis by PCO (Principal coodenates analysis) and genetic structure of 300 isolates identified two populations from F. decemcellulare in guarana plant in Amazon. To verify if the different populations identified represent the same phylogenetic species, partial sequencing of the EF-1α was successfully obtained for 275 isolates and based on 19 haplotypes identified in the population 34 isolates were selected to phylogenetic analysis with (rpb1, rpb2 and ITS + LSU rDNA). The concatenated data from four regions grouped isolates in three different cluters suggesting the occurrence of three putative species in guarana plant. The analysis of 34 isoltes with ISSR also revealed the occurrence of three clusters with 54% similarity, although the marker has not been able to differentiate the putative species identified in the phylogeny. In both cases isolates were not grouped by symptoms, geographical origin or mating type, indicating the occurrence of different species can be the main factor to cluster distribution of F. decemcellulare from guarana plant. / O guaranazeiro (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) é uma espécie de origem amazônica com grande potencial econômico devido as diferentes propriedades químicas de interesse farmacêutico e industrial. O Brasil é o único produtor de guaraná sendo a Bahia seguida do Amazonas os principais produtores. Entre os principais fatores responsáveis pela redução da produção no Amazonas estão as pragas e doenças causadas por fungo. Por muitos anos considerados uma doença secundária, o superbrotamento causado por Fusarium decemcellulare atualmente constitui um problema para a cultura do guaraná no Amazonas e foi recentemente também reportada na Bahia. A doença apresenta pelo menos três sintomas bem característicos como o superbrotamento de gemas vegetativas, hipertrofia floral e galhas no caule. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a diversidade e estrutura da população, bem como a filogenia de F. decemcellulare proveniente dos principais municípios produtores de guaraná no estado do Amazonas. Foram analisados 299 isolados de F. decemcellulare coletados de nove municípios do estado do Amazonas com base em 10 marcadores ISSR que geraram 167 bandas polimórficas. O número de alelos observados (Na) variou entre 1,48 para Presidente Figueiredo à 1,98 para Manaus e o número efetivo de alelos (Ne) foi de 1,55 para Maués e de 1,41 para Presidente Figueiredo, os valores para Heterozigosidade (H) e Índice de Shannon (I) foram muito similares entre as nove populações, com mínimo para Rio Preto da Eva (H=0.29 e I=0.43) e máximo para Manaus (H=0.39 e I=0.48). A análise de variância molecular (AMOVA) revelou que a maior variabilidade genética está dentro das populações de F. decemcellulare (83%) do que entre as populações. E nenhuma correção genética foi verificada entre sintomas do qual o isolado foi obtido ou por local de coleta. Nas análises de estrutura de população e relacionamento genético entre os 299 isolados das nove populações foram estruturados em dois grupos (K=2) indicando a ocorrência de duas populações do patógeno na região. Para verificar se os diferentes grupos identificados correspondem à mesma espécie filogenética sequenciamento parcial do gene EF-1α foi obtido com sucesso para 288 isolados e com base em 19 haplótipos identificados na população, 34 isolados foram selecionados para análise filogenética com mais três regiões (rpb1, rpb2 e ITS+LSU rDNA). As quatro regiões concatenadas formaram três diferentes clusters sugerindo a ocorrência de três possíveis espécies de F. decemcelluare em guaranazeiro. A análise dos 34 isolados com ISSR também indica a ocorrência de três clusters com 54% de similaridade, embora o marcador não tenha sido capaz de diferenciar as possíveis espécies identificadas na filogenia.

