The lack of attention to quality control by house builders in the Australian State of Victoria has been a contentious issue for more than two decades. Ina an attempt to improve the quality of housing, various mechanisms such as voluntary and compulsory registration schemes have been adopted and discarded by industry-based organisations and government. While builders are encouraged to improve construction quality, little is known and published about the quality of housing produced by owner builders specifically during the seven year warranty period after construction is completed. With this in mind, this thesis presents research findings that compare the latent defects in houses built by owner builders with those of registered builders. Using inspection reports provided by Archicentre <a subsidiary of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects> a sample of 1772 houses, of which 1002 were owner builders <HO> and 770 were registered builders <HR> was used to determine the severity, the incidence, and location of defects within each house type. Houses less than a year old were found to contain a siginificant proportion of defects for both types of builder. In addition, it was found that HO builders had a mean of 2.74 defects per house and HR builders mean of 2.30 defects per house for the seven-year warranty period. To determine whether there was a significant difference between the quality of housing produced by HO and HR the statistical technique of Chi-squared analysis was undertaken at a 5% level of significance. The analysis revealed that there was a significant difference between the quality of housing procured by owner <HO> and registered <HR> builders. In particular, it was found that the important category of workmanship for HO builders had significantly less defects that HR builders, which suggests that HR builders need to improve their managerial practices and the quality of on-site supervision. In essence, this thesis has provided a series of benchmark metrics for latent defects against which current and future legislative programs con be compared for new housing in the State of Victoria. It is recommended that future research focus on the methods for improving the role of the on-site supervisor as they are considered to be the important link in the quality chain.

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Nesta investigação aprofundou se no estudo do comportamento térmico das telhas Ibaplac, fabricada com embalagens pós consumo de Tetra Pak®, fazendo um estudo comparativo com outros sistemas construtivos de cobertura convencionais. O projeto enfoca o estudo térmico da cobertura, já que esta é uma parte da construção que recebe e absorve grande quantidade de energia pela radiação solar, influindo diretamente na temperatura interna da edificação podendo provocar temperaturas internas de desconforto. Isso que pode ocasionar prejuízo na saúde dos usuários, e também na economia, pela utilização aparelhos de condicionamento do ar interior para eliminar o desconforto térmico provocando maior consumo de energia. O estudo foi realizado por meio da instalação de equipamentos que coletam os dados de temperatura automaticamente. Foram monitorados diferentes espaços do interior de quatro células de teste e um protótipo de habitação popular ocupado. Foi selecionado um dia representativo das condições climáticas para análise, das temperaturas superficiais e do ar interior. Foram comparados os resultados das quatro células de teste (telha Ibaplac-forro madeira, telha Ibaplac-forro laje cerâmica, telha fibrocimento-forro laje cerâmica, telha cerâmica laje cerâmica), e do protótipo (telha Ibaplac-forro Ibaplac) para caracterizar o comportamento térmico num dia quente do sistema de cobertura em estudo. A análise dos dados obtidos com respeito ao comportamento térmico dos sistemas de cobertura em estudo foi realizada de acordo com a sua resposta térmica no dia representativo, determinada pela análise do período de medições. Também se utilizou das planilhas e gráficos elaborados a partir dos dados coletados pelo sistema automático de aquisição de dados datalogger CR10X e das imagens do satélite GOES obtidas na internet. No final foi feita a comparação do comportamento térmico dos diferentes sistemas de cobertura se levantando as conclusões finais, determinando assim o comportamento das telhas fabricadas com material reciclado Tetra Pak® em relação aos materiais convencionais estudados paralelamente. / In this research deepened the study of the thermal behavior of tiles Ibaplac, made with used packages of Tetra Pak®, making a comparative study with other conventional systems of roofs. The project mainly focuses on the thermal study cover, because this is a part of a building that receives and absorbs large amounts of energy by solar radiation, directly influencing the internal temperature of the building and this can cause internal temperatures of discomfort, which can even cause injury on the health of users, and also the economy, for the use of internal air-conditioning equipment in order to eliminate the thermal discomfort causing higher consumption of energy. The study was conducted by the installation of equipment that collects data from temperature automatically. They were monitored different areas of the interior of four experimental cells and a test prototype of popular house occupied. Was selected a representative day for the climate analysis, of the surface temperatures and internal air temperatures. The temperature results of the four test cells (Ibaplac tile-wood ceiling, Ibaplac tile-ceramic ceiling, asbestos tile-ceramic ceiling, ceramic tile-ceramic ceiling), and the prototype (Ibaplac tile-Ibaplac ceiling) was compared in order to determine the thermal behavior on heat of the roofs systems, compared an alternative roof system with an conventional roof systems, also analyzed in this research. .A data analysis of the thermal behavior of the roof systems under study was conducted in accordance with its thermal response in heat representative day, determined for examining period of measurements, in addition to the use of excel spreadsheets and graphics compiled from data collected by the automatically acquisition system of data \"datalogger CR10X\" and satellite GOES images obtained from the Internet. At the end were compared the thermal behavior results of the different roof systems in order to get the final conclusions, thereby determining the behavior of tiles made from recycled material Tetra Pak® in comparison with a conventional system of roofs studied parallel.

