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Introducción: Los trastornos de conducta alimentaria (anorexia y bulimia) han ido en aumento a nivel mundial y nacional. Previo al desarrollo de dicho trastorno las adolescentes presentan insatisfacción corporal, cuyo estudio a través del ¨Tripartite Influence Model¨ nos da 3 presiones principales: Presión por parte de los padres, de los medios de comunicación y de los pares. Factores que son estudiados a través del SATAQ-4. Objetivo. Validar la versión peruana del SATAQ-4 “Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4”. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal en el año 2015. Se inició adaptando culturalmente el test. Posteriormente, se determinó la validez a través de la validez de constructo, y la fiabilidad mediante la evaluación de consistencia interna y de la fiabilidad intra-observador (test-retest) Resultados. Se obtuvo un instrumento adaptado culturalmente obteniendo una media final mayor a 3 según el método Delphi, con una buena correlación intraclase (0,83), una alta consistencia interna (alfa de cronbach: 0.90), que al hacer el ajuste con el análisis factorial confirmatorio apoya la estructura original de cinco factores y con una adecuada validez convergente (r Pearson: 0,70) al evaluarlo en comparación con el BSQ. Conclusiones. El instrumento obtenido mide adecuadamente el constructo para el que fue creado y se puede aplicar en el ámbito universitario peruano. / Cultural adaptation and validation of the SATAQ-4 “Sociocultural Attitudes towards appearance Questionnaire-4” for Peruvian population Introduction: Eating disorders (anorexia and bulimia) have been increasing worldwide and nationally. Prior to the development of this disorder, adolescents’ present body dissatisfaction, whose study through the ¨Tripartite Influence Model¨ gives us three main pressures: Pressure on the part of parents, the media and peers. Factors that study through the SATAQ-4. Objective: Validate the Peruvian version of SATAQ-4 "Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance-4 Questionnaire". Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2015. It was started by culturally adapting the test. Subsequently, validity was determined through the validity of the construct, and reliability through internal consistency assessment and intra-observer reliability (test-retest). Results: A culturally adapted instrument was obtained obtaining a final average of the mayor to 3 according to the Delphi method, with a good intraclass relation (0.83), a high internal consistency (alpha cronbach: 0.90), that make the adjustment with the Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original five-factor structure and with a good quality of convergence (r Pearson: 0.70) when evaluating compared to the BSQ. Conclusions: The instrument adequately obtained the construct for which it was created and can be applied in the Peruvian university environment. / Tesis

The goal of the present study was to verify whether four purported risk factors predate the development of eating disorder symptoms, particularly bulimia nervosa. The four major purported risk factors for developing bulimia nervosa (and eating disorders in general) among female adolescents include: (a) over internalization of culture’s value of thinness in women, (b) inordinate dissatisfaction with body form, (c) depression, and (d) irrational beliefs and cognitions about thinness and the benefits of dieting. The present study involved a 5-year follow-up of adolescent girls initially identified as being either at high or low risk for developing an eating disorder, particularly bulimia nervosa. Subjects completed the risk factor inventories, and eating disorder diagnoses were based upon a structured Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders clinical interview. Results indicated that: (a) two bulimic cases were found in the high-risk group, with an overall prevalence rate of 3.5% (2/57); (b) the total 6-month incidence rate (for any eating disorder) was 6.5% in the high-risk group, and 0.0% in the low-risk group; (c) younger at-risk girls tended to generally acknowledge more eating disorder symptoms; (d) z-score means of the low and high risk group are dramatically different at both Time #1 and 5 years later at Time l#2, with the high-risk group exhibiting more severe and quite stable symptomatology relative to the low-risk group; and (e) change in scores over time, in all four risk factor measures, was related to bulimia, binge-related symptoms, and overall (total) symptoms. The study confirmed the importance of these risk factors in the etiology of eating disorder symptoms, as well as the significance of tracking girls in early adolescence in longitudinal studies.

