Syfte – Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur BIM kan användas för att förbättra leveransprecisionen av materialleveranser till byggarbetsplatsen gällande nybyggnationer. För att besvara studiens syfte har två frågeställningar formulerats. Första frågeställningen utgör en grund för att sedan kunna besvara andra frågeställningen. - Vilka faktorer påverkar leveransprecisionen av materialleveranser till byggarbetsplatsen? - Hur kan leveransprecisionen av materialleveranser till byggarbetsplatsen förbättras med hjälp av BIM? Metod – För att uppnå studiens syfte och frågeställningar genomfördes en fallstudie i form av intervju och dokumentstudie på två olika företag inom byggindustrin. En litteraturstudie genomfördes med syfte att forma det teoretiska ramverket som sedan varit en grund för att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Resultat – Studien har identifierat faktorer som påverkar leveransprecisionen av materialleveranser till byggarbetsplatsen och kategoriserat in dem i två huvudfaktorer, samordning och planering. För ett effektivare arbete i byggprocessen är BIM ett verktyg som bland annat underlättar samordning och planering. Detta kan resultera i att leveransprecisionen av materialleveranser till byggarbetsplatsen kan förbättras med hjälp av BIM. Implikationer – Studien utgår från befintliga teorier som sedan jämförs med verkligheten. Studien belyser ingen ny teori men illustrerar nya synvinklar till ett redan befintligt problem. Svårigheten har varit i att hitta teorier om hur BIM kan påverka leveransprecisionen av materialleveranser. Teorier har därför tolkats och analyserats för att hitta möjliga förbättringar. Begränsningar – Studien omfattar leveransprecisionen av materialleveranser till nybyggnationer och tar enbart hänsyn till leveransprecisionen från leverantören till byggarbetsplatsen. Inom BIM omfattar studien 3D- och 4D BIM och utesluter 5D- och 6D BIM. / Purpose – The purpose of the study is to investigate how BIM can improve the ontime delivery of material to construction sites for new constructions. To answer the purpose of the study, two research questions have been formulated. - Which factors effect on-time delivery of material to the construction site? - How can on-time delivery of material to the construction site be improved by using BIM? Method – In order to achieve the purpose and research questions of the study, a case study was conducted at two different companies in the construction industry. The empirical data from the case study were collected through interviews and document studies. A literature study was conducted with the purpose of formulating the theoretical framework that subsequently been used to answer the purpose and research questions. Findings – The study has identified factors that effect on-time delivery of material to the construction site and categorized them into two main factors, coordination and planning. BIM is a tool, among other thing, for a more efficient work in the construction process that facilitates coordination and planning. Using BIM can result in that on-time delivery of material to the construction site can be improved. Implications – The study is based on existing theories that compares to reality. The study does not develop new theory, but it illustrates new perspectives on an already existing problem. It has been difficult to find theories about how BIM may effect ontime delivery of materials. Theories have therefore been interpreted and analysed to find possible improvements. Limitations – The study covers the on-time delivery of materials to new constructions. The study also covers the on-time delivery from supplier to the construction site. Within BIM, the study covers 3D- and 4D BIM and excludes 5D- and 6D BIM.

