Les gènes TDP-43 (TAR DNA Binding Protein 43) et FUS/TLS (Fused in Sarcoma/Translocated in Liposarcoma) sont actuellement à l’étude quant à leurs rôles biologiques dans le développement de diverses neuropathies telles que la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique (SLA). Étant donné que TDP-43 et FUS sont conservés au cours de l’évolution, nous avons utilisé l’organisme modèle C. elegans afin d’étudier leurs fonctions biologiques. Dans ce mémoire, nous démontrons que TDP-1 fonctionne dans la voie de signalisation Insuline/IGF pour réguler la longévité et la réponse au stress oxydatif. Nous avons développé des lignées C. elegans transgéniques mutantes TDP-43 et FUS qui présentent certains aspects de la SLA tels que la dégénérescence des motoneurones et la paralysie adulte. La protéotoxicité causée par ces mutations de TDP- 43 et FUS associées à la SLA, induit l’expression de TDP-1. À l’inverse, la délétion de tdp-1 endogène protège contre la protéotoxicité des mutants TDP-43 et FUS chez C. elegans. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’une induction chronique de TDP-1/TDP-43 sauvage propagerait la protéotoxicité liée à la protéine mutante. Nous avons aussi entrepris un criblage moléculaire pilote afin d’isoler des suppresseurs de toxicité neuronale des modèles transgéniques mutants TDP-43 et FUS. Nous avons ainsi identifié le bleu de méthylène et le salubrinal comme suppresseurs potentiels de toxicité liée à TDP-43 et FUS via réduction de la réponse au stress du réticulum endoplasmique (RE). Nos résultats indiquent que l’homéostasie de repliement des protéines dans le RE représente une cible pour le développement de thérapies pour les maladies neurodégénératives. / Two recently discovered causative genes for ALS, TDP-43 (TAR DNA Binding Protein 43) and FUS/TLS (Fused in Sarcoma/Translocated in Liposarcoma) are under further investigation regarding their biological roles in neuropathies such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Since TDP-43 and FUS are evolutionarily conserved we turned to the model organism C. elegans to learn more about their biological functions. Here we report that TDP-1 functions in the Insulin/IGF pathway to regulate longevity and the oxidative stress response. We have generated mutant TDP-43 and FUS transgenic lines in C. elegans that recapitulate certain aspects of ALS including motor neuron degeneration and adult-onset paralysis. Proteotoxicity caused by ALS- associated mutations in TDP-43 or FUS also induce TDP-1 expression and consistently, deletion of endogenous tdp-1 rescues mutant TDP-43 and FUS proteotoxicity in C. elegans. These results suggest that chronic induction of wild type TDP-1/TDP-43 by proteotoxicity may actively promote neurodegeneration. We also screened for small- molecule suppressors of mutant TDP-43 and FUS neuronal toxicity in transgenic C. elegans and identified methylene blue and salubrinal as potent suppressors of TDP-43 and FUS toxicity in our models through induction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Our results indicate that protein folding homeostasis in the ER may be an important target for therapeutic development in neurodegenerative diseases.

