Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The amount and complexity of software applications for the building industry is increasing constantly. It has been a long term goal of the software industry to support integration of the various models and applications. This is a difficult task due to the complexity of the models and the diversity of the fields that they model. As a result, only large software houses have the ability to provide integrated solutions on the basis of a common information model. Such a model can more easily be established since the different software is developed within the same group. Other software suppliers usually have to revert to importing and exporting of data to establish some form of integration. Even large software houses still sometimes make use of this technique between their different packages. In order to obtain a fully integrated solution, clients have to acquire complex and expensive software, even if only a small percentage of the functionality of this software is actually required. A different approach to integration is proposed here, based on providing an integration framework that links different existing software models. The framework must be customisable for each individual's unique requirements as well as for the software already used by the individual. In order for the framework to be customisable, it must either encompass the information requirements of all existing software models from the outset, or be flexible and adaptable for each user. Developing an encompassing software model is difficult and expensive and thus the latter approach is followed here. The result is a model that is less general than BIM-style models, but more focussed and less complex. The elements of this flexible model do not have predetermined properties, but properties can instead be added and removed at runtime. Furthermore, derived properties are not stored as values, but rather as methods by which their values are obtained. These can also be added, removed and modified at runtime. These two concepts allow the structure and the functionality of the model to be changed at runtime. An added advantage is that a knowledgeable user can do this himself. Changes to the models can easily be incorporated in the integration framework, so their future development is not limited. This has the advantage that the information content of the various applications does not have to be pre-determined. It is acknowledged that a specific solution is required for each integration model; however the user still has full control to expand his model to the complexity of BIM-type models. Furthermore, if new software models are developed to incorporate the proposed structures, even more seamless and flexible integration will be possible. The proposed framework is demonstrated by linking a CAD application to a cost-estimation application for buildings. A prototype implementation demonstrates full integration by synchronising selection between the different applications. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoeveelheid en kompleksiteit van sagteware programme vir die bou industrie is konstant aan die vermeerder. Dit was nog altyd 'n lang termyn doelwit van die sagteware industrie om integrasie van die verskeie modelle en programme te ondersteun. Hierdie is 'n moeilike taak as gevolg van die kompleksiteit van die modelle, en die diversiteit van die velde wat hierdie programme modelleer. Die gevolg is dat net groot sagteware huise die vermoë het om geïntegreerde oplossings te bied op die basis van 'n gemeenskaplike inligting model. So 'n tipe model kan makliker bymekaargestel word siende dat al die verskillende sagteware binne dieselfde groep ontwikkel word. Ander sagteware verskaffers moet gewoonlik gebruik maak van sogenaamde uitvoer/invoer tegnieke om 'n mate van integrasie te verkry. Selfs groot sagteware huise maak ook gebruik van hierdie tegnieke tussen hulle verskeie pakkette, in plaas van om die programme direk met mekaar te koppel. Om 'n vol geïntegreerde oplossing te verkry, moet kliënte komplekse en duur sagteware aanskaf, selfs al word net 'n klein gedeelte van die funksionaliteit van hierdie sagteware gebruik. 'n Verskillende benadering word hier gevolg, gebaseer op 'n integrasie raamwerk wat verskillende bestaande sagteware modelle met mekaar koppel. Die raamwerk moet aanpasbaar wees vir elke individu se unieke opset. Vir die raamwerk om aanpasbaar te wees, moet dit óf alle bou industrie inligting inkorporeer van die staanspoor af, óf dit moet buigbaar en aanpasbaar wees vir elke gebruiker. Om 'n model te ontwikkel wat alle bestaande inligting inkorporeer van die staanspoor af is moeilik en duur, dus word die tweede benadering gevolg. Die eindresultaat is 'n model wat minder omvattend is as BIM-tipe modelle, maar eerder gefokus en minder kompleks. Die elemente van hierdie buigbare model het nie voorafbepaalde eienskappe nie, eienskappe kan bygevoeg en weggevat word terwyl die program hardloop. Verder word afgeleide eienskappe nie gestoor as waardes nie, maar eerder as metodes wat gebruik word om hulle waardes mee af te lei. Hierdie konsepte laat toe dat die struktuur en funksionaliteit van die model verander kan word terwyl die program hardloop. 'n Verdere voordeel is dat 'n kundige verbruiker die veranderinge self kan doen. Veranderinge in die modelle kan maklik ingesluit word in die integrasie model, so toekomstige ontwikkeling word nie beperk nie. Dit beteken dat die inhoud van die modelle nie vooraf bepaal hoef te word nie. Al het die raamwerk 'n gespesialiseerde oplossing vir elke gebruiker tot gevolg, het die gebruiker nogtans volle beheer om sy model uit te brei tot die omvattendheid van BIM-tipe modelle. Indien nuwe sagteware modelle ontwikkel word met die integrasie raamwerk in gedagte, kan nog gladder en buigbare integrasie moontlik wees. In hierdie tesis word 'n tekenprogram met 'n kosteberaming program gekoppel om die voorgestelde raamwerk te demonstreer. 'n Prototipe implementering demonstreer volle integrasie deur seleksie binne die programme te sinchroniseer.