A crescente necessidade de reduzir os prazos e os custos dos empreendimentos de construção e de melhorar a qualidade das edificações e as condições de trabalho tem incentivado a adoção de sistemas pré-fabricados. Entretanto, a adoção desses sistemas exige uma intensa troca de informações entre a obra e a fábrica, de forma a sincronizar a fabricação dos componentes, as operações logísticas e o processo de montagem na obra, principalmente em ambientes engineer-to-order (ETO). Em sistemas do tipo ETO, o pedido do cliente é realizado nas etapas iniciais do projeto, e existe um elevado grau de incerteza principalmente pelo desconhecimento das atividades a serem realizadas. Em ambientes com esse tipo de complexidade, a literatura sugere o uso de Building Information Modeling (BIM) para facilitar o compartilhamento de informações e apoiar a tomada de decisões nesses ambientes, assim como a aplicação de conceitos e princípios da filosofia da Produção Enxuta. Particularmente em relação aos processos de montagem, o uso de BIM 4D pode ser utilizado para simular e analisar algumas operações, apoiando o processo de planejamento e o controle da produção. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo desenvolver um modelo para gestão dos processos logísticos em obras de sistemas pré-fabricados do tipo engineer-to-order com o apoio da modelagem BIM 4D A abordagem metodológica adotada foi Design Science Research (DSR), sendo desenvolvidos dois estudos empíricos. O primeiro foi realizado em colaboração com uma empresa responsável pelo projeto, fabricação e montagem de estruturas pré-fabricadas de concreto, sendo implementadas diversas melhorias em uma obra de uma universidade. O segundo, de caráter descritivo, foi desenvolvido em um empreendimento de construção de shopping center, sendo envolvidas uma empresa gerenciadora de obra e uma empresa que produziu e montou na obra a estrutura pré-fabricada de concreto. As principais contribuições da aplicação de BIM 4D como suporte à tomada de decisão referem-se ao aumento da confiabilidade do processo de montagem e da produtividade, principalmente pela clareza e rápida atualização das informações geradas pelos modelos 4D. / The growing need to reduce construction project duration and cost, as well as to improve building quality and working conditions, have encouraged the adoption of prefabricated building systems. However, the adoption of those systems requires an intense exchange of information between the construction site and the plant, in order to synchronize the production of components, logistic operations and site assembly, especially in an engineer-to-order (ETO) environment. In ETO systems, the client’s order is placed at the early design stages, and a high degree of uncertainty exists mostly due to the lack of knowledge about the tasks to be carried out. The literature suggests the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) to facilitate the sharing of information and to support decision-making in this type of environment, as well as the application of Lean Production concepts and principles. Particularly in relation to assembly process, the use of 4D BIM modelling can be used to simulate and analyze some operations, supporting production planning and control This research work aims at to devise a model for the management of logistic processes for engineer-to-order prefabricated building systems, with the support of 4D BIM modelling. Design Science Research was the methodological approach adopted in this investigation, and two empirical studies were carried out. The first one was undertaken in close collaboration with a company that designs, manufactures, and assemble prefabricated concrete structures, and some improvements were implemented in a project for a higher education institution. The second was undertaken in a shopping mall project, and two companies were involved: a project management company, and a company that produced and assembled on-site pre-fabricated structures. As a result of this research work, the application of 4D BIM to support decision-making contributed to improve the reliability of the assembly process and to increase productivity, mainly due to the clarity and timeliness of the information made available by 4D models.

A crescente necessidade de reduzir os prazos e os custos dos empreendimentos de construção e de melhorar a qualidade das edificações e as condições de trabalho tem incentivado a adoção de sistemas pré-fabricados. Entretanto, a adoção desses sistemas exige uma intensa troca de informações entre a obra e a fábrica, de forma a sincronizar a fabricação dos componentes, as operações logísticas e o processo de montagem na obra, principalmente em ambientes engineer-to-order (ETO). Em sistemas do tipo ETO, o pedido do cliente é realizado nas etapas iniciais do projeto, e existe um elevado grau de incerteza principalmente pelo desconhecimento das atividades a serem realizadas. Em ambientes com esse tipo de complexidade, a literatura sugere o uso de Building Information Modeling (BIM) para facilitar o compartilhamento de informações e apoiar a tomada de decisões nesses ambientes, assim como a aplicação de conceitos e princípios da filosofia da Produção Enxuta. Particularmente em relação aos processos de montagem, o uso de BIM 4D pode ser utilizado para simular e analisar algumas operações, apoiando o processo de planejamento e o controle da produção. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo desenvolver um modelo para gestão dos processos logísticos em obras de sistemas pré-fabricados do tipo engineer-to-order com o apoio da modelagem BIM 4D A abordagem metodológica adotada foi Design Science Research (DSR), sendo desenvolvidos dois estudos empíricos. O primeiro foi realizado em colaboração com uma empresa responsável pelo projeto, fabricação e montagem de estruturas pré-fabricadas de concreto, sendo implementadas diversas melhorias em uma obra de uma universidade. O segundo, de caráter descritivo, foi desenvolvido em um empreendimento de construção de shopping center, sendo envolvidas uma empresa gerenciadora de obra e uma empresa que produziu e montou na obra a estrutura pré-fabricada de concreto. As principais contribuições da aplicação de BIM 4D como suporte à tomada de decisão referem-se ao aumento da confiabilidade do processo de montagem e da produtividade, principalmente pela clareza e rápida atualização das informações geradas pelos modelos 4D. / The growing need to reduce construction project duration and cost, as well as to improve building quality and working conditions, have encouraged the adoption of prefabricated building systems. However, the adoption of those systems requires an intense exchange of information between the construction site and the plant, in order to synchronize the production of components, logistic operations and site assembly, especially in an engineer-to-order (ETO) environment. In ETO systems, the client’s order is placed at the early design stages, and a high degree of uncertainty exists mostly due to the lack of knowledge about the tasks to be carried out. The literature suggests the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) to facilitate the sharing of information and to support decision-making in this type of environment, as well as the application of Lean Production concepts and principles. Particularly in relation to assembly process, the use of 4D BIM modelling can be used to simulate and analyze some operations, supporting production planning and control This research work aims at to devise a model for the management of logistic processes for engineer-to-order prefabricated building systems, with the support of 4D BIM modelling. Design Science Research was the methodological approach adopted in this investigation, and two empirical studies were carried out. The first one was undertaken in close collaboration with a company that designs, manufactures, and assemble prefabricated concrete structures, and some improvements were implemented in a project for a higher education institution. The second was undertaken in a shopping mall project, and two companies were involved: a project management company, and a company that produced and assembled on-site pre-fabricated structures. As a result of this research work, the application of 4D BIM to support decision-making contributed to improve the reliability of the assembly process and to increase productivity, mainly due to the clarity and timeliness of the information made available by 4D models.

No mercado de construção civil, o BIM ou Modelagem da Informação da Construção, deixou de ser um modismo com poucos pioneiros, para ser a peça central da tecnologia do mercado de Arquitetura, Engenharia e Construção (AEC), abordando aspectos de projeto, construção e operação de edifícios. Além das informações de projeto, pode-se agregar ao modelo BIM dados externos oriundos da execução, avaliação e manutenção da construção. Cresce, com isso, o número de informações que podem ser armazenadas nos modelos e a oportunidade para identificação de padrões não explícitos, relacionados à geometria e topologia de seus componentes. Para análise destas informações, faz-se necessária a utilização de técnicas que permitam o seu processamento. Dentre as técnicas existentes para a descoberta de conhecimento em bases de dados está o KDD (Descoberta de Conhecimento em Bases de Dados) e, especificamente, a mineração de dados. Focando especificamente os dados oriundos do registro de defeitos da construção e considerando que o modelo BIM não é um repositório de dados no qual técnicas padrão podem ser aplicadas diretamente, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um arcabouço teórico que define os pontos relevantes para a utilização de técnicas de mineração de dados de defeitos construtivos em modelos BIM, fornecendo uma base conceitual para a sua aplicação prática. Acredita-se que a aplicação de mineração de dados em modelos BIM pode propiciar a identificação de padrões que são influenciados de alguma forma pela geometria dos elementos construtivos, padrões estes que podem ser úteis tanto para a análise de problemas de qualidade de execução, quanto para produtividade, manutenção, pós-ocupação, entre outros. Além da proposta de arcabouço teórico para mineração de dados em modelo BIM, esta pesquisa propôs um conjunto de componentes BIM para registro de informações de defeitos de construção, bem como uma proposta para categorização das relações entre os defeitos e os componentes do modelo BIM, de forma a tornar explícitas informações relevantes para mineração de seus dados. / In the construction market, BIM - Building Information Modeling is no longer a fad adopted by few pioneers, but the centerpiece of technology in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction market (AEC), addressing aspects of design, construction and operation of buildings. In addition to engineering design information, the BIM model allows for storage and management of information from the construction process, facilities operations and building maintenance. Alongside with this, the amount of information stored in models and the opportunity to identify patterns related to geometry and topology of construction components also increase. For the analysis of this information, the use of appropriate data processing techniques is essential. Use of KDD (Knowledge Database Discovery) and Data Mining are among the existing techniques used for knowledge extraction in large databases. While focusing on data from construction defects and considering that a BIM model is not a standard data repository, in which standard data mining techniques could be applied directly, this research aimed to develop a theoretical framework that defines the requirements and procedures for the use of Data Mining Techniques for construction defects in BIM models, while providing a conceptual basis for its practical application. It is based on the concept that the application of data mining in BIM models is able to retrieve patterns that are influenced by the geometry of building elements and that these patterns can be useful for analyzing issues of construction quality, productivity, maintenance, and post-occupancy, among others. In addition to the proposition of a theoretical framework, this research developed a standard set of BIM components for the record of construction defects data, and suggested a structure for the categorization of correlations between defects and BIM components, with the purpose of clearly identifying relevant information for the data mining process.