Les gènes TDP-43 (TAR DNA Binding Protein 43) et FUS/TLS (Fused in Sarcoma/Translocated in Liposarcoma) sont actuellement à l’étude quant à leurs rôles biologiques dans le développement de diverses neuropathies telles que la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique (SLA). Étant donné que TDP-43 et FUS sont conservés au cours de l’évolution, nous avons utilisé l’organisme modèle C. elegans afin d’étudier leurs fonctions biologiques. Dans ce mémoire, nous démontrons que TDP-1 fonctionne dans la voie de signalisation Insuline/IGF pour réguler la longévité et la réponse au stress oxydatif. Nous avons développé des lignées C. elegans transgéniques mutantes TDP-43 et FUS qui présentent certains aspects de la SLA tels que la dégénérescence des motoneurones et la paralysie adulte. La protéotoxicité causée par ces mutations de TDP- 43 et FUS associées à la SLA, induit l’expression de TDP-1. À l’inverse, la délétion de tdp-1 endogène protège contre la protéotoxicité des mutants TDP-43 et FUS chez C. elegans. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’une induction chronique de TDP-1/TDP-43 sauvage propagerait la protéotoxicité liée à la protéine mutante. Nous avons aussi entrepris un criblage moléculaire pilote afin d’isoler des suppresseurs de toxicité neuronale des modèles transgéniques mutants TDP-43 et FUS. Nous avons ainsi identifié le bleu de méthylène et le salubrinal comme suppresseurs potentiels de toxicité liée à TDP-43 et FUS via réduction de la réponse au stress du réticulum endoplasmique (RE). Nos résultats indiquent que l’homéostasie de repliement des protéines dans le RE représente une cible pour le développement de thérapies pour les maladies neurodégénératives. / Two recently discovered causative genes for ALS, TDP-43 (TAR DNA Binding Protein 43) and FUS/TLS (Fused in Sarcoma/Translocated in Liposarcoma) are under further investigation regarding their biological roles in neuropathies such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Since TDP-43 and FUS are evolutionarily conserved we turned to the model organism C. elegans to learn more about their biological functions. Here we report that TDP-1 functions in the Insulin/IGF pathway to regulate longevity and the oxidative stress response. We have generated mutant TDP-43 and FUS transgenic lines in C. elegans that recapitulate certain aspects of ALS including motor neuron degeneration and adult-onset paralysis. Proteotoxicity caused by ALS- associated mutations in TDP-43 or FUS also induce TDP-1 expression and consistently, deletion of endogenous tdp-1 rescues mutant TDP-43 and FUS proteotoxicity in C. elegans. These results suggest that chronic induction of wild type TDP-1/TDP-43 by proteotoxicity may actively promote neurodegeneration. We also screened for small- molecule suppressors of mutant TDP-43 and FUS neuronal toxicity in transgenic C. elegans and identified methylene blue and salubrinal as potent suppressors of TDP-43 and FUS toxicity in our models through induction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Our results indicate that protein folding homeostasis in the ER may be an important target for therapeutic development in neurodegenerative diseases.

Mechanical forces have been observed to affect various aspects of life, for example, cell differentiation, cell migration, locomotion and behavior of multicellular organisms etc. Such forces are generated either by external entities such as mechanical touch, fluid flow, electric and magnetic fields or by the living organisms themselves. Study of forces sensed and applied by living organisms is important to understand the interactions between organisms and their environment. Such studies may reveal molecular mechanisms involved in mechanosensation and locomotion. Several techniques have been successfully applied to measure forces exerted by single cells and cell monolayers. The earliest technique made use of functionalized soft surfaces and membranes as substrates on which cell monolayers were grown. The forces exerted by the cells could be measured by observing deformation of the substrates. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is another sensitive instrument that allows one to exert and measure forces in pico-Newton range. Advances in micromachining technology have enabled development of miniature force sensors and actuators. Latest techniques for mechanical force application and measurement use micromachined Silicon cantilevers in single as well as array form and micropillar arrays. Micropillar arrays fabricated using soft lithography enabled the use of biocompatible materials for force sensors. Together, these techniques provide access to a wide range of forces, from sub micro-Newton to milli-Newton. In the present work, types of forces experienced in biological systems and various force measurement and actuation techniques will be introduced. This will be followed by in depth description of the two major contributions of this thesis, 1) ―Colored polydimethylsiloxane micropillar arrays for high throughput measurements of forces applied by genetic model organisms‖. Biomicrofluidics, January 29, 2015. doi: 10.1063/1.4906905 2) ―Air microjet system for non-contact force application and the actuation of micro-structures‖. Journal of micromechanics and microengineering, December 15, 2015. doi: 10.1088/0960-1317/26/1/017001 Device developed for force measurement consists of an array of micropillars made of a biocompatible polymer Poly Dimethyl Siloxane (PDMS). Such devices have been used by researchers to measure traction forces exerted by single cells and also by nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). C. elegans is allowed to move in between the micropillars and the locomotion is video recorded. Deflection of the micropillar tips as the worm moves is