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O terrorismo, a luta contra o terror e o direito internacional dos direitos humanosGuerra, Bernardo Pereira de Lucena Rodrigues 10 December 2008 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2008-12-10 / The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the battle
against Terrorism and Terror on the Human Rights International Law.
From the constitution of a mentality arisen post-Second World
War, with its fundamental characteristics, and the most relevant Human Rights
international instruments, it is asserted that Terrorism and the battle against
Terror have represented an enormous challenge not the say the biggest one
to Human Rights International Law.
On the twenty-first century, humanity has witnessed the
rebirth of an ancient phenomenon, re-dimensioned on its characteristics and
proportions: the globalized and trans-national Terrorism. There are basically
two actors directly related to contemporary Terrorism: the Islamic
fundamentalism and the United States from George W. Bush doctrine.
Although there are many international conventions about
Terrorism, its provisions are not sufficient to combat the phenomenon, mainly
due to the absence of an accurate and clear definition of Terrorism.
The risks of a unilateral anti-Terrorism politics are extremely
oppressive for humanity, as they are based on Human Rights violations,
torture, and arbitrary detention of individuals for indefinite time, vilification on
the innocence presumption, on the adversary system and on full defense. Not
to mention the use of lies and the figure of the objective enemy as domination
means.
Considering this scenario, it is indispensible that the fight
against Terrorism operates accordingly to Human Rights International Law,
with full respect to Human Rights fundamental core and to the nondiscrimination
principle, through the adoption of a global strategy against
Terrorism, based on five principles. Humanity truly and deeply needs to
experience the freedom from want, the freedom from fear and the freedom to
live in dignity / O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar a forma pela qual
o combate ao Terrorismo e ao Terror tem impactado o Direito Internacional
dos Direitos Humanos.
Partindo da configuração da mentalidade emergente pós-
Segunda Guerra mundial, com suas características fundamentais, e dos
principais instrumentos internacionais de proteção dos Direitos Humanos,
verifica-se que o Terrorismo e a luta contra o Terror têm representado um
grande desafio - senão o maior deles ao Direito Internacional dos Direitos
Humanos.
Acontece que, em pleno século XXI, a humanidade tem
testemunhado o ressurgir de um fenômeno antigo, redimensionado em suas
características e proporções: o Terrorismo globalizado e transnacional. São
basicamente dois atores diretamente relacionados ao Terrorismo
contemporâneo: o fundamentalismo islâmico e os Estados Unidos da doutrina
George W. Bush.
Não obstante haja uma série de convenções internacionais que
disciplinem o Terrorismo, suas disposições não se afiguram como sendo
suficientes para combatê-lo, principalmente pela ausência de uma definição
clara e precisa de atos terroristas.
São assaz gravosos para a humanidade os riscos de uma
política unilateral de combate ao Terrorismo, baseada na violação de Direitos
Humanos, na prática da tortura, na detenção arbitrária de pessoas por tempo
indeterminado, no vilipêndio à presunção de inocência, aos princípios do
contraditório e da ampla defesa. Ainda mais utilizando- se do uso da mentira e
da figura do inimigo objetivo como forma de dominação.