The Anorexia Bulimia Inventory, a recently developed self-report questionnaire for the assessment of eating disorders, addresses two major limitations found in existing self-report eating disorder inventories. First, it comprehensively assesses the diagnostic symptoms of both bulimia and anorexia nervosa; and second, it assesses the frequently cooccurring problem areas (e.g., depression, anergia) that may be targeted in treatment planning for eating disorders. Although initial research on the psychometrics of the instrument appears promising, no research has yet investigated its factor structure. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to investigate the factor structure of the Anorexia Bulimia Inventory. Principal axis factor analysis with a varimax rotation was used on a combined clinical and nonclinical sample. The overall sample (N = 1,675) was randomly divided to provide a replication of the factor analysis. Using the two separate samples and the combined, total sample, one seven-factor solution and two eight-factor solutions emerged. All factors met conventional standards for internal consistency, with the exception of one factor consisting of only three items. The results of this study suggest that the factor structure of the Anorexia Bulimia Inventory closely parallels the intuitively designed subscales. All nine subscales emerged as separate, interpretable factors in at least one sample. Four subscales were clearly corroborated by the factor analysis, suggesting that these factors represent stable constructs that are relevant to populations at-risk for the development of eating disorders. The factor analyses provided moderate corroboration of four other subscales. Although these four factors did show deviations across samples, they all emerged as interpretable factors, suggesting that the constructs likely reflect some of the prominent ideational and behavioral issues relevant to at-risk populations. Finally, one subscale emerged as an interpretable factor in only one sample. This failure to replicate across samples may reflect problems in the wording or choice of items included on the subscale, or it could indicate that these issues are less relevant for at-risk populations. The results of this study, together with the existing evidence of the measure's psychometric properties, support the use of the Anorexia Bulimia Inventory in the assessment of eating disorders.

Bakgrund: Bulimia nervosa är ett folkhälsoproblem som ofta är svårt att upptäcka då symtomen inte alltid är synliga. Bulimia nervosa kännetecknas av att personen hetsäter ungefär 1000–2000 kalorier och sedan kräks eller tar laxerande medel för att bli av med kalorierna. Detta kan grunda sig i negativa händelser i personens liv. Som sjuksköterska är det viktigt att bilda en vårdande relation för att kunna lindra lidandet hos patienter med bulimia nervosa. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa upplevelser av att leva med bulimia nervosa. Metod: Studien var en kvalitativ studie baserad på narrativer i form av bloggar. Datainsamlingen utgick från syftet och studiens inklusionskriterier som resulterade i sex bloggar som undersöktes. Analysprocessen utgick från en modell för kvalitativ innehållsanalys.  Resultat: Upplevelser av att leva med bulimia nervosa presenterades i tio underkategorier och fyra kategorier. De fyra kategorierna som framkom var ett ständigt lidande, att förlora sig själv till bulimia nervosa, relationers betydelse och vägen till ett friskt liv. Slutsats: I föreliggande studie har både fysisk och psykisk påverkan på individen framkommit. Detta speglade sig i en känsla av otillräcklighet, hopplöshet och skam som ledde till begränsningar i livet. Studien kan vara ett stöd för sjukvårdspersonal eller anhöriga vid bemötandet av personer med bulimia nervosa.

Bakgrund Anorexia Nervosa och Bulimia Nervosa är två ätstörningar som kan leda till allvarliga fysiska och psykiska konsekvenser. Individer med dessa sjukdomar döljer för det mesta symtomen i den mån som går, vilket skapar stora mörkertal i samhället och försvårar sjuksköterskans förmåga att identifiera tidiga tecken. Prevalensen av ätstörningar ses öka i dagens samhälle, och sjuksköterskan kan därmed möta dessa patientgrupper i olika former av vårdkontexter. För detta krävs kunskap hos sjuksköterskan kring det omvårdnadsarbete som bedrivs vid dessa sjukdomar. Syfte Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att belysa omvårdnadsåtgärder vid Anorexia Nervosa och Bulimia Nervosa. Metod I denna litteraturöversikt har datainsamling skett genom databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Efter noggrann kvalitetsgranskning valdes 15 artiklar av både kvalitativ och kvantitativ karaktär ut för en integrerad dataanalys. Resultat Fyra huvudkategorier som i sin tur bestod av egna underkategorier identifierades. Kategorin samtalet med tillhörande underkategorier första mötet och samtalets viktiga komponenter, kategorin socialt stöd med den terapeutiska alliansen, en svårbehandlad patientgrupp och familjen, kategorin främja hälsosamma vanor med matvanor, fysisk aktivitet och sociala aktiviteter samt kategorin kunskap och utbildning utan tillhörande underkategori. Slutsats Krav ställdes på samtalets innehåll och bemötandet önskades vara öppet, empatiskt och kunnigt. Dåliga upplevelser kunde resultera i negativa konsekvenser på tillfrisknandeprocessen. Att skapa en terapeutisk allians med såväl patient som familj lyftes vara av vikt för vårdförloppet, men karaktären av dessa sjukdomar försvårade den terapeutiska alliansen till följd av ambivalens inför viktuppgång och bristande sjukdomsinsikt. Erfarenhet och utbildning identifierades som viktiga faktorer för att kunna upprätthålla auktoritet och samtidigt balansera detta med ett empatiskt bemötande. Sjuksköterskorna ansvarade för att utbilda patienterna i hälsosamma vanor och guida patienten ur dess sociala och emotionella isolering. Ett flertal problematiska områden identifierades, varav bristande kunskap och utbildning hos vårdpersonalen var ett. I syfte att komma åt identifierade problemområden ställs krav på vidare forskning.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of gender role and eating disorders characteristics. The Drive for Thinness, Bulimia, and Body Dissatisfaction subscales from the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) were used to examine eating disorder characteristics (Garner, 1991). The Personal Description Questionnaire (PDQ) was used to examine gender roles based on masculine positive, masculine negative, feminine positive, and feminine negative (Antill, Cunningham, Russell, & Thompson, 1981). The two independent variable of this study were gender (male, female) and gender role (masculine positive, masculine negative, feminine positive, feminine negative). The dependent variables consisted of three subscales of the EDI-2 which were Drive for Thinness, Bulimia, and Body Dissatisfaction. It was purported that gender roles are related to the development of eating disorders; women who exhibit exaggerated masculine or feminine gender roles have been found to have an increase in prevalence of eating disorders. Men who exhibited characteristics of the feminine gender role have also exhibited a higher incidence of eating disorders, especially those in the homosexual community. Participants included 232 individuals (102 men, 130 women). Two hundred one of the participants were Caucasian and 131 of the subjects were freshmen. One hundred and ninety eight of the subjects were single. Subjects were students enrolled in undergraduate psychology courses at East Tennessee State University. The Personal Description Questionnaire Form A, three subscales from the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 and a demographic questionnaire with items to assess age, gender, race, academic year, and marital status were administered to all participants. This study, employing a 2 (Gender) x 4 (Gender Roles) independent groups factorial design, looked at the four levels of gender roles and two levels of gender. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used in analyzing each dependent variable on all hypotheses at the .05 level of significance. Results of the MANOVA revealed main effects for sex and gender role identification. One interaction effect was significant. Univariate statistics (ANOVAs) were used to analyze the dependent variables on all hypothesis. The results revealed two main effects for sex and two for gender role identification.