Subjeck of this diploma thesis is to familiarize with BIM and using laser scanning for creating BIM model.

The subject of thesis was creation of methodic for building information modeling methods specified. The buildings were surveyed at first or projects drawing were provided. Processing of survey data and building information modeling was done in software Revit 2014 with program extensions. Subsequently chosen methods of creation were described and they were compared with each other. The result can use for selection the most appropriate method on the basis function and targeted funds.

I Sverige ställer Trafikverket krav på hur dokumentationen för projekteringen av järnvägsanläggningar ska presenteras. Dessutom har Trafikverket krav på hur informationen om järnvägsritningarnas objekt ska redovisas. Ett område som påverkar arbetsmetodiken är Byggnadsinformationsmodellering (BIM). Arbetsmetoden behandlar frågor om bland annat hur informationen om objekten på en ritning ska redovisas på ett effektivt sätt. Trots att uppdragsgivaren - konsultföretaget Sweco Rail- redan använder BIM, fylls många tabeller fortfarande i manuellt. Det manuella arbetet innebär en risk för fel och ställer krav på projektörerna. Detta då de måste hålla reda på alla ritningsobjekt och ändringar som sker under pågående projekt. Därför ökar behovet av att hitta ett effektivare och mer kvalitetssäkert arbetsflöde. I detta arbete undersöktes möjligheten att automatisera det manuella arbetet vid framtagning av två olika tabeller för två olika ritningstyper, som redan används inom konsultföretaget. Dessa är tavellistor för geografiska 2D-ritningar och materielförteckningar för stomritningar. Tavellistor anger exempelvis information om placering av hastighetstavlor, materielförteckningar kan lista information om olika komponenter i ett elskåp. Stomritningar och geografiska 2D-ritningar är två vitala delar av projekteringen av järnvägsanläggningar. Stomritningar är ritningar som återanvänds i flera projekt där små modifieringar sker beroende på tillämpningen. En geografisk 2D-ritning är en översiktlig bild som beskriver hur en järnvägssträcka är utformad. Undersökningen resulterade i två arbetsflöden. Ett för att automatgenerera tavellistor för geografiska 2D-ritningar och ett för att automatgenerera materielförteckningar för stomritningar, vilket med hjälp av inbyggda funktioner i CAD-programvaran MicroStation Connect Edition. Utvärdering av de framtagna arbetsflödena, utfördes med utgångspunkt från de intervjuade projektörernas åsikter på Sweco Rail. Dessa ansåg att de automatiserade arbetsflödena, trots att automatiseringen inte var hundraprocentig, var effektivare än det befintliga manuella arbetssättet. Arbetsflödena bidrog även till ett mer kvalitetssäkert arbetssätt. Samtidigt sänktes framställningskostnaderna med cirka 47% per tavla vid automatgenereringen av tavellistan och cirka 58% per komponent vid automatgenereringen av materielförteckningen. Utöver detta bidrog arbetsflödena till en bättre arbetsmiljö eftersom arbetet enligt de fyra projektörerna som intervjuades blev mindre ansträngande. / In Sweden, the Swedish Transport Administration sets the requirements for how the documentation for the design of railway installations should be presented. The Transport Administration also has requirements for how the information on the railway drawings objects should be presented. One area that has an impact on the methodology for work in railway projects is the implementation of Building Information Modeling (BIM). The working method manages issues such as how object information should be presented effectively. Although the client, Sweco Rail, already uses BIM, many tables are still filled manually. The manual work can in turn become a risk due to the human factor, this also becomes an imposition on the projectors, who are the ones keeping track of all the drawings, objects and changes. Therefore, the need to find a more efficient and reliable workflow increases. This study investigates the possibility of automating the manual process when producing two different tables for two different drawing types, which are already used by Sweco Rail. These are tables with signs for geographical 2D drawings and bills of material for framework drawings. Tables with signs for instance, provides the placement of speed charts whilst the bills of material can present information about components in an