Para tanto, indispensável que o combate ao Terrorismo se
opere sob a égide do Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos, no mais
amplo respeito do núcleo inderrogável dos Direitos Humanos e do princípio da
não discriminação, por meio da adoção de uma estratégia global de combate a
esse fenômeno. Afinal de contas, a humanidade precisa, verdadeiramente,
experienciar a liberdade livre de necessidades, a liberdade livre do medo e a
liberdade de viver na mais plena dignidade
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Democracia e poderes emergenciais : o caso da "guerra contra o terrorismo" nos Estados UnidosDamin, Cláudio Júnior January 2009 (has links)
A presente dissertação trata da relação entre democracia e poderes emergenciais tendo como análise o caso dos Estados Unidos depois dos atentados terroristas de 11 de setembro de 2001. Fundamentalmente, tratamos da expansão dos poderes do presidente norte-americano, George W. Bush, propiciada pela chamada “guerra contra o terrorismo”. Nosso objetivo é o de demonstrar como se deu essa ampliação dos poderes do presidente, tratando especificamente das questões atinentes à Ordem Militar de novembro de 2001 que possibilitou a prisão de suspeitos de terrorismo por parte das forças armadas norte-americanas e seu envio à Base Naval de Guantánamo, Cuba. Além disso, analisamos o comportamento da população, do Legislativo e do Judiciário durante a primeira administração republicana, demonstrando a fragilidade do sistema de checks and balances durantes emergências. Por fim, concluímos que ocorreu, por parte do Executivo, uma interpretação soberana da Constituição e das leis que, com o maciço apoio da população, impôs restrições ao funcionamento dos checks and balances e possibilitou a violação de direitos de cidadãos e estrangeiros, como mostrou o caso dos detentos em Guantánamo e em solo norte-americano. / This dissertation deals with the relationship between democracy and emergency powers, analyzing the case of the United States after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Fundamentally, we study the expansion of the powers of U.S. President George W. Bush, provided by the "war on terror”. Our goal is to demonstrate how did this expansion of presidential powers, dealing specifically with issues related to the Military Order of November 2001 that led to the arrest of suspected terrorists by the armed forces of U.S. and sent to the Naval Base Guantanamo, Cuba. Furthermore, we analyze the behavior of the population, the legislature and the judiciary during the first Republican administration, demonstrating the fragility of the system of checks and balances during emergencies. Finally, we conclude that occurred by the Executive, a sovereign interpretation of the Constitution and laws, with massive popular support, has imposed restrictions on the operation of checks and balances and the possible violation of rights of citizens and foreigners, as shown the case of detainees in Guantanamo and U.S. soil.
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Cultural perceptions of the Wellington landscape 1870 to 1900 : an anthropological interpretation : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Social Anthropology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New ZealandTaylor, Christopher Russell January 2008 (has links)
This thesis examines how cultural perceptions of Wellington’s environment changed from the 1870s to the early 1900s. The historical material shows how clearing the New Zealand landscape of its forest cover in the early settler years reflected a particular cultural perception of the New Zealand bush. By 1900, this cultural perception had changed indicating that not only was the New Zealand landscape different, but New Zealand society had changed. These changes can be seen in the geographic historical accounts of clearing New Zealand’s bush and the parliamentary debates of the 1875 Forest Act, 1885 State Forest Act and the 1903 Scenery Protection Act. The anthropological theories of dwelling, taskscape, phenomenology of landscape and the hybridity of nature are used as a contemporary synthesis of ideas to examine cultural perceptions of the Wellington bush. An anthropological approach is also used to bring together diverse historical material in a way that allows these ideas to be applied. Cultural perceptions of the Wellington landscape can be understood in the way the bush was cleared for pasture, how the landscape was depicted in paintings and photography and in the case study of the establishment of Otari-Wilton’s Bush. The thesis argues that cultural perceptions can be appreciated historically by understanding how people lived within the Wellington landscape, and how this was reflected in attitudes towards the New Zealand bush. Cultural perceptions of New Zealand’s bush were a combination of existing cultural attitudes, the practicalities of living within the New Zealand environment and a direct perception of the bush itself. It is the shifting influence of all three of these aspects that determines overall cultural perceptions of the bush in any particular period in New Zealand’s history. The establishment of Otari-Wilton’s Bush shows how the cultural perception of Wellington’s bush had changed from seeing it as an obstruction covering potential farmland to having a defined place and purpose within the Wellington landscape.
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Visualisation techniques for the computer simulation of bushfires in two dimensionsFrench, Ian, Dept. of Computer Science, Australian Defence Force Academy, UNSW January 1992 (has links)
This thesis examines techniques that provide a method of computer visualisation of bushfire spread. Existing techniques studied include, Kourtz & O???Regan, Green???s Contact, Heat Accumulation, Percolation modelling and Huygens??? Principle by Anderson et.al., French, Roberts, Richards. Many of these techniques are extended as part of a comprehensive study into how they perform in a two dimensional reference frame (ie over flat terrain only). New techniques are defined for Percolation Modelling and Huygens??? Principle. Each technique is examined in a series of test cases which include computer simulations with no wind, constant wind, variable wind, variable vegetation (including patchy fuel and two fuels) and where fuel burns out. These test cases provide: (a) an incremental approach to understanding the operation of each technique; (b) a basis for comparison; and (c) verification of correctness of the technique in two dimensions. Several of the techniques are shown, by these test cases, to be equivalent. For instance, the Kourtz & O???Regan technique using a square template is equivalent to the Contact Technique, Site percolation is similar to the Heat Accumulation technique and Template percolation is similar to the Contact Technique. Overall the Huygens??? Principle techniques provide the most accurate simulations of bushfire spread.