converted into force exerted. Transparent appearance of C. elegans and PDMS poses difficulties in distinguishing micropillars from the worm, thus making it challenging to automate the analysis process. We address this problem by developing a technique to color the micropillars selectively. This enabled us to develop a semi-automated graphical user interface (GUI) for high throughput data extraction and analysis, reducing the analysis time for each worm to minutes. Moreover, increased contrast because of the color also delivered better images. Addition of color changed the Young‘s modulus of PDMS. Thus the dye-PDMS composite was characterized using hyper-elastic model. The micropillars were also calibrated using commercial force sensor. Analysis of forces exerted by wild type and mutant C. elegans moving on an agarose surface was performed. Wild type C. elegans exerted a total average force of 7.68 µN and an average force of ~1 µN on an individual pillar. We show that the middle of C. elegans exerts more force than its extremities. We find that C. elegans mutants with defective body wall muscles apply significantly lower force on individual pillars, while mutants defective in sensing externally applied mechanical forces still apply the same average force per pillar compared to wild type animals. Average forces applied per pillar are independent of the length, diameter, or cuticle stiffness of the animal. It was also observed that the motility of the worms with mechanosensation defects, lower cuticle stiffness, and body wall muscle defects was reduced with worms that have defective body wall muscle having the largest degree. Thus, we conclude that while reduced ability to apply forces affects the locomotion of the worm in the micropillar array, the reduced motility/locomotion may not indicate that the worm has reduced ability to apply forces on the micropillars. We also used the colored micropillar array for the first time to measure forces exerted by Drosophila larvae. Our device successfully captured the peristaltic rhythm of the body wall muscles of the larva and allowed us to measure the forces applied on each deflected pillar during this motion. Average force exerted by 1st instar wild type Drosophila larvae was measured to be ~ 1.5 µN per pillar. We demonstrated that a microjet of air can be used to apply forces in micro-Newton range. We developed a standalone system to generate a controlled air microjet. Microjet was generated using a controlled electromagnetic actuation of a diaphragm. With a nozzle diameter of 150 µm, the microjet diameter was maintained to a maximum of 1 mm at a distance of 5 mm from the nozzle. The force generated by the microjet was measured using a commercial force sensor to determine the velocity profile of the jet. Axial flow velocities of up to 25 m/s were obtained at distances as long as 6 mm. The microjet exerted a force up to 1 µN on a poly dimethyl siloxane (PDMS) micropillar (50 µm in diameter, 157 µm in height) and 415 µN on a PDMS membrane (3 mm in diameter, 28 µm thick). We also demonstrate that from a distance of 6 mm our microjet can exert a peak pressure of 187 Pa with a total force of about 84 µN on a flat surface with 8 V operating voltage. Next, we demonstrated that the response of C. elegans worms to the impinging air microjet is similar to the response evoked using a manual gentle touch. This contactless actuation tool avoids contamination and mechanical damage to the samples. Out of the cleanroom fabrication and robust design make this system cost effective and durable. Magnetic micropillars have been used as actuators. We fabricated magnetic micropillar arrays and designed actuation mechanisms using permanent magnet and a pulsed electromagnet. Force of about 19 µN was achievable using a permanent magnet actuation. In a pulsed electromagnetic field micropillar exerted a force of about 10 µN on a commercial force sensor. These techniques have promising applications when actuation needs to be controlled from long distances.

To survive, animals must adapt to a complex and challenging world in a way that is flexible and responsive, while maintaining internal homeostasis. Neuromodulators provide a means to systemically alter behavioral or physiological state based on intrinsic or extrinsic cues, however dysregulated neuroendocrine signaling has negative consequences for fitness and survival. Here I examine neuroendocrine function and dysfunction using the escape response in Caenorhabditis elegans. The RFamide neuropeptide FLP-18 is a co-transmitter with the monoamine tyramine and functions both synergistically and antagonistically to tyramine in coordinating escape behavior. Using behavioral analysis and calcium imaging, I show that FLP-18 functions primarily through the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) NPR-5 to increase calcium levels in muscle, enhancing locomotion rate, bending and reversal behavior during the escape response. Furthermore, I examine the relationship between persistent acute stress and resilience using repeated activation of the escape response as a model of neuroendocrine dysregulation. Repeated activation of the escape response shortens lifespan and renders animals more susceptible to thermal, oxidative, and nutritional stress. Tyramine release is necessary and sufficient for this effect and activity of the tyraminergic RIM neurons is differentially regulated by acute versus long-term stressors. Impaired stress resistance requires both the GPCR TYRA-3 in the intestine and intestinal neuropeptide release. Activation of the insulin receptor DAF-2 is downstream of TYRA-3 and inhibits the transcription factors DAF-16/FOXO, SKN-1/Nrf2 and HSF-1, linking monoamine signaling in acute stress to the insulin signaling pathway and impaired resilience to long-term stressors.