Empreendimentos hospitalares são reconhecidos pela complexidade que está associada a todas as fases de seu ciclo de vida: projeto, construção e operação. Os projetos da saúde são altamente influenciados por regulamentações locais. Estes conjuntos de códigos e legislações contém informações prescritivas e são importantes ao projeto, uma vez que as especificações são, usualmente, definidas de acordo com os critérios neles contidos. Ao longo do processo de desenvolvimento de produto, as especificações devem ser verificadas frente aos requisitos extraídos destas regulamentações. Este processo, se realizado manualmente, tende a ser demorado e propenso a erros. Tentativas de desenvolvimento de sistemas de verificação automatizada não se mostraram completamente satisfatórias. Muitos dos problemas estão relacionados à forma como novas abordagens são concebidas, muitas vezes desenvolvidas de acordo com métodos codificados e fragmentados, e à tipologia de informação que está nas normas e regulamentações. A abordagem metodológica utilizada nesta pesquisa foi a Design Science Research. Como artefato, foi desenvolvido um framework com base na abordagem semântica, para fornecer suporte ao desenvolvimento de sistemas de verificação automatizada, com ênfase em requisitos regulamentares no contexto de projetos de edificações hospitalares. As principais contribuições teóricas deste estudo, portanto, estão relacionadas às taxonomias e às transformações da informação, bem como às relações entre os constructos utilizados. Os resultados indicam que a natureza das regulamentações possui impacto significativo na possibilidade de tradução em regra lógica parametrizável. Apesar de a automação ser desejável, os resultados deste estudo indicam, ainda, que atualmente nem todos os requisitos podem ser completamente traduzidos em termos de processamento e verificação automatizados. Apesar de este fato diminuir o nível geral de automatização no processo, ele pode trazer benefícios ao contexto de projetos da saúde. O atendimento de alguns dos requisitos depende em um certo grau, em critérios subjetivos, que estão relacionados à interpretação humana e à criatividade. / Healthcare facilities are recognized for the complexity associated to all phases of their lifecycle: design, construction and operation. The design of healthcare projects is highly influenced by local healthcare regulations. These legislations usually contain prescriptive information and play an important role, as design specifications should be defined based on the criteria defined therein. In the design phase, during the product development process, requirements extracted from legal regulations must be verified against design specifications. This process, if done manually, tends to be time consuming and error prone. Attempts to develop automated rule checking systems for healthcare projects have not been fully successful. Most flaws appear to be related to the way new approaches are conceived, being mostly developed according to hard-coded and fragmented approaches, and the typology of information bounded by the regulations. The methodological approach adopted in this investigation was the Design Science Research. The main outcome of this research study is a semantic-based framework, devised to support the development of automated rule checking systems, focused on regulatory requirements of healthcare building design. The main theoretical contributions of this research work are concerned with the taxonomies and information transformation, as well as the relationships among the constructs involved. The results indicate that the nature of regulations have a major impact on the possibility of translating them into logic rules. Even though automation is desirable, the findings of this study also indicate that currently not all requirements can be fully translated into rules for automated processing and checking. Although this decreases the overall degree of automation in the process, this fact may provide benefits to the healthcare context. The fulfillment of some requirements to some extend should rely on subjective criteria, which depends on human interpretation and creativity.

