Les processus métier des organisations deviennent de plus en plus complexes et dépendent souvent des processus et des services fournis par d'autres organisations. Le terme processus inter-organisationnel apparaît pour décrire un processus qui franchit les frontières de l'organisation intégrant un ensemble de processus avec un but commun. Du point de vue technique, les organisations mettent en place leurs processus internes sous la forme d'orchestrations de services techniques. Pour permettre à ces derniers d'interagir, il est essentiel d'établir les règles de communication afin de promouvoir une compréhension commune entre les services participants ainsi que de garantir leur interopérabilité. Dans ce cadre apparait le concept de chorégraphie de services. Une chorégraphie est un contrat métier décrivant l'ordre et la manière d'interagir des différents services visant un but commun. La vision globale donnée par la chorégraphie complète la vision locale donnée par les orchestrations. Notre travail a pour objectif de comprendre et exploiter le concept de chorégraphie en considérant le niveau intentionnel (les objectifs), le niveau organisationnel souvent capturés par des modèles graphiques et le niveau opérationnel centré sur les détails techniques. Pour cela, nous proposons une démarche d'amélioration continue en se focalisant sur les phases de conception et de diagnostic. Nous nous appuyons sur les modèles pour mieux comprendre, construire, analyser et maîtriser la complexité des chorégraphies. / Organizations' business processes become increasingly complex and often depend on processes and services provided by other organizations. The term inter-organizational process appears to describe a process that goes beyond an organization's boundaries and integrates a set of processes with a common goal. From a technical point of view, organizations implement their internal processes as service orchestrations. To enable them to interact, it is essential to establish communication protocols to promote a common understanding among the participating services as well as ensuring their interoperability. In this context the service choreography concept appears. Choreography refers to a business contract describing the way business participants with a common goal coordinate their interactions. The overall point of view given by choreographies complements the local point of view given by orchestrations. Our work aims to understand and study the concept of choreography where we consider the intentional level (goals), the organizational level which is often captured by graphical models and the operational level that is focused on technical details. To do so, we propose a continuous improvement approach focusing on the design and diagnosis phases. We rely on models to better understand, build, analyze and manage the complexity of choreographies.

The increased adoption of business process management approaches, tools, and practices has led organizations to accumulate large collections of business process models. These collections can easily include from a hundred to a thousand models, especially in the context of multinational corporations or as a result of organizational mergers and acquisitions. A concrete problem is thus how to maintain these large repositories in such a way that their complexity does not hamper their practical usefulness as a means to describe and communicate business operations. This paper proposes a technique to automatically infer suitable names for business process models and fragments thereof. This technique is useful for model abstraction scenarios, as for instance when user-specific views of a repository are required, or as part of a refactoring initiative aimed to simplify the repository's complexity. The technique is grounded in an adaptation of the theory of meaning to the realm of business process models. We implemented the technique in a prototype tool and conducted an extensive evaluation using three process model collections from practice and a case study involving process modelers with different experience.

A gestão de empresas públicas e privadas é foco de diversos estudos nos diversos centros acadêmicos. No caso da gestão pública, a lógica do negócio é diferente e necessita de estudos específicos que atendam a suas características peculiares. Mesmo com certas peculiaridades, as empresas públicas também necessitam de uma estratégia bem definida, processos estruturados e indicadores que mostrem aos gestores informações sobre o desempenho da organização. Desenvolvido por Müller (2003), o MEIO (Modelo de Estratégia, Indicadores e Operações) procurou criar e fortalecer a integração entre o Planejamento Estratégico, Avaliação de Desempenho e Gestão por Processos em empresas de natureza privada. Essa integração se mostra importante no que tange alinhar todos os processos da organização à estratégia e também acompanhar a evolução desses processos para o alcance das metas que levarão ao atendimento dos objetivos estratégicos. O objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir com uma discussão sobre a necessidade de gestão integrada em empresas públicas, tendo como base o MEIO, através de uma pesquisa-ação. A análise da aplicação de um modelo similar ao MEIO, mesmo que parcialmente, na empresa objeto de estudo mostra resultados quantitativos e qualitativos, os quais são analisados e discutidos. / Many academic studies focus on the management of private and public companies. However, there are a lot of differences in business logic between the private and public sector. Because business logics of public companies contain many peculiarities, they demand special attention and specific studies. The management process of public organizations needs to present a well defined strategy, structured business processes and performance indicators, providing the managers with the required information about the organization’s performance. The MEIO (Strategy, Measures and Operations Model) model, developed by Müller (2003), aims to create and solidify the integration between Strategic Planning, Performance Measurement Evaluation and Business-Process Management in private companies. This integration is very important, since it aligns the business processes with the organization strategy, and also evaluates the evolution of the processes concerned with the fulfillment of strategic objective goals. This dissertation discusses the necessity of having integrated management in public companies. The discussion is based on the MEIO model, using a research-action method. The study analysis was based on the quantitative and qualitative results of a partial application of a model similar to the MEIO on a public company.