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Civilreligion i George W Bush: s officiella uttalanden : 2001 / Civil Religion in George W Bush’s Official Statements : 2001Nilsson, Stefan S. O., Nockmar, Jonas B. January 2003 (has links)
<p>Uppsatsen behandlar hur USA: s president George W Bush använder civilreligiösa inslag i sin retorik under sitt första år som president. Han startade ämbetsperioden med att använda religiösa anspelningar i sitt installationstal., för att sedan fortsätta i samma anda hela året. </p><p>Bush är inte den första presidenten att använda sådana retoriska knep. Ända sedan USA: s grundande har presidenterna förstärkt sin talarkonst genom att hänvisa till Gud och att landet är utvalt av Gud - ett nytt Israel. Landets presidenter har alltid varit mer eller mindre övertygade om att Gud står på USA: s sida. Detta trots att det första tillägget i USA: s konstitution föreskriver en separation mellan religion ochstat. </p><p>Uppsatsen analyseras utifrån en innehållsanalys, som är en vanlig metod för att analysera politiska tal. Vår innehållsanalys består av åtta olika kategorier som speglar Bushs civilreligiösa retorik väl. Resultatet visar att Bush som president anser att det är självklart att en amerikansk president har en gudstro. Han använder ett religiöst språkbruk genom att citera ur Bibeln och Koranen i sina offentliga framträdanden. Han säger sig vara övertygad om att USA är utvalt av Gud att styra över världen. En stor del av Bushs civilreligiösa retorik går att hitta i att han försöker ena nationen genom att hänvisa till landets historia. Han visar ofta hur krigshjältar och presidenter har offrat sina liv för USA. </p><p>Vi anser att Bush använder civilreligiös retorik för att ena nationen vid svåra tillfällen. Efter terrorattacken den 11: e september 2001 ökar frekvensen av civilreligion hos Bush. Det är tydligt att den amerikanske presidenten vill ena en nation i chock. Vi menar också att det av tradition förväntas att USA:s president har ett civilreligiöst språkbruk. Vi menar att Bush använder civilreligionen som en ursäkt för att inte genomföra reella politiska förändringar i samhället.</p>
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Globale Finanzmärkte / Global financial marketsJanuary 2005 (has links)
Sicherlich geht es bei der Gestaltung der gewaltigen globalen Finanzströme nicht darum, ein zweites Bretton Woods-System als Prokrustesbett herzurichten, sondern diese polymorphen Strukturen gilt es grenzüberschreitend zu regulieren. Das betonen Norbert Walter, Bernhard Speyer und Alexander Börsch in ihren Beiträgen. Oliver Keßler fragt, inwieweit der Wissensvorsprung von Finanzakteuren staatliche Regulierungsbemühungen unterwandert. Und Daniel Mügge stellt fest: Bei allen technischen Fragen der Regulierung gilt: Politique d´abord, es ist vorrangig ein politisches Problem! Im Kontext der Terrorismusbekämpfung sind illegale Finanzaktivitäten stärker ins Visier geraten. Diese Schnittstelle von Ökonomie und Sicherheit diskutieren Jan Bittner und Markus Lederer, wobei sie die Defizite bisheriger Strategien aufzeigen und den „genuin politischen Umgang“ mit den Finanzquellen des Terrorismus einfordern.