Empreendimentos hospitalares são reconhecidos pela complexidade que está associada a todas as fases de seu ciclo de vida: projeto, construção e operação. Os projetos da saúde são altamente influenciados por regulamentações locais. Estes conjuntos de códigos e legislações contém informações prescritivas e são importantes ao projeto, uma vez que as especificações são, usualmente, definidas de acordo com os critérios neles contidos. Ao longo do processo de desenvolvimento de produto, as especificações devem ser verificadas frente aos requisitos extraídos destas regulamentações. Este processo, se realizado manualmente, tende a ser demorado e propenso a erros. Tentativas de desenvolvimento de sistemas de verificação automatizada não se mostraram completamente satisfatórias. Muitos dos problemas estão relacionados à forma como novas abordagens são concebidas, muitas vezes desenvolvidas de acordo com métodos codificados e fragmentados, e à tipologia de informação que está nas normas e regulamentações. A abordagem metodológica utilizada nesta pesquisa foi a Design Science Research. Como artefato, foi desenvolvido um framework com base na abordagem semântica, para fornecer suporte ao desenvolvimento de sistemas de verificação automatizada, com ênfase em requisitos regulamentares no contexto de projetos de edificações hospitalares. As principais contribuições teóricas deste estudo, portanto, estão relacionadas às taxonomias e às transformações da informação, bem como às relações entre os constructos utilizados. Os resultados indicam que a natureza das regulamentações possui impacto significativo na possibilidade de tradução em regra lógica parametrizável. Apesar de a automação ser desejável, os resultados deste estudo indicam, ainda, que atualmente nem todos os requisitos podem ser completamente traduzidos em termos de processamento e verificação automatizados. Apesar de este fato diminuir o nível geral de automatização no processo, ele pode trazer benefícios ao contexto de projetos da saúde. O atendimento de alguns dos requisitos depende em um certo grau, em critérios subjetivos, que estão relacionados à interpretação humana e à criatividade. / Healthcare facilities are recognized for the complexity associated to all phases of their lifecycle: design, construction and operation. The design of healthcare projects is highly influenced by local healthcare regulations. These legislations usually contain prescriptive information and play an important role, as design specifications should be defined based on the criteria defined therein. In the design phase, during the product development process, requirements extracted from legal regulations must be verified against design specifications. This process, if done manually, tends to be time consuming and error prone. Attempts to develop automated rule checking systems for healthcare projects have not been fully successful. Most flaws appear to be related to the way new approaches are conceived, being mostly developed according to hard-coded and fragmented approaches, and the typology of information bounded by the regulations. The methodological approach adopted in this investigation was the Design Science Research. The main outcome of this research study is a semantic-based framework, devised to support the development of automated rule checking systems, focused on regulatory requirements of healthcare building design. The main theoretical contributions of this research work are concerned with the taxonomies and information transformation, as well as the relationships among the constructs involved. The results indicate that the nature of regulations have a major impact on the possibility of translating them into logic rules. Even though automation is desirable, the findings of this study also indicate that currently not all requirements can be fully translated into rules for automated processing and checking. Although this decreases the overall degree of automation in the process, this fact may provide benefits to the healthcare context. The fulfillment of some requirements to some extend should rely on subjective criteria, which depends on human interpretation and creativity.