En el primer capítulo se ha desarrollado el marco conceptual donde se exponen las principales ideas relativas a la Bulimia Nerviosa (BN). Se presentan primero los aspectos descriptivos que abarcan la definición y clasificación diagnóstica, algunas consideraciones relativas a estos, características demográficas y de la etiología de la enfermedad. Posteriormente, se desarrollan las ideas acerca de las representaciones mentales en la BN, proporcionando primero una definición de la representación mental, para luego relacionarla con el desarrollo de la personalidad. Acto seguido, se introduce el modelo psicopatológico de Blatt y, finalmente, se explican los trastornos alimentarios (TA), en particular la BN, a partir de la teoría del self. En los capítulos posteriores, se detalla la metodología utilizada y los resultados encontrados. Finalmente, se presenta la discusión a la luz de los resultados obtenidos y de la base teórica reseñada.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación entre los niveles de estrés percibido y los estilos de afrontamiento predominantes en una muestra de pacientes con Bulimia Nerviosa. Con dicho fin, se aplicó el Inventario de Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria, el Cuestionario de Respuesta al Estrés y el Cuestionario de Estilos de Afrontamiento a 30 pacientes con BN y 30 personas sin el trastorno. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en los niveles de estrés, siendo este mayor en el grupo clínico. Al interior de este se observaron diferencias de acuerdo a la edad y al tiempo de enfermedad. En cuanto afrontamiento, se hallaron diferencias significativas en ambos grupos en el uso de los estilos centrado en el problema y evitativo. Al interior del grupo clínico, se encontraron diferencias de acuerdo a la comorbilidad. Finalmente se obtuvieron correlaciones significativas medianas y grandes entre la BN, el estrés y el afrontamiento. / The aim of this study was to identify the association between stress levels and coping styles in a sample of patients with Bulimia Nervosa. Two groups conformed by 30 patients and 30 non-patients were assessed using the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-2), the Stress Response Questionnaire and the Coping Estimation Inventory. Stress levels were significantly greater in the clinical group. Within the clinical group, differences were observed according to age and time course of illness. In terms of coping, significant differences were found in the use of problem-focused and avoidant coping between the groups. Among the clinical group, differences in coping were obtained according to comorbidity. Finally, significant correlations were found between BN symptoms, stress and coping.

This study investigated the extent biological, cultural, and psychological factors predispose individuals to eating disorders and compared the prevalence between (N = 103) male and female students (18-27 years of age) from Mississippi State University (MSU). Data was collected from the Eating Disorder Screen for Primary Care (ESP), a media consumption questionnaire, the Contour Drawing Rating Scale (CDRS), the Diet History Questionnaire III (DHQ III), the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), and the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale. Age of onset was collected if participants identified as having an eating disorder. Data was analyzed using the Mann-Whitey U test and Pearson correlations to determine biological, cultural, and psychological susceptibility. This study determined that there are significant biological, cultural, and psychological predispositions that should be considered when diagnosing and treating individuals with eating disorders. Findings from MSU students were compared to current evidence and provides a basis for the development of future studies.