Abstract Although microbes are generally found as endophytes in many plant tissues, the plant shoot meristems have been considered virtually sterile. Plant tissue culture, which utilizes mostly the meristems, has nevertheless given numerous references to microbial existence in these tissues. Since the bud-derived tissue cultures of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) also become easily occupied by microbes, microbial presence was considered to be one potential cause of the low regeneration capacity of tissues from mature trees. The origin of the microbes occurring in tissue cultures of buds of Scots pine was established in this study. One of the microbes, classified as Hormonema dematioides (Ascomycota), was localized in the scale tissues of a bud. Several other microbes were detected, and were associated especially with the meristematic tissues of Scots pine buds. This group was comprised of the yeast Rhodotorula minuta, and bacteria belonging to Methylobacterium spp., the Pseudomonas fluorescens subgroup, and a Mycobacterium sp. These endophytes were located particularly in the outermost cells of meristems, in the epithelial cells of resin ducts, and in the cells of the developing stem, in the vicinity of the meristems. These endophytes were less frequently found in the vascular tissue or in the intercellular spaces of cells, which are typical locations for the previously known endophytic bacteria. The meristem-associated endophytes were discovered to affect growth of pine tissues, and some of them produced substances that are suitable as precursors for phytohormone synthesis. Additionally, pure cultures of both bacterial and fungal endophytes showed antagonism in vitro against pathogens. When the correlation between the presence endophytes and the degeneration of bud-derived tissue cultures of Scots pine was studied, it was discovered that the endophytes grew uncontrollably once a tissue culture was initiated from the bud. A high level of chitinase production was also detected in these tissue cultures, which was considered to be indicative of a defense reaction. However, the endophytes were not found to colonize excessively in every tissue, but all bud-derived tissue cultures of Scots pine eventually degenerate. Therefore, it was concluded that the endophytes may not exclusively be considered responsible for the degeneration of the cultures.

studies were conducted to better understand the influence of temperature on the rest period of dormant peach and apricot buds. Gleason Elberta peach and Chinese apricot trees in the field at Howell Experiment Station in Ogden were used to evaluate rest intensity, respiration, and cold hardiness in relation to temperature. A rest intensity curve was obtained for both species using various concentrations of gibberellic acid. It was found that temperature had no direct effect on the depth of rest and that the depth of rest had no measurable influence on respiration and cold hardiness. Respiration of flower and leaf buds was not affected by temperature until after the rest period was over and the temperature rose above 40 F. However, cold hardiness was directly affected by temperature during the rest period. As the temperatures dropped the cold hardiness increased in both species. Lovell peach seedlings were placed in 5 gallon containers and placed in controlled temperature chambers. At 3 different periods, 3 trees were removed from 9 different temperature treatments. It was found that 40 F was generally more effective in breaking rest than was 32 F. Light did not seem to affect the rest period significantly.

The effects of temperature, defoliation, light, and certain fall cultural practices on rest and hardiness of Gleason Elberta peach buds were studied. The influence of these factors on abscisic acid concentration in peach buds and a possible role of ABA in rest and hardiness of peach buds were also investigated. Peach leaf buds enter rest in early fall, reach a rest intensity peak in early winter, then break rest as a chilling requirement is met. Complete defoliation before rest has begun will cause some leaf and flower buds to grow, while defoliation after rest has begun will not cause visible bud growth. Effective chill-unit accumulation in the fall apparently did not begin until after a certain amount of leaf abscission had occurred. A GA3 application on August 15, 1974, delayed leaf abscission, and also caused an extension of the rest period. Early fall defoliation was correlated with a reduction in rest intensity and a reduction in the rest period of leaf buds. A result of this study indicates the possibility of the existence of a rest promoting substance that was apparently translocated from a side of a tree exposed to ambient temperatures to a warm greenhouse covered side. Decreasing temperatures caused an increase in flower bud hardiness, however, other factors also had effects on hardiness. An extended day-length treatment caused flower buds to acclimate more slowly than those on untreated trees during the early fall period. The light affect was not evident as colder temperatures prevailed. Buds on trees that were kept warm, acclimated to the same level as buds on trees kept at cooler but non freezing temperatures. However, it took the warm buds approximately four months longer to acclimate. Buds on trees that were exposed to below freezing temperatures acclimated to a much lower level than those on trees not exposed to freezing temperatures. Fall pruning and heavy fertilization with ammonium nitrate did not reduce cold hardiness enough to be measured. However, buds on vigorous, large diameter twigs were more hardy during the early winter period than buds on twigs of smaller diameter. The August 15 and September 19 GA3 treated trees and the early defoliated trees had a delay in acclimation during the fall period, although they did eventually acclimate to the same level as the untreated buds. Abscisic acid concentration in peach leaf and flower buds was low before rest began, increased sharply during the rest inception period, and decreased in concentration before the end of rest. ABA may be a controlling factor in the inception of rest in peach. There was no apparent relationship between ABA concentration and cold hardiness of Gleason Elberta peach flower buds.

No description available.

No description available.