Empreendimentos hospitalares são reconhecidos pela complexidade que está associada a todas as fases de seu ciclo de vida: projeto, construção e operação. Os projetos da saúde são altamente influenciados por regulamentações locais. Estes conjuntos de códigos e legislações contém informações prescritivas e são importantes ao projeto, uma vez que as especificações são, usualmente, definidas de acordo com os critérios neles contidos. Ao longo do processo de desenvolvimento de produto, as especificações devem ser verificadas frente aos requisitos extraídos destas regulamentações. Este processo, se realizado manualmente, tende a ser demorado e propenso a erros. Tentativas de desenvolvimento de sistemas de verificação automatizada não se mostraram completamente satisfatórias. Muitos dos problemas estão relacionados à forma como novas abordagens são concebidas, muitas vezes desenvolvidas de acordo com métodos codificados e fragmentados, e à tipologia de informação que está nas normas e regulamentações. A abordagem metodológica utilizada nesta pesquisa foi a Design Science Research. Como artefato, foi desenvolvido um framework com base na abordagem semântica, para fornecer suporte ao desenvolvimento de sistemas de verificação automatizada, com ênfase em requisitos regulamentares no contexto de projetos de edificações hospitalares. As principais contribuições teóricas deste estudo, portanto, estão relacionadas às taxonomias e às transformações da informação, bem como às relações entre os constructos utilizados. Os resultados indicam que a natureza das regulamentações possui impacto significativo na possibilidade de tradução em regra lógica parametrizável. Apesar de a automação ser desejável, os resultados deste estudo indicam, ainda, que atualmente nem todos os requisitos podem ser completamente traduzidos em termos de processamento e verificação automatizados. Apesar de este fato diminuir o nível geral de automatização no processo, ele pode trazer benefícios ao contexto de projetos da saúde. O atendimento de alguns dos requisitos depende em um certo grau, em critérios subjetivos, que estão relacionados à interpretação humana e à criatividade. / Healthcare facilities are recognized for the complexity associated to all phases of their lifecycle: design, construction and operation. The design of healthcare projects is highly influenced by local healthcare regulations. These legislations usually contain prescriptive information and play an important role, as design specifications should be defined based on the criteria defined therein. In the design phase, during the product development process, requirements extracted from legal regulations must be verified against design specifications. This process, if done manually, tends to be time consuming and error prone. Attempts to develop automated rule checking systems for healthcare projects have not been fully successful. Most flaws appear to be related to the way new approaches are conceived, being mostly developed according to hard-coded and fragmented approaches, and the typology of information bounded by the regulations. The methodological approach adopted in this investigation was the Design Science Research. The main outcome of this research study is a semantic-based framework, devised to support the development of automated rule checking systems, focused on regulatory requirements of healthcare building design. The main theoretical contributions of this research work are concerned with the taxonomies and information transformation, as well as the relationships among the constructs involved. The results indicate that the nature of regulations have a major impact on the possibility of translating them into logic rules. Even though automation is desirable, the findings of this study also indicate that currently not all requirements can be fully translated into rules for automated processing and checking. Although this decreases the overall degree of automation in the process, this fact may provide benefits to the healthcare context. The fulfillment of some requirements to some extend should rely on subjective criteria, which depends on human interpretation and creativity.

Building design can have a major impact on sustainability through material efficiency and construction waste minimisation (CWM). The construction industry consumes over 420 million tonnes of material resources every year and generates 120 million tonnes of waste containing approximately 13 million tonnes of unused materials. The current and on-going field of CWM research is focused on separate project stages with an overwhelming endeavour to manage on-site waste. Although design stages are vital to achieve progress towards CWM, currently, there are insufficient tools for CWM. In recent years, Building Information Modelling (BIM) has been adopted to improve sustainable building design, such as energy efficiency and carbon reduction. Very little has been achieved in this field of research to evaluate the use of BIM to aid CWM during design. However, recent literature emphasises a need to carry out further research in this context. This research aims to investigate the use of BIM as a platform to help with CWM during design stages by developing and validating a BIM-aided CWM (BaW) Framework. A mixed research method, known as triangulation, was adopted as the research design method. Research data was collected through a set of data collection methods, i.e. selfadministered postal questionnaire (N=100 distributed, n=50 completed), and semistructured follow-up interviews (n=11) with architects from the top 100 UK architectural companies. Descriptive statistics and constant comparative methods were used for data analysis. The BaW Framework was developed based on the findings of literature review, questionnaire survey and interviews. The BaW Framework validation process included a validation questionnaire (N=6) and validation interviews (N=6) with architects. Key research findings revealed that: BIM has the potential to aid CWM during design; Concept and Design Development stages have major potential in helping waste reduction through BIM; BIM-enhanced practices (i.e. clash detection, detailing, visualisation and simulation, and improved communication and collaboration) have impacts on waste reduction; BIM has the most potential to address waste causes (e.g. ineffective coordination and communication, and design changes); and the BaW Framework has the potential to enable improvements towards waste minimisation throughout all design stages. Participating architects recommended that the adoption of the BaW Framework could enrich both CWM and BIM practices, and most importantly, would enhance waste reduction performance in design. The content should be suitable for project stakeholders, architects in particular, when dealing with construction waste and BIM during design.