The nicotinamide riboside (NR) form of vitamin B3and the ketone body ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) are two of the most promising natural compounds yet identified for the treatment of aging and aging-related diseases. Forms of vitamin B3are precursors for the synthesis of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(H)) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP(H)). In aged cells levels of NAD+decline, decreasing metabolism and decreasing activity of protective sirtuin protein deacetylases. In aged cells NR, but not more common forms of vitamin B3, boost NAD+levels. BHB is naturally produced by the body when individuals fast or consume a ketogenic (KD) or calorically restricted (CR) diet. These diets have been shown to extend lifespan in mice, while they are also protective in many disease models. Caenorhabditis elegans, a roundworm with a short mean lifespan of roughly 2 to 3 weeks depending upon the temperature, is used as a model system to study aging. BHB has been previously shown to increase lifespan by roughly 20% when administered to C. elegans.We administered NR and BHB individually and together to C. elegans starting at two different developmental stages (larval stages 1 and 4) and measured lifespan. We found that administration of 20 mM DL-BHB decreased lifespan when first given at the L1 stage, while it robustly increased lifespan when first given at the L4 stage. Administration of 0.5 mM NR increased lifespan when first given at L1, with only a very slight increase when first given at L4. When initiating administration at L1, NR greatly mitigated the BHB-mediated decline in longevity, however, NR did not increase BHB-mediated lifespan extension when first administered at L4.

No description available.

Tout au long de la vie d’un organisme, l’architecture du système nerveux est mise à l’épreuve par des processus de maturation, de croissance, de stress mécaniques et de vieillissement. Bien que certaines molécules de maintenance de l’organisation des ganglions et fascicules neuronaux aient été identifiés chez le nématode C. elegans, les mécanismes assurant la protection à long terme de l’architecture du système nerveux restent mal compris. Chez les mutants de maintenance neuronale sax-7/L1CAM, certaines structures neuronales se développent initialement normalement, mais se désorganisent avec le temps. Un criblage génétique effectué au laboratoire a indiqué l’implication du gène mig-6/Papiline dans la maintenance neuronale: la perte de fonction de mig-6 supprime la désorganisation neuronale progressive des mutants sax-7. De plus, l’organisation neuronale des mutants mig-6 est mieux préservée dans un contexte de stress mécanique que chez le type sauvage. Un équilibre entre l'adhésion cellulaire et la flexibilité du milieu semble donc clé. Par ailleurs, les cellules gliales sont en relation étroite avec les neurones, mais leur implication dans la maintenance neuronale reste inexplorée. Ainsi, lors de ces travaux, la question principale est d’étudier la contribution de la matrice extracellulaire et de cellules gliales dans un contexte de maintenance de l’architecture du système nerveux chez C. elegans. Les résultats révèlent que MIG-6/Papiline régule l’état de la matrice extracellulaire en modifiant l’organisation du collagène IV, un composant abondant et conservé des membranes basales. Cette modification du collagène IV semble compenser les défauts d’adhésion cellulaire présents chez les mutants de maintenance sax-7/L1CAM et contrer un déplacement des ganglions neuronaux lors d’un stress mécanique accru. L’exploration de cellules gliales en contexte de maintenance neuronale a mis en évidence certains défauts des mutants de maintenance sax-7/L1CAM. Comprendre les principes généraux du maintien de l'architecture et de la connectivité neuronale pourrait aider à identifier des facteurs clés influençant l'apparition et la progression de neuropathologies. / Throughout life, the architecture of the nervous system is challenged by processes of maturation, growth, mechanical stress and aging. Although neuronal maintenance mechanisms of ganglia and fascicles organization involving conserved factors have been identified in the nematode C. elegans, little is known about processes that aim for the long-term protection of the nervous system architecture. In sax-7/L1CAM neuronal maintenance mutants, some neuronal ganglia and fascicles initially develop normally, but become disorganized over time. A genetic screen performed in the laboratory indicated the involvement of mig-6/Papilin in neuronal maintenance: loss of mig-6 function suppresses progressive neuronal disorganization in sax-7 mutants. Moreover, the neuronal organization of mig-6 mutants is better preserved under mechanical stress than in the wild-type strain. A balance between the adhesion of neurons to their environment and the flexibility of the surrounding extracellular