This diploma thesis focuses on processes in project management based on international standard IPMA Comptence Baseline (ICB). Its main goal is to create process models of chosen technical competences of the ICB. The models were built in a program called Bizagi Modeler in accordance with an international standard Business Process Model and Notation. Results of this thesis are represented by the process models for each of the chosen technical competences and by an overall model that put all the created competences together. It helps to show connections between the competences as well as to understand the application of competences within the project cycle. Crucial steps of chosen competences are also applied to a model project for better understanding of a real application. Created process models may serve as a user guide for project managers who manage projects according to the ICB.

O estabelecimento de Circuitos Virtuais (CVs) é uma solução bastante utilizada para garantir requisitos de qualidade de serviço para aplicações que trafegam na rede (e.g., transmissão de altas taxas de dados com baixa latência). Anteriormente, esses CVs eram estabelecidos manualmente a partir da troca de mensagens (via email e telefone) entre administradores de redes. O processo de troca de mensagens terminava com a configuração dos dispositivos e poderia durar semanas para ser concluído. Atualmente, middlewares de rede têm sido utilizados para automatizar o processo fim-a-fim do estabelecimento dos CVs. Esses middlewares utilizam regras pré-definidas, chamadas de políticas, para automatizar todo o processo. Apesar dessas soluções atuais terem diminuído o tempo de estabelecimento de CVs para minutos, elas retiraram o humano do processo de autorização e gerenciamento dos recursos de redes. Essa ausência do humano passa a ser um problema em casos que políticas pré-definidas não conseguem gerenciar CVs, principalmente em casos de CVs que perpassam diversos domínios, chamados de inter-domínios. Então, esta dissertação provê uma solução que possibilita a re-inclusão do humano no processo de autorização através de uma abordagem que também seja capaz de manter o gerenciamento realizado através de políticas. Essa abordagem é chamada de gerenciamento de processos de negócios (Business Process Management - BPM). Resultados obtidos a partir de experimentos realizados no backbone da Rede Nacional de Ensino e Pesquisa Brasileira (RNP) demonstraram que a solução proposta com BPM consegue disponibilizar o gerenciamento de CVs através de humanos e políticas. Adicionalmente, o protótipo desenvolvido para a obtenção dos resultados foi melhor do que as soluções atuais existentes em relação ao tempo de estabelecimento e a flexibilidade de gerenciamento dos CVs. / Establishing Virtual Circuits (VCs) is a widely used solution for ensuring quality of service requirements for applications that are carried over the network (e.g., transmissions that demand high data rates and low latency). Previously, these VCs used to be manually set via messages exchanged among network administrators, using email or telephone. This message exchanged process resulted in the configuration of the devices that could take weeks to complete. Currently, network middlewares have been used to automate the process of end-to-end establishment of CVs. These middlewares use pre-defined rules, called policies, to automate the entire process. Despite these current solutions have decreased the time for establishing VCs to the order of minutes, they removed the human process of authorization and management of network resources. This absence of the human interaction becomes a problem in cases where pre-defined policies can not manage VCs, especially when VCs cross multiple domains (inter-domain). This dissertation provides a solution which enables the human re-inclusion in the establishment process using an approach that is also capable of keeping the management policies. This approach is called Business Process Management (BPM). Results obtained from experiments on the backbone of the National Network of Brazilian Education and Research (RNP) demonstrated that the proposed solution can provide management of VCs considering both human interaction and management polices. Additionally, the prototype developed for obtaining the results performed better than current solutions in terms of the time used for establishment and management flexibility of VCs.