This thesis deals with the BIM creating process with the use of laser scanning data in Revit software. It’s focusing mainly on MEP of water object. In the theoretical part of thesis there are outlined basic issues about laser scanning, informational modelling and other relating issues. In the practical part of the thesis is the summarization of procedure starting from data collecting, data processing to the procedure of creating BIM model, it’s visualisation and the use of the model. There are also mentioned useful pieces of knowledge, which I have learned during dealing with the problems related to the application of this new way of using the spatial information.

The technology of Building Information Modelling (BIM) is being introduced to the Architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry. This industry is generally perceived as being fragmented, having low productivity and with a low rate of innovation. BIM is presented as new paradigm within this industry, enabling inter-organisational collaboration, overall increasing quality while simultaneously lowering costs. But widespread BIM implementation has not yet taken place. In order to increase adoption, public client organisations have been argued to be the actors needed to initiate and drive the implementation of BIM. However, the client perspective of such implementation initiatives has not been the main focus of earlier research. In this licentiate thesis the BIM implementation process conducted by the largest infrastructure client in Sweden is analysed. This organisation implements BIM both to benefit their own organisation but also to increase productivity and innovation within the whole infrastructure branch of the AEC-industry. With the purpose of increasing the understanding of technology driven change processes at public client organisations, the BIM implementation at this organisation is analysed as an empirical example.  The case study is analysed by a theoretical framework taking inspiration from Actor-Network theory and Sociology of Translation. Based on this analysis the translation process, where key actors are identified and enrolled into using BIM are described. The analysis reveals a complex network of actors linked to the implementation in question. Instead of a single BIM concept, several different and sometimes conflicting interpretations of BIM are simultaneously being translated. This licentiate thesis problematizes the role of client organisations in initiating change within a network of actors. The main ways of enrolling actors into using BIM have in the studied case been the development of new demand documents. This strategy has however been problematic as the new demands for BIM have not been accepted as intended within many construction projects. Instead, the results of this thesis argue for the importance of client organisations as negotiators, not only needed to establish demand for a new innovation. / Tekniken Byggands Informations Modellering (BIM) introduceras just nu i byggbranschen. Denna bransch beskrivs ofta som varande fragmenterad med låg produktivitet samt bristande innovationskraft. BIM beskrivs som ett nytt paradigm för denna bransch, möjliggörande interorganisatoriskt sammarbete, ökad kvalitet och samtidigt minskande kostnader. Däremot har BIM ännu inte anammats på bred front. För att öka implementeringstakten har statliga beställarorganisationer beskrivits som de aktörer som behövs för att initiera och driva implementeringen av BIM. Dock har tidigare forskning inte fokuserat på beställarperspektivet kring sådana initiativ. I denna licentiatavhandling presenteras en fallstudie av BIM implementeringen på den största infrastrukturbeställaren i Sverige. Denna organisation implementerar BIM både för att gynna den egna organisationen men också för att öka produktiviteten och innovationstakten i