matrix thus seems of importance. Furthermore, glial cells are closely related to neurons, but their involvement in the maintenance of the organization of neuronal structures remains unexplored. The main question of this work is to study the contribution of the extracellular matrix and of two types of glial cells in the context of maintenance of the nervous system architecture in C. elegans. Our results reveal that MIG-6/Papilin regulates the state of the extracellular matrix by altering the organization of collagen IV, an abundant and conserved component of basement membranes, thus compensating for cell adhesion defects in sax-7/L1CAM maintenance mutants and counteracting a neural ganglia displacement upon increased mechanical stress. Our exploration of glial cells in the context of neuronal maintenance also revealed defects in sax-7/L1CAM maintenance mutants. Understanding the general principles of maintenance of neuronal architecture and connectivity could help identify key factors influencing the onset and progression of neuropathologies.

La sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA) est une maladie neurodégénérative incurable partageant des mécanismes pathogéniques avec la démence frontotemporale (DFT). Elle est caractérisée par la dégénérescence sélective des neurones moteurs de la moelle épinière et du cerveau. Depuis les 25 dernières années, plus de 20 gènes ont été associés avec ces maladies, incluant FUS, C9ORF72 et TARDBP. Cependant, les liens entre la pathologie, le stade de la maladie et les mécanismes cellulaires demeurent incertains, mais semblent être multifactoriels. Bien que la SLA soit principalement considérée comme une maladie affectant le système nerveux, plusieurs d’observations suggèrent que des signaux périphériques, incluant ceux du tractus gastro-intestinal et de son microbiome, pourraient influencer la progression de la maladie. Récemment, de nouvelles études font état de perturbations du microbiome, appelé dysbiose, de la bioénergétique mitochondriale et de la composition lipidiques dans la SLA. Toutefois, il y a un manque considérable de compréhension de l’effet de ces perturbations sur la pathogenèse de la SLA. Une dysbiose a également été identifiée dans d’autres maladies neurodégénératives, telles que la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) et la maladie d’Huntington (MH). En utilisant l’organisme modèle Caenorhabditis elegans, nous avons identifié une souche probiotique, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HA-114, ayant des propriétés neuroprotectives dans différents modèles de SLA et de MH. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous avons démontrés que la neuroprotection conférée par L. rhamnosus HA-114 est unique par rapport aux autres souches de L. rhamnosus et réside dans son contenu en acide gras. Ces effets bénéfiques requièrent acdh-1/ACADSB, kat-1/ACAT1 and elo-6/ELOVL3/6, gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme des lipides et la β-oxydation mitochondriale. De plus, HA-114 retarde l’apparition des symptômes et réduit la neurodégénérescence chez la souris SOD1G93A. Nos résultats suggèrent que des perturbations du métabolisme des lipides contribuent à la neurodégénérescence et que HA-114 restaure l’homéostasie lipidique et énergétique via la β-oxydation mitochondriale. Dans la seconde partie de cette thèse, nous avons utilisé le C. elegans et avons caractérisé l’orthologue de CHCHD10, har-1, dans plusieurs essais afin d’étudier son implication dans la SLA et la DFT. CHCHD10 code pour une protéine impliquée dans la maintenance de la morphologie mitochondriale et la phosphorylation oxydative. Des mutations dans ce gène ont récemment été liées à la SLA. Nous avons caractérisé deux allèles distincts : une délétion de 260 pb (gk3124) et une mutation ponctuelle (ad2155). Les mutants har-1(gk3124) et har-1(ad2155) développent une paralysie, une dégénérescence des neurones GABAergiques et une altération de la santé mitochondriale. Le pioglitazone et le 2,4-thiazolidinedione, deux composés régulant la santé mitochondriale, restaurent plusieurs phénotypes associés à la SLA chez les mutants har-1. De plus, L. rhamnosus HA-114 a également des effets similaires sur ces souches. Ces résultats semblent confirmer un lien entre le microbiome et la SLA et pourraient ouvrir la voie à de futures thérapies via la modulation de l’environnement intestinal. De plus, découvrir les mécanismes impliqués dans cette neuroprotection permettrait sans doute la découverte de nouveaux gènes et de biomolécules actives ayant la capacité de moduler la neurodégénérescence, ouvrant la voie à l’utilisation de nouveaux médicaments. / Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease sharing pathological pathways with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). It is characterized by the selective degeneration of lower and upper motor neurons in the spinal cord and cerebral