O controle centralizado do tráfego tem como objetivo integrar e gerenciar informações, auxiliando na tomada de decisão em tempo real. Devido ao aumento da complexidade da malha viária, principalmente em grandes cidades, muitos estudos têm focado em sistemas de controle de tráfego, incluindo desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e ferramentas. Para gerenciar essa complexidade, é necessário que as organizações públicas, onde estão inseridos os Centros de Controle de Tráfego (CCT), conheçam e melhorem seus processos, alinhando e integrando-os aos seus sistemas de informação, de maneira a possibilitar o atendimento das demandas de forma eficiente. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa baseia-se nos conceitos e práticas do Business Process Management (BPM) com objetivo de propor um modelo de estruturação dos processos para a gestão inteligente das informações no controle centralizado do tráfego. O trabalho, portanto, se desenvolve ao longo das fases e etapas do ciclo do BPM, contemplando desde o planejamento até a modelagem de processos e apresentando como resultado final uma proposta para um plano de otimização de processos. Assim, para atender ao objetivo principal da pesquisa, o trabalho foi desmembrado em três artigos com níveis crescentes de glanuralidade: (i) Inicialmente foi apresentada, baseada em estudo de caso, uma aplicação abrangente da metodologia, percorrendo da primeira à terceira fase do ciclo de BPM em que a empresa está apta para executar os processos e seguir para a quarta fase, Controle e Análise de Dados. (ii) O segundo artigo apresenta o detalhamento da segunda fase do ciclo de BPM, que consiste na modelagem e otimização dos processos. Os processos As Is foram, então, modelados e analisados para que pudesse ser proposta a melhoria na forma de um macroprocesso To Be. (iii) Para embasar a proposição do macroprocesso To Be, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de literatura, na qual foram compiladas as melhores práticas no tema e verificadas para a realidade brasileira através de entrevista com especialistas. O resultado foi o Mapeamento de Melhores Práticas associado a um Modelo Referência para o Processo de Controle de Tráfego. Em complemento, foram determinadas diretrizes a serem seguidas para a gestão inteligente das informações no controle centralizado do tráfego. Esses resultados definem, portanto, um modelo de referência To Be dos processos de trabalho em CCTs. A principal contribuição teórica desta pesquisa é, então, a consolidação de melhores práticas associadas a um Modelo de Referência do Processo de Controle do Tráfego, ajustado para a realidade dos CCTs brasileiros. Do ponto de vista prático, a metodologia e os resultados apresentados incentivam a implantação de BPM não só em CCTs, mas em qualquer setor de uma organização pública. / The centralization of traffic control aims to integrate and manage information, aiding decision making in real time. Due to the increasing complexity of the road network, especially in large cities, many studies have focused on traffic control systems, including development of new technologies and tools. To manage this complexity, it is necessary that public organizations, where the Traffic Control Centers (TCC) are inserted, understand and improve their processes, aligning and integrating them into their information systems in order to enable the fulfillment of demands efficiently. In this sense, this research is based on the concepts and practices of Business Process Management (BPM) in order to propose a structuring model of processes for the intelligent management of information in centralized traffic control. The work, therefore, is developed through the phases and stages of the BPM cycle, covering from planning to process modeling and presenting as the final result a proposal for a process optimization plan. Thus, to meet the main goal of the research, the work was divided into three articles with increasing levels of detail: (i) initially it was presented, based on case study, a comprehensive application of the methodology, that cover from the first to the third phase of the BPM cycle in which the company is able to run the process and move on to the fourth phase, Control and Data Analysis. (ii) The second article presents the details of the application of second phase of the BPM cycle, which consists of modeling and optimization of processes. The processes "As Is" were modeled and analyzed in order to propose improvements trough a Macro process "To Be". (iii) To support the proposition of macroprocess “To Be”, a systematic review of the literature was applied in order to compile best practices on the subject that were checked for the Brazilian reality through interviews with experts. The result was a Map of Best Practices in association with a Reference Model for Traffic Control Process. In addition to the map, the paper presents guidelines to be followed for the intelligent management of information in centralized traffic control. These results define a reference model "To Be" of work processes in TCCs. From a practical standpoint, the methodology and results presented encourage the deployment of BPM not only in TCCs, but also in any department of a public organization.

Process modeling is an indispensable task in the discipline of Business Process Management. The process models created in this task help its readers in to acquiring a higher comprehension of a process, allowing for the discovery of opportunities for its improvement. However, the comprehension of a process model is not guaranteed, as process modeling is a complex task that depends on the proficiency of the process modeler to avoid the creation of badly designed constructs. Process modeling guidelines are an essential tool in this regard, though they are dispersed across the many studies of the literature and not all of them have empirical evidence validating their effects. In addition to this problem, it is still an open questions if a set of process modeling guidelines makes the process modeling task more challenging and how effective modelers are in using them. It is also unclear how receptive process analysts are to the modeling guidelines. This dissertation presents a systematic literature review we conducted to collect and analyze the modeling guidelines found in the literature. It investigated a total of 520 articles, extracting a total of 45 modeling guidelines spread across 4 different categories. These 45 guidelines were simplified into a set of 20 guidelines, based on their significance to create more comprehensible process models and their practicality. This dissertation also presents the findings of an empirical experiment performed by 13 subjects that compared the results of two process modeling tasks with and without the support of the 20 modeling guidelines presented by the review, in which it was possible to observe that the subjects recognize the usefulness of the guidelines, but find them difficult to understand and use.