intrastrukturbranschen som helhet. Med syfte att öka förståelsen kring beställarrollen i förhållande till teknikdrivna förändringsprocesser studeras denna förändringsprocess som ett empiriskt exempel. Denna fallstudie analyseras utifrån ett teoretiskt ramverk med inspiration tagen från Actor-Network Theory och Sociology of Translation. Utifrån denna analys beskrivs översättningsprocesser där nyckelaktörer identifieras och försöks knytas till att använda BIM. Analysen visar på ett komplext nätverk av aktörer kopplat till implementeringen i fråga. Istället för ett enskilt BIM koncept hittas ett flertal samtidiga, och stundtals motsägelsefulla tolkningar av BIM som alla samtidigt översätts i organisationen. Denna licentiatavhandling problematiserar beställarrollen i relation till initiering av förändring inom ett aktörsnätverk. Det huvudsakliga sättet genom vilket aktörer knyts till att använda BIM har i det studerade fallet varit genom utveckling av nya kravdokument. Denna strategi har däremot varit problematisk då dessa krav inte accepterats som tänk inom ett flertal byggprojekt. Istället visar resultatet av denna studie på vikten av beställarorganisationer som varande förhandlare, inte endast viktiga för att upprätta efterfrågan för en ny innovation. / <p>QC 20170614</p>

The building sector is one of the largest energy consumers and there are global efforts toward sustainable and energy-efficient new buildings and existing buildings retrofit. The application of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in environmental assessment was practiced and studied following the increasing number of projects adopting the BIM workflows and pursuing green building certifications. The interest of this thesis is to study the use of different Building Information Modelling tools used globally for energy and environmental assessment to examine their practical benefits and challenges. Case studies of two primary school buildings that achieved the Swedish Miljöbyggnad system were used to compare what could have been achieved with Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) categories of energy and atmosphere and indoor environmental quality to what has been achieved in similar Miljöbyggnad areas. A review and summary of energy and atmosphere and indoor environmental categories in the LEED version 4 user’s guide is presented to evaluate the case study potential score in them. The early adoption of modeling in the evaluation from the conceptual design is the best approach to achieve better performance. It will improve the way of working and result in a more efficient and sustainable building. The Building Information Modelling software can be used directly in assessment using the integrated modules within the popular authoring tools such as Revit’s lighting and Insight the cloud base service or by transferring the model data to a stand-alone tool like IDA-ICE. The energy plug-ins of the authoring tools such as Revit are still lacking full control over the analytical model and the limited input options. The identified and discussed advantages of Building Information Modelling implementation are collaboration, accuracy, time, and cost saving. Data exchange issues, knowledge, and the differences in assessment tools were discussed as implementation barriers. Although the full comparison of certification systems is difficult, the comparison between the potential LEED score and achieved Miljöbyggnad rating showed some differences and similarities in the rating systems. The comparison requires rearranging the rating system indicators into unified categories. The framework that compares the scope, structure, content, and aggregation, would give a meaningful comparison. The way that the LEED and Miljöbyggnad are rewarding the indicators and the aggregation of aspects towards the final rating is totally different.