cortex. Over the last 25 years, more than 20 genes have been associated with these diseases, including FUS, C9ORF72 and TARDBP. Despite over a century of medical investigation, the links between pathology, disease stage and cellular mechanisms are still unclear, but may be multifactorial involving unresolved gene-environment interactions. While ALS is primarily considered a central nervous system disease, emerging evidence suggests that peripheral signals, including those from the gastrointestinal tract and gut microbiota, may be involved in ALS progression. Over the last year, new evidence showed perturbations in microbiota (called dysbiosis), mitochondrial bioenergetics, and in lipid composition in ALS. However, there is a considerable lack of understanding of the effect of these perturbations in ALS pathogenesis. Interestingly, dysbiosis has also been linked to other neurological conditions like Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Huntington’s disease (HD). Using the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, we discovered a probiotic bacterial strain, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HA-114, with neuroprotective properties in models of ALS and HD. In the first part of this thesis, we demonstrated that neuroprotection from L. rhamnosus HA-114 is unique from other L. rhamnosus strains, and resides in its fatty acid content. Neuroprotection by L. rhamnosus HA-114 requires acdh-1/ACADSB, kat-1/ACAT1 and elo-6/ELOVL3/6, which are key fatty acid metabolism and mitochondrial β-oxidation genes. Moreover, L. rhamnosus HA-114 delayed disease onset and suppressed motor neuron degeneration in an aggressive mouse model of ALS. Our data suggest that disrupted lipid metabolism contributes to neurodegeneration and that dietary intervention with L. rhamnosus HA-114 restores lipid homeostasis and energy balance through mitochondrial β-oxidation. In the second part of this thesis, we used C. elegans and characterized the CHCHD10 orthologue har-1, in a number of behavioral assays, to learn more about the biological role of this gene and its implication in ALS-FTD pathogenesis. CHCHD10 is a widely expressed gene coding for a mitochondrial protein with a potential role in cristae morphology maintenance and/or oxidative phosphorylation with mutations recently associated with ALS. We characterized two distinct alleles: a deletion of 260 bp (gk3124) and a point mutation (ad2155). Both har-1 (gk3124) and har-1 (ad2155) worms display age-dependent motility defects leading to paralysis, degeneration of GABAergic neurons and altered mitochondrial health. The small molecules, pioglitazone and 2,4-thiazolidinedione, with known neuroprotective activity, and also shown to regulate mitochondrial health, suppressed several har-1 phenotypes. Moreover, dietary supplementation of L. rhamnosus HA-114 improved several ALS-related phenotypes in these har-1 mutants. These findings may confirm a link between microbiota and ALS and can lead to future therapies, through the modulation of the intestinal environment. L. rhamnosus HA-114 is suitable for human consumption opening the possibility of modifying disease progression by dietary intervention. Furthermore, uncovering the complete neuroprotection pathway may give us insights into new genes and bioactive molecules able to modulate neurodegeneration, thus opening the door to new therapeutic approaches.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The etiology of many neurodegenerative diseases is unknown, but a number of studies indicate that a combination of both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the progression of disease. Exposure to environmental metals, such as Mn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, and Al3+, has been shown to increase cell death that is characteristic of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD, PD, Wilson’s disease and Menkes disease. These metals are important in numerous biological processes in the brain and their homeostasis is regulated through multiple mechanisms of transport, storage, and secretion. The vertebrate divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT-1) has been implicated in transport and homeostasis of these divalent cations. In these studies I utilize Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) to show that long term exposure to Mn2+ decreases animal viability in a dose-dependent manner, and I demonstrate that C. elegans homologues to DMT-1, SMF-1, SMF-2, and SMF-3, play specific roles in divalent metal ion-induced DA neurodegeneration. I show that SMF-1 contributes to Fe2+-induced DA neuron degeneration, SMF-3 contributes to Al3+-induced DA neuron degeneration, and both SMF-2 and DAT-1 contribute to Cu2+-induced DA neuron cell death. These studies utilize C. elegans as a powerful model to characterize molecules and pathways involved in metal toxicity and metal-induced DA neuron degeneration.