Nesta investigação aprofundou se no estudo do comportamento térmico das telhas Ibaplac, fabricada com embalagens pós consumo de Tetra Pak®, fazendo um estudo comparativo com outros sistemas construtivos de cobertura convencionais. O projeto enfoca o estudo térmico da cobertura, já que esta é uma parte da construção que recebe e absorve grande quantidade de energia pela radiação solar, influindo diretamente na temperatura interna da edificação podendo provocar temperaturas internas de desconforto. Isso que pode ocasionar prejuízo na saúde dos usuários, e também na economia, pela utilização aparelhos de condicionamento do ar interior para eliminar o desconforto térmico provocando maior consumo de energia. O estudo foi realizado por meio da instalação de equipamentos que coletam os dados de temperatura automaticamente. Foram monitorados diferentes espaços do interior de quatro células de teste e um protótipo de habitação popular ocupado. Foi selecionado um dia representativo das condições climáticas para análise, das temperaturas superficiais e do ar interior. Foram comparados os resultados das quatro células de teste (telha Ibaplac-forro madeira, telha Ibaplac-forro laje cerâmica, telha fibrocimento-forro laje cerâmica, telha cerâmica laje cerâmica), e do protótipo (telha Ibaplac-forro Ibaplac) para caracterizar o comportamento térmico num dia quente do sistema de cobertura em estudo. A análise dos dados obtidos com respeito ao comportamento térmico dos sistemas de cobertura em estudo foi realizada de acordo com a sua resposta térmica no dia representativo, determinada pela análise do período de medições. Também se utilizou das planilhas e gráficos elaborados a partir dos dados coletados pelo sistema automático de aquisição de dados datalogger CR10X e das imagens do satélite GOES obtidas na internet. No final foi feita a comparação do comportamento térmico dos diferentes sistemas de cobertura se levantando as conclusões finais, determinando assim o comportamento das telhas fabricadas com material reciclado Tetra Pak® em relação aos materiais convencionais estudados paralelamente. / In this research deepened the study of the thermal behavior of tiles Ibaplac, made with used packages of Tetra Pak®, making a comparative study with other conventional systems of roofs. The project mainly focuses on the thermal study cover, because this is a part of a building that receives and absorbs large amounts of energy by solar radiation, directly influencing the internal temperature of the building and this can cause internal temperatures of discomfort, which can even cause injury on the health of users, and also the economy, for the use of internal air-conditioning equipment in order to eliminate the thermal discomfort causing higher consumption of energy. The study was conducted by the installation of equipment that collects data from temperature automatically. They were monitored different areas of the interior of four experimental cells and a test prototype of popular house occupied. Was selected a representative day for the climate analysis, of the surface temperatures and internal air temperatures. The temperature results of the four test cells (Ibaplac tile-wood ceiling, Ibaplac tile-ceramic ceiling, asbestos tile-ceramic ceiling, ceramic tile-ceramic ceiling), and the prototype (Ibaplac tile-Ibaplac ceiling) was compared in order to determine the thermal behavior on heat of the roofs systems, compared an alternative roof system with an conventional roof systems, also analyzed in this research. .A data analysis of the thermal behavior of the roof systems under study was conducted in accordance with its thermal response in heat representative day, determined for examining period of measurements, in addition to the use of excel spreadsheets and graphics compiled from data collected by the automatically acquisition system of data \"datalogger CR10X\" and satellite GOES images obtained from the Internet. At the end were compared the thermal behavior results of the different roof systems in order to get the final conclusions, thereby determining the behavior of tiles made from recycled material Tetra Pak® in comparison with a conventional system of roofs studied parallel.