Im Rahmen dieser Masterarbeit wurden die Arbeitsmethoden der Tragwerksplanung eines Ingenieurbüros im Zusammenhang mit der fortschreitenden Digitalisierung innerhalb der Baubranche untersucht. Konkret sollen die Einflüsse und Möglichkeiten von Building Information Modeling auf interne Prozesse und die damit verbundene Effektivität analysiert werden. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist die Identifikation der Produktivität des bestehenden Workflows und einem anschließenden Vergleich mit dem im Zuge dieser Arbeit entwickelten angepassten Workflow, welcher sich im Optimalfall als effektiver herausstellt. Dieser Vergleich soll an einem Fallbeispiel, dem Neubau eines 16-geschossigen Wohnquartiers in Jena stattfinden. Dafür wird der projektbezogene Bestandsworkflow in die verschiedenen Arbeitsschritte zerlegt, strukturiert und dahingehend systematisch beschrieben. Danach erfolgt in einer ähnlichen Vorgehensweise die Entwicklung eines angepassten Workflows, welcher ebenfalls zunächst vorgestellt wird. Diese beiden Workflows werden abschließend hinsichtlich verschiedener Parameter miteinander verglichen, um eine Bewertung der Effektivität treffen zu können. Dafür werden beide Arbeitsweisen der Tragwerksplanung anhand des gleichen Schemas analysiert. Im Zuge der Analyse des angepassten Workflows erfolgt die projektbezogene Beschreibung, um eine genaue Vergleichbarkeit zu Gewährleisten. Innerhalb der abschließenden Gegenüberstellung konnten signifikante Unterschiede bezüglich der zuvor definierten Parameter festgestellt werden. Die mit der Digitalisierung verbundene BIM-Methode kann die Arbeitsweisen der Tragwerksplanung in einem Ingenieurbüro maßgeblich beeinflussen. Vor dem Hintergrund der begrenzten personellen und finanziellen Ressourcen kleinerer Unternehmen bietet eine Anpassung der Workflows völlig neue Potenziale und kann als Chance angesehen werden, um die eigene Wettbewerbsposition nachhaltig zu stärken.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Problemstellung 1.2 Ziele und Struktur der Arbeit 2 Bauvorhaben „Solar-Quartiers“ in Jena 2.1 Projektvorstellung – Fallbeispiel 2.2 Ökonomischer Zielkonflikt zwischen den Beteiligten 3 Erläuterung der Ausgangssituation im Ingenieurbüro Hubert Beyer 4 Erläuterung von BIM-Workflows 4.1 Workflow 1: Projektbezogener Bestandsworkflow 4.1.1 Aufstellung von statischen Berechnungen 4.1.2 Modellorientierte Kommunikation zwischen den Planungsbeteiligten 4.2 Workflow 2: Angepasster projektbezogener Workflow 4.2.1 Aufstellung von statischen Berechnungen 4.2.2 Modellorientierte Kommunikation zwischen den Planungsbeteiligten 5 Analyse der betrachteten BIM-Workflows 5.1 Bestandsworkflow 5.2 Angepasster projektbezogener Workflow 5.3 Vergleich beider Workflows und Analyse der Zielerreichung 5.4 Analyse hinsichtlich des ökonomischen Zielkonfliktes 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis Eidesstattliche Erklärung / As part of this master's thesis, the working methods of structural planning of an engineering office were examined in the context of the progressive digitalization within the construction industry. Specifically, the influences and possibilities of building information modelling on internal processes and the associated effectiveness will be analysed. The aim of the work is to identify the productivity of the existing workflow and then compare it with the adapted workflow developed in the course of this work, which in the optimal case turns out to be more effective. This comparison will take place based on a concrete case example, the new construction of a 16-storey residential quarter in Jena. For this purpose, the project-related inventory workflow was first broken down into the different work steps, structured and described systematically. Afterwards, an adapted workflow was developed using a similar approach, which was also presented initially. Finally, these two workflows should be compared with each other regarding different parameters to be able to make an evaluation regarding effectiveness. For this purpose, both methods of structural design were analysed below based on the same scheme. In the course of the analysis of the adapted workflow, the project-related description is carried out to ensure exact comparability. Within the final comparison, significant differences with respect to the previously defined parameters could be observed. The BIM method associated with digitization can significantly influence the working methods of structural planning in an engineering office. Given the limited human and financial resources of smaller companies, adapting their workflows offers completely new potential and can be seen as an opportunity to sustainably strengthen their competitive position.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Problemstellung 1.2 Ziele und Struktur der Arbeit 2 Bauvorhaben „Solar-Quartiers“ in Jena 2.1 Projektvorstellung – Fallbeispiel 2.2 Ökonomischer Zielkonflikt zwischen den Beteiligten 3 Erläuterung der Ausgangssituation im Ingenieurbüro Hubert Beyer 4 Erläuterung von BIM-Workflows 4.1 Workflow 1: Projektbezogener Bestandsworkflow 4.1.1 Aufstellung von statischen Berechnungen 4.1.2 Modellorientierte Kommunikation zwischen den Planungsbeteiligten 4.2 Workflow 2: Angepasster projektbezogener Workflow 4.2.1 Aufstellung von statischen Berechnungen 4.2.2 Modellorientierte Kommunikation zwischen den Planungsbeteiligten 5 Analyse der betrachteten BIM-Workflows 5.1 Bestandsworkflow 5.2 Angepasster projektbezogener Workflow 5.3 Vergleich beider Workflows und Analyse der Zielerreichung 5.4 Analyse hinsichtlich des ökonomischen Zielkonfliktes 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis Eidesstattliche Erklärung