[pt] Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar química e morfologicamente material particulado (PM2.5 e PM10) coletado na zona sul e oeste da cidade de Rio de Janeiro e na região metropolitana, utilizando técnicas como a Cromatografia de íons (CI), Espectrometria de Massas com Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado (ICPMS) e a Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura acoplada ao Espectrômetro de RaiosX por Dispersão de Energia (MEV-EDX). Além disso, foram realizados ensaios toxicológicos com C. elegans para avaliar os efeitos da exposição ao material particulado (MP), nas diferentes frações de tamanho. Concentrações médias anuais de PM2.5 entre 7,40 +/- 3,96 (micrograma)m-3 e 17,4 +/- 7,38 (micrograma) m-3 foram medidas durante os anos 2015 e 2018, as quais foram inferiores ao padrão intermediário da qualidade do ar, estabelecido pelo CONAMA, registando-se as maiores médias anuais durante o 2016, ano em que foram realizados os Jogos Olímpicos. Resultados das análises químicas mostraram que o MP em todos os pontos de coleta estava constituído principalmente por espécies iônicas como Cl- , NO3 - , Na+ e SO4 2- e elementos como V, Ni, Cu, Cd, Sn e Pb, sendo determinadas apenas variações significativa (p menor que 0,05) nas concentrações de SO4 2- , NO3 - , Na+ , Cu e Sn, entre os períodos estudados. Através dos resultados das análises de MEV-EDX as partículas atmosféricas se classificaram segundo sua morfologia – Fuligem, esféricas, biológica e minerais- e segundo sua composição elementar – partículas com teor de enxofre, de cloro e de ferro -. Finalmente, efeitos tóxicos foram observados pela exposição ao PM10 e PM2.5 em organismos C. elegans, alterando parâmetros fisiológicos (e.g. crescimento e reprodução) e promovendo respostas dos mecanismos antioxidantes, como resultado do estresse oxidativo gerado por espécies presentes no MP. / [en] This work aimed to characterize chemically and morphologically particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) collected in the south and west zones of the city of Rio de Janeiro and in the metropolitan region, using techniques such as ion chromatography (IC), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDX). Annual mean concentrations of PM2.5 between 7,40 +/- 3,96 microgram m-3 e 17,4 +/- 7,38 microgram m-3 were measured during the years 2015 and 2018, which were lower than the intermediateair quality standard established by CONAMA, with the highest annual averages recorded during 2016, the year in which the Olympic Games were held. In addition, toxicological tests were performed with C. elegans to evaluate the effects of exposure to particulate matter (PM) in the different size fractions. Results of the chemical analysis showed that PM at all collection sites consists mainly of ionic species such Cl- , NO3 - , Na+ and SO4 2- and elements such as V, Ni, Cu, Cd, Sn and Pb, being determined only significant variations (p less than 0,05) in the concentrations of SO4 2- , NO3 - , Na+ , Cu, and Sn, between the studied periods. Based on the results of the SEM-EDX analysis, atmospheric particles were classified according to their morphology – Soot, spherical, biological and minerals- and according to their elemental composition – particles with sulfur, chlorine and iron content. Finally, toxic effects were observed by exposure C. elegans organisms to PM10 and PM2.5, altering physiological parameters (e.g growth and reproduction) and promoting antioxidant mechanisms responses, as a result of oxidative stress generated by compounds present in the PM.