electrical cabinet. Framework drawings and geographical 2D drawings are two important parts of the design of railway facilities. The drawings for framework are reused in many different projects where minor modifications are made depending on the project. A geographical 2D drawing is an overview that describes how a railway line is designed. The survey resulted in two workflows. One to automatically generate tables with signs for geographical 2D drawings and the other one to automatically generate bills of material for framework drawings. The evaluation of the developed workflows was carried out based on interviews with projectors in Sweco Rail regarding their experience. They considered that the proposed automated workflows, even though the automation was not fully automatized, still were an improvement in efficiency compared to the existing manual working method. The proposed workflows also contributed to a more quality-assured working method. In addition, the production costs were reduced by approximately 47 % per board in the automatic generation of the board list and approximately 58 % per component in the automatic generation regarding the bill of material. In addition, the workflows contributed to a better work environment.  According to the four interviewed projectors the work became less exhausting.

The thesis is an outcome of a collaborative work between the author and the renovation team of Modexa AB on project of housing renovation of Tyresö municipality ( Ekbacken ). During this thesis we tried to analyse the ongoing process of renovation in Stockholm and try to provide a solution which helps to improve the data gathering and analysis by production of the BIM model. Further studies to provide further details about the possible outcomes of the BIM model and integration with other software for energy studies, project management and building management had been done.

Im Rahmen dieser Masterarbeit wurden die Arbeitsmethoden der Tragwerksplanung eines Ingenieurbüros im Zusammenhang mit der fortschreitenden Digitalisierung innerhalb der Baubranche untersucht. Konkret sollen die Einflüsse und Möglichkeiten von Building Information Modeling auf interne Prozesse und die damit verbundene Effektivität analysiert werden. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist die Identifikation der Produktivität des bestehenden Workflows und einem anschließenden Vergleich mit dem im Zuge dieser Arbeit entwickelten angepassten Workflow, welcher sich im Optimalfall als effektiver herausstellt. Dieser Vergleich soll an einem Fallbeispiel, dem Neubau eines 16-geschossigen Wohnquartiers in Jena stattfinden. Dafür wird der projektbezogene Bestandsworkflow in die verschiedenen Arbeitsschritte zerlegt, strukturiert und dahingehend systematisch beschrieben. Danach erfolgt in einer ähnlichen Vorgehensweise die Entwicklung eines angepassten Workflows, welcher ebenfalls zunächst vorgestellt wird. Diese beiden Workflows werden abschließend hinsichtlich verschiedener Parameter miteinander verglichen, um eine Bewertung der Effektivität treffen zu können. Dafür werden beide Arbeitsweisen der Tragwerksplanung anhand des gleichen Schemas analysiert. Im Zuge der Analyse des angepassten Workflows erfolgt die projektbezogene Beschreibung, um eine genaue Vergleichbarkeit zu Gewährleisten. Innerhalb der abschließenden Gegenüberstellung konnten signifikante Unterschiede bezüglich der zuvor definierten Parameter festgestellt werden. Die mit der Digitalisierung verbundene BIM-Methode kann die Arbeitsweisen der Tragwerksplanung in einem Ingenieurbüro maßgeblich beeinflussen. Vor dem Hintergrund der begrenzten personellen und finanziellen Ressourcen kleinerer Unternehmen bietet eine Anpassung der Workflows völlig neue Potenziale und kann als Chance angesehen werden, um die eigene Wettbewerbsposition nachhaltig zu stärken.