The concept of BIM is nascent but evolving rapidly, thus, its deployment has become the latest shibboleth amongst both academics and practitioners in the construction sector in the recent couple of years. Due to construction clients buy-in of the BIM concept, the entire industry is encouraged to pursue a vision of changing work practices in line with the BIM ideas. Also, existing research recognises that the implementation of BIM affects all areas of the construction process from design of the building, through the organisation of projects, to the way in which the construction process is executed and how the finished product is maintained. The problem however is that, existing research in technology utilisation in general, and BIM literature in particular, has offered limited help to practitioners trying to implement BIM, for focusing predominantly, on technology-centric views. Not surprisingly therefore, the current BIM literature emphasises on topics such as capability maturity models and anticipated outcomes of BIM rollouts. Rarely does the extant literature offer practitioners a cohesive approach to BIM implementation. Such technology-centric views inevitably represent a serious barrier to utilising the inscribed capabilities of BIM. This research therefore is predicated on the need to strengthen BIM implementation theory through monitoring and analysing its implementation in practice. Thus, the focus of this thesis is to carry out a sociotechnical systems (STS) analysis of BIM implementation in construction organisations. The concept of STS accommodates the dualism of the inscribed functions of BIM technologies and the contextual issues in the organisations and allows for the analysis of their interactive combination in producing the anticipated effect from BIM appropriation. An interpretive research methodology is adopted to study practitioners through a change process, involving the implementation of BIM in their work contexts. The study is based on constructivist ontological interpretations of participants. The study adopts an abductive research approach which ensures a back-and-forth movement between research sites and the theoretical phenomenon, effectively comparing the empirical findings with the existing theories and to eventually generate a new theoretical understanding and knowledge regarding the phenomenon under investigation. A two-stage process is also formulated for the empirical data collection - comprising: 1) initial exploratory study to help establish the framework for analysing BIM implementation in the construction context; and 2) case studies approach to provide a context for formulating novel understanding and validation of theory regarding BIM implementation in construction organisations. The analysis and interpretation of the empirical work follows the qualitative content analysis technique to observe and reflect on the results. The findings have shown that BIM implementation demands a complete breakaway from the status quo. Contrary to the prevailing understanding of a top-down approach to BIM utilisation, the study revealed that different organisations with plethora of visions, expectations and skills combine with artefacts to form or transform BIM practices. The rollout and appropriation of BIM occurs when organisations shape sociotechnical systems of institutions, processes and technologies to support certain practices over others. The study also showed that BIM implementation endures in a causal chain of influences as different project organisations with their localised BIM ambitions and expectations combine to develop holistic BIM-enabled project visions. Thus, distributed responsibilities on holistic BIM protocols among the different levels of influences are instituted and enforced under binding contractual obligations. The study has illuminated the centrality of both the technical challenges and sociological factors in shaping BIM deployment in construction. It is also one of the few studies that have produced accounts of BIM deployment that is strongly mediated by the institutional contexts of construction organisations. However, it is acknowledged that the focus of the research on qualitative interpretive enquiry does not have the hard and fast view of generalising from specific cases to broader population/contexts. Thus, it is suggested that further quantitative studies, using much larger data sample of BIM-enabled construction organisations could provide an interesting point of comparison to the conclusions derived from the research findings.