Samhällsplanerare står inför utmaningar när det kommer till att förse en växande befolkning med bostäder, och samtidigt värna om att staden ska utvecklas i en hållbar riktning. Renoveringar av det befintliga bostadsbeståndet utgör en del av klimatpåverkan som kommer från bygg- och fastighetssektorn, följaktligen är det nödvändigt att minska klimatpåverkan från renoveringar samtidigt som hyresgästernas tillgång till bostäder inte får påverkas negativt. Denna uppsats syftar till att utreda skärningspunkter mellan ekologisk och social hållbarhet vid renoveringar av flerbostadshus med upplåtelseform hyresrätt. Genom att studera klimatpåverkan från tre renoveringsprojekt i en svensk kontext identifierar vi vad som har stor klimatpåverkan och när det finns möjlighet att ta vid klimatbesparande åtgärder. Uppsatsen innehåller klimatberäkningar som utgår från Boverkets beräkningssätt för klimatdeklaration och beaktar klimatpåverkan från produktskedet, transport och byggspill från byggnader. Med utgångspunkt från ett teoretiskt ramverk för att mäta social hållbarhet, har vi även genomfört en intervjustudie för att ta reda på hur ett antal utvalda bostadsbolag arbetar med social hållbarhet vid renoveringsprojekt. Vidare studerar vi vilka effekter en lag om klimatdeklaration för större renoveringar kan leda till och hur det kan främja utvecklingen av mer hållbara renoveringar. Resultat och diskussion lyfter det faktum att varje projekt är unikt och att klimatpåverkan från renoveringsprojekt beror på materialval och mängder av material som köpts in i samband med renoveringen. Påverkan från produktsskedet är störst och det är därmed i ett tidigt skede som utredning av klimatbesparande renoveringsstrategier gör störst skillnad. På samma sätt är det i det tidiga skedet viktigt att ta reda på hur renoveringen kan komma att påverka hyresgästens möjlighet att bo kvar efter en renovering samt dess möjlighet till ett fungerande vardagsliv under renoveringen. / Urban planners face challenges in providing housing for a growing population while ensuring that the city develops in a sustainable way. Renovations of the existing housing stock constitute a part of the climate impact coming from the construction and property sector, thus it is necessary to reduce the climate impact of renovations while ensuring that tenants' access to housing is not negatively affected. This thesis aims to investigate the intersections between ecological and social sustainability in renovations of multi-family housing with rental apartments. By studying the climate impact of three renovation projects in a Swedish context, we identify what has a large climate impact and when there is an opportunity to take climate-saving measures. The thesis contains climate calculations based on the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning's calculation method for climate declarations and considers the climate impact of the product phase, transport, and construction waste from buildings. Based on a theoretical framework for measuring social sustainability, we have also conducted an interview study to find out how a number of selected housing companies work with social sustainability in renovation projects. Furthermore, we study what effects a law on climate declaration for major renovations can lead to and how it can promote the development of more sustainable renovations. Results and discussion highlight the fact that each project is unique, and that the climate impact of renovation projects depends on the choice of materials and the amount of materials purchased in connection with the renovation. The impact of the product phase is the greatest and it is therefore at an early stage that the investigation of climate-saving renovation strategies makes the greatest difference. Similarly, it is important in the early stages to find out how the renovation may affect the tenant's ability to remain in the home after the renovation and their ability to function in everyday life during the renovation.