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Civilreligion i George W Bush: s officiella uttalanden : 2001 / Civil Religion in George W Bush’s Official Statements : 2001Nilsson, Stefan S. O., Nockmar, Jonas B. January 2003 (has links)
Uppsatsen behandlar hur USA: s president George W Bush använder civilreligiösa inslag i sin retorik under sitt första år som president. Han startade ämbetsperioden med att använda religiösa anspelningar i sitt installationstal., för att sedan fortsätta i samma anda hela året. Bush är inte den första presidenten att använda sådana retoriska knep. Ända sedan USA: s grundande har presidenterna förstärkt sin talarkonst genom att hänvisa till Gud och att landet är utvalt av Gud - ett nytt Israel. Landets presidenter har alltid varit mer eller mindre övertygade om att Gud står på USA: s sida. Detta trots att det första tillägget i USA: s konstitution föreskriver en separation mellan religion ochstat. Uppsatsen analyseras utifrån en innehållsanalys, som är en vanlig metod för att analysera politiska tal. Vår innehållsanalys består av åtta olika kategorier som speglar Bushs civilreligiösa retorik väl. Resultatet visar att Bush som president anser att det är självklart att en amerikansk president har en gudstro. Han använder ett religiöst språkbruk genom att citera ur Bibeln och Koranen i sina offentliga framträdanden. Han säger sig vara övertygad om att USA är utvalt av Gud att styra över världen. En stor del av Bushs civilreligiösa retorik går att hitta i att han försöker ena nationen genom att hänvisa till landets historia. Han visar ofta hur krigshjältar och presidenter har offrat sina liv för USA. Vi anser att Bush använder civilreligiös retorik för att ena nationen vid svåra tillfällen. Efter terrorattacken den 11: e september 2001 ökar frekvensen av civilreligion hos Bush. Det är tydligt att den amerikanske presidenten vill ena en nation i chock. Vi menar också att det av tradition förväntas att USA:s president har ett civilreligiöst språkbruk. Vi menar att Bush använder civilreligionen som en ursäkt för att inte genomföra reella politiska förändringar i samhället.
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United States use of force against terrorism and the threat of terrorism : an analysis of the past four U.S. Presidents' use of force to combat international terrorismStarr-Deelen, Donna G. January 2012 (has links)
The thesis analyzes how the administrations of Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush used force in response to incidents of international terrorism. Key players in each administration and whether they advocated a law enforcement approach or a war paradigm approach to counterterrorism are examined. In addition, Koh's pattern of executive initiative, congressional acquiescence, and judicial tolerance forms a theoretical lens through which to compare and contrast administrations. An assessment of the role of Congress in making the administrations' counterterrorism policies confirms the vitality of this pattern, and suggests future administrations will adhere to it. During the George W. Bush administration, Koh's pattern of executive initiative (led by personalities like Vice President Cheney), congressional acquiescence, and judicial tolerance combined with the 9/11 tragedy and pervasive fears of another attack to create a 'perfect storm' known as the 'war on terror'. The research also analyzes to what extent the four administrations were constrained by international legal norms on the use of force, i.e. articles 2(4) and 51 of the UN Charter. On the domestic side, the thesis analyzes the extent to which American legal norms on the use of force constrained the administrations. Although the lack of compelling constraints on the use of force is present in all four administrations, the thesis indicates that the George W. Bush administration embodied an extreme example of this trend.
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Visualisation techniques for the computer simulation of bushfires in two dimensionsFrench, Ian, Dept. of Computer Science, Australian Defence Force Academy, UNSW January 1992 (has links)
This thesis examines techniques that provide a method of computer visualisation of bushfire spread. Existing techniques studied include, Kourtz & O???Regan, Green???s Contact, Heat Accumulation, Percolation modelling and Huygens??? Principle by Anderson et.al., French, Roberts, Richards. Many of these techniques are extended as part of a comprehensive study into how they perform in a two dimensional reference frame (ie over flat terrain only). New techniques are defined for Percolation Modelling and Huygens??? Principle. Each technique is examined in a series of test cases which include computer simulations with no wind, constant wind, variable wind, variable vegetation (including patchy fuel and two fuels) and where fuel burns out. These test cases provide: (a) an incremental approach to understanding the operation of each technique; (b) a basis for comparison; and (c) verification of correctness of the technique in two dimensions. Several of the techniques are shown, by these test cases, to be equivalent. For instance, the Kourtz & O???Regan technique using a square template is equivalent to the Contact Technique, Site percolation is similar to the Heat Accumulation technique and Template percolation is similar to the Contact Technique. Overall the Huygens??? Principle techniques provide the most accurate simulations of bushfire spread.
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The perfect storm a systemic analysis of the apologetic rhetoric of Hurricane Katrina /Abaté, Brianna Lynne. January 2008 (has links)
Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of Speech Communication, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-95).
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