Em busca da documentação e otimização de seus processos, a área de Business Process Management (BPM) vem cada vez mais atraindo o interesse do meio empresarial, por ser um importante método no auxílio ao ganho de resultados, como redução de custos e aumento de produtividade. Modelar processos, entretanto, não basta. É preciso que se atente para métodos eficientes de armazená-los, permitindo que as informações sejam manipuladas e utilizadas de maneira prática e inteligente. A presente dissertação propõe duas abordagens para armazenamento de modelos de processo, uma em bancos de dados relacionais e outra em bancos de dados orientados a grafos, comparando-os através de aspectos como desempenho na execução das operações e proximidade da abordagem de cada um deles com os modelos de processos. Enquanto os bancos de dados relacionais são mais populares, sendo utilizados na maior parte das aplicações atuais, os bancos de dados orientados a grafos possuem propriedades e representação gráfica semelhantes aos modelos de processos. Foram realizados testes que visam analisar o desempenho de ambas as abordagens, além da facilidade dos usuários em interagir com os modelos propostos. Os resultados deste estudo podem ser utilizados para a criação de repositórios que compartilhem processos de maneira eficiente, bem como incentivar o estudo de novas maneiras para o armazenamento de processos. / Business Process Management (BPM) area has been increasingly attracted the interest of the business community because users are looking for documentation and optimization. These documents can be an important method in helping to gain results such as reduced costs and increased productivity. However, to model processes is not enough. It is necessary to pay attention to efficient storage methods, allowing information to be handled and used in a practical and intelligent way. The present article compares the use of relational databases and graph databases, considering aspects such as performance in the execution of operations and proximity of the approach of each of them with the process models. While relational databases are more popular, being used in most of the current applications, graph databases have properties and graphical representations similar to process models. The results of this study can be used to create repositories which can both share process efficiently, and encourage the study of new ways of storing processes.

A adoção da metodologia BPM (Business Process Management) tem como objetivo trazer resultados significativos para uma organização através do levantamento, priorização, reorganização e melhoria de desempenho dos processos de negócio. O consequente ganho de eficiência geralmente pode ser verificado no incremento de receita ou na redução do custo operacional de uma organização. Entretanto, existem alguns fatores que precisam ser observados de forma a evitar um problema generalizado, através da resistência à mudança, falta de comprometimento e desinteresse geral de todos os colaboradores envolvidos. Por isso, esta pesquisa buscou identificar os fatores críticos de uma implementação da metodologia BPM nos principais processos de negócio de uma instituição financeira cooperativa no Brasil. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo de casos múltiplos considerando três projetos (cada um como sendo um caso completo) de modernização de processos e de sistemas de informação utilizando a metodologia BPM, analisados junto de três públicos alvo: gestores das unidades de negócio, gestores das áreas de tecnologia da informação e colaboradores das áreas usuárias de cada projeto. Os fatores críticos unânimes encontrados para os três projetos e para os três públicos são: escopo claro e definido, participação dos usuários, capacitação dos envolvidos e alinhamento estratégico entre TI e negócios. A principal contribuição acadêmica desta pesquisa consiste na convergência de fatores críticos de outras tecnologias previamente identificados na literatura e também uma classificação dos fatores encontrados nas seguintes dimensões: organização, tecnologia BPM, metodologia BPM e projeto. A contribuição para a empresa estudada está no conhecimento dos principais fatores que poderão transformar novos projetos em projetos de sucesso. / The adoption of the methodology BPM (Business Process Management) aims to bring significant results for an organization by collecting, prioritizing, reorganizing and improving the performance of business processes. The consequent efficiency gains can usually be found in increasing revenue or reducing the operating cost of an organization. However, there are certain factors that need to be observed to avoid structural collapse, through resistance to change, lack of commitment and general disinterest of all employees involved. Therefore, this study sought to identify the critical factors of an implementation methodology of BPM in the main processes of a cooperative financial institution business in Brazil. Thus, a multiple case study considering three projects (each as a full case) modernization of processes and information systems using BPM methodology, analyzed from three target groups was conducted: managers of business units, managers the areas of information technology and users of the user areas of each project. The unanimous critical factors found for the three projects and the three public are clear and defined scope, user participation, training of those involved and strategic alignment between IT and business. As the main academic contribution of this research have the convergence of critical factors other technologies previously identified in the literature and also a classification of factors found in the following dimensions: organization, technology BPM, BPM methodology and design. The contribution for the studied company is in the knowledge of the principal factors that could turn new projects in successful projects.

The main object of this master's thesis is to introduce process management and then apply it on a real company. The aim of the theoretical part was to define terms used in process management and describe it from different perspectives. An outline of the history of process management has offered insights into the personalities and the companies that have played a part in how the process management has arisen, and therefore how it looks today. Business process improvement and implementing business management have been the subjects of further theoretical subchapters. These methodologies included reengineering, Kaizen, TOC, Lean, Six Sigma. Process mapping is described in the end of the theoretical part. The theoretical knowledge was then applied in the practical part of this thesis. Firstly the company ČZ a.s. was introduced. However the domain of this thesis have become a mapping and describing of business processes in the company mainly in the Sales Department of the Tools Division. The conclusion is how to change the process of Order management in the Sales Department and how it will affect the Tools Division.