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Problemstellung 1.2 Ziele und Struktur der Arbeit 2 Bauvorhaben „Solar-Quartiers“ in Jena 2.1 Projektvorstellung – Fallbeispiel 2.2 Ökonomischer Zielkonflikt zwischen den Beteiligten 3 Erläuterung der Ausgangssituation im Ingenieurbüro Hubert Beyer 4 Erläuterung von BIM-Workflows 4.1 Workflow 1: Projektbezogener Bestandsworkflow 4.1.1 Aufstellung von statischen Berechnungen 4.1.2 Modellorientierte Kommunikation zwischen den Planungsbeteiligten 4.2 Workflow 2: Angepasster projektbezogener Workflow 4.2.1 Aufstellung von statischen Berechnungen 4.2.2 Modellorientierte Kommunikation zwischen den Planungsbeteiligten 5 Analyse der betrachteten BIM-Workflows 5.1 Bestandsworkflow 5.2 Angepasster projektbezogener Workflow 5.3 Vergleich beider Workflows und Analyse der Zielerreichung 5.4 Analyse hinsichtlich des ökonomischen Zielkonfliktes 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis Eidesstattliche Erklärung / As part of this master's thesis, the working methods of structural planning of an engineering office were examined in the context of the progressive digitalization within the construction industry. Specifically, the influences and possibilities of building information modelling on internal processes and the associated effectiveness will be analysed. The aim of the work is to identify the productivity of the existing workflow and then compare it with the adapted workflow developed in the course of this work, which in the optimal case turns out to be more effective. This comparison will take place based on a concrete case example, the new construction of a 16-storey residential quarter in Jena. For this purpose, the project-related inventory workflow was first broken down into the different work steps, structured and described systematically. Afterwards, an adapted workflow was developed using a similar approach, which was also presented initially. Finally, these two workflows should be compared with each other regarding different parameters to be able to make an evaluation regarding effectiveness. For this purpose, both methods of structural design were analysed below based on the same scheme. In the course of the analysis of the adapted workflow, the project-related description is carried out to ensure exact comparability. Within the final comparison, significant differences with respect to the previously defined parameters could be observed. The BIM method associated with digitization can significantly influence the working methods of structural planning in an engineering office. Given the limited human and financial resources of smaller companies, adapting their workflows offers completely new potential and can be seen as an opportunity to sustainably strengthen their competitive position.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Problemstellung 1.2 Ziele und Struktur der Arbeit 2 Bauvorhaben „Solar-Quartiers“ in Jena 2.1 Projektvorstellung – Fallbeispiel 2.2 Ökonomischer Zielkonflikt zwischen den Beteiligten 3 Erläuterung der Ausgangssituation im Ingenieurbüro Hubert Beyer 4 Erläuterung von BIM-Workflows 4.1 Workflow 1: Projektbezogener Bestandsworkflow 4.1.1 Aufstellung von statischen Berechnungen 4.1.2 Modellorientierte Kommunikation zwischen den Planungsbeteiligten 4.2 Workflow 2: Angepasster projektbezogener Workflow 4.2.1 Aufstellung von statischen Berechnungen 4.2.2 Modellorientierte Kommunikation zwischen den Planungsbeteiligten 5 Analyse der betrachteten BIM-Workflows 5.1 Bestandsworkflow 5.2 Angepasster projektbezogener Workflow 5.3 Vergleich beider Workflows und Analyse der Zielerreichung 5.4 Analyse hinsichtlich des ökonomischen Zielkonfliktes 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis Eidesstattliche Erklärung

In today’s architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry, building information modeling (BIM) technologies and practices are making a significant difference in how building projects are delivered. BIM models and tools let stakeholders visualize, simulate, and analyze how a building might behave, perform, or appear—with more precision than ever before. BIM technology and practices are not only improving design and construction processes by delivering projects faster, more cost effectively, and more sustainably, but are also helping BIM professionals by expanding career possibilities within the field. This paper identifies key personnel in AEC industry who are taking advantage of BIM technologies and practices and explains how BIM has enhanced their career paths. The study found that new processes of BIM enhance the careers of existing professionals and create new career paths for young professionals. Until recently, positions like BIM engineer/BIM manager did not exist, but now they are key positions in many companies. BIM is also opening up positions for young engineers in nontraditional industries like manufacturing, energy, media and entertainment, healthcare companies, and facility management.