In this thesis, we propose a model which applies the genetic programming (GP) to train the profitable and stable trading strategy in the training period, and then the strategy is applied to trade stocks in the testing period. The variables for GP in our models include 6 basic information and 25 technical indicators. We perform our models on Taiwan Stock Exchange Capitalization Weighted Stock Index (TAIEX) from 2000/9/14 to 2010/5/21, approximately ten years. We conduct five experiments. In these experiments, we find that the trading strategies generated by GP with two arithmetic trees have more stable returns. In addition, if we obtain the trading strategies in three historical periods which are the most similar to the current training period, we earn higher return in the testing periods. In each experiment, 24 cases are considered, with training periods of 90, 180, 270, 365, 455, 545, 635 and 730 days, and testing periods of 90, 180 and 365 days, respectively. The testing period is rolling updated until the end of the experiment period. The best cumulative return 165.30\% occurs when 730-day training period pairs with 365-day testing period, which is much higher than the return of the buy-and-hold strategy 1.19\%.

Real estate is one of the reliable and important investment types for individuals and institutions. Interest in the price appraisal of real estate has increased with rapid development of real estate sector and its legal infrastructure in recent years. Conducting planned urbanization, choosing settlement areas and estimating their inner or outer transport costs, improving capital markets transparency, and reliability require a reliable price valuation of real estate assets. Appraisal in real estate is also important for the tax income of the national budget. In this thesis, it is investigated appraisal methods that are used in various countries and valuation approaches and methods that are used in Turkey are reviewed. The value, in the appraisal reports, is estimated with three traditional approaches: Sales Comparison, Cost, and Income Capitalization. In this thesis, Hedonic Price Approach and the availability of the application of this method in practice are investigated within the framework of seeking an alternative method for appraisal beyond three traditional approaches.

<p>Background and purpose</p><p>In Sweden private savings in stocks has experienced a large increase and in year 2006 there were 6.7 million people, or 77 per cent of the population owning stocks. A recent study shows that more than every other Swede has deficient knowledge in trading with stocks. Since small private investors often do not know how to gather and interpret information they must utilize investment advices. The large increase in private savings in stocks, the lack of investment knowledge together with the large increase in Internet usage has resulted in investment advice seeking on the Internet. One of the largest sources of investment advices on the Internet in Sweden today is Avanza.se. The purpose with our thesis is to describe and analyze if, after a buy recommendation issued at Avanza’s website, the effects with respect to abnormal return and market efficiency differ significantly depending on a company’s capitalization value.</p><p>Method</p><p>We have used a quantitative approach to fulfill our purpose. The secondary data required to do so was gathered from the OMX-Group’s website, where historical prices and Index information was collected, and from the online broker Avanza’s website where the buy recommendations were compiled. In order to conduct statistical tests and calculations we have used the statistical software SPSS.</p><p>Frame of Reference</p><p>The theories we made use of mainly treated market efficiency and abnormal return.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>We have seen that the recommendations’ effect concerning abnormal return differ signifi-cantly depending on capitalization value, where the effect on companies with smaller capitalization values are larger. We have also found tendencies of market inefficiency at the semi strong level for stocks with smaller capitalization value.</p>

<p>The focus of this empirical paper is to outline and evaluate certain determinants of lever-aged buyouts (LBOs) in Europe. The paper begins by providing a detailed description of LBOs, with particular emphasis on the European markets. This allows for the development of the four determinants that are studied in greater detail, specifically interest rate, out-standing stock, anti-director rights, and creditor rights. The conclusions indicate that coun-tries with more outstanding stock have larger LBO markets since equity is more liquid in these countries. Further, the results suggest that long-run interest rate is negatively related to the size of the LBO market. The paper goes on to test whether anti-director rights and creditor rights, as developed by La Porta et al. (1998) are related to the size of the LBO markets, but no evidence is found to support this notion. It is thus concluded that deter-minants focused on financing the buyouts play the most significant role in European LBO transactions.</p>

<p>In the first paper the effect of accessibility upon rent is investigated for office properties located in Downtown Stockholm. Starting from the firm’s cost minimization problem, a translog hedonic model is derived. The results suggest the model has good predictive power in explaining the variation in the log of the rent. A negative rent gradient is obtained with a base approximately 90 meters from the postulated focal point. It appears as if Space Syntax adds important information to the understanding of the intraurban office rent pattern.</p><p>The second paper investigates assumed capitalisation rates in 3026 discounted cash flow valuations of office properties in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö during the time period 1998-2004. The study investigates determinants of property-level variation in cap rates and how going in and exit cap rates relate to each other.</p><p>Exit cap rates exhibit substantial variation across properties. Part of this cross-sectional variation can be attributed to the location of the property, part of it is due to other characteristics of the property. Exit cap rates are differentiated between properties of the same type on the same market segment, which shows that valuers apply property level fine-tuning when setting exit cap rates. Properties with low market rent and high long-run vacancy assumption typically have high exit cap rates. Properties in peripheral parts of a city typically have higher exit cap rates than properties in central parts.</p><p>The implicitly assumed going-in cap rate (defined as assumed net operating income year one divided by estimated market value) follows a similar pattern as the exit cap rate but exhibits more temporary, property-specific variation. Going-in cap rates are strongly influenced by temporary deviations of vacancy rates and rents from assumed “normal” levels of vacancy and rent. The difference between going-in and exit cap rates is influenced by assumed short-run growth in net operating income in the way stipulated by theory: high assumed short-run growth is associated with going-in cap rates being lower than exit cap rates.</p>

I denna studie lyfter vi fram VD relativa ersättning i förhållande till resterande koncernledning. Studiens syfte är att analysera effekterna av en stark VD genom att undersöka sambandet mellan VD:s andel ersättning och företagets resultat vad gäller värde och lönsamhet. Studien bygger på teorier som agentteorin, stewardshipteorin, tournamentteorin och cateringteorin. För att besvara frågan om samband existerar har en kvantitativ metod använts. Data har sedan analyserats med hjälp av regressionsanalyser för att identifiera samband. Studien inkluderar företag listade på Stockholmbörsens Large Cap lista. Resultatet visar på ett positivt samband mellan VD:s andel ersättning i förhållande till resterande koncernledning och företagets lönsamhet mätt i avkastningen på totalt kapital. Inget signifikant samband mellan VD:s relativa ersättning och företagets värde påträffas. Dessa resultat indikerar att det inte förekommer agentproblem mellan VD och ägarna i dessa företag. En stor andel ersättning till VD kan ge högre lönsamhet vilket kan stödja tournament- och stewardshipteorin. / This study aims to highlight the CEO:s relative importance in relation to the other top executives. The study aims to analyse the impact of a strong CEO by examine the relationship between the CEO:s relative compensation and the company's performance. The study is based on the principal agent theory, stewardship theory, tournament theory and catering theory. A quantitative method is used to analyse the relationship between a strong CEO and company´s performance. The data is analysed by a multiple regression to identify associations. The population consist of companies listed on the Stockholms OMX Large Cap list. We find a positive relation between the CEO:s relative compensation and the company´s profitability by return on assets. No significant correlation between CEO:s relative compensation and the company´s performance by market to book is detected. The result indicate that no agency problem exist between the CEO and these companies, but a large proportion of compensation to CEO can provide greater profitability and can support the tournament and stewardship theory.

Bakgrund: Under lång tid har den traditionella tolkningen varit att marknadspremier och högre avkastning på aktiemarknaden är kopplat till risk. Även den mest använda prissättningsmodellen idag, Capital Asset Pricing Model, bygger på detta antagande. I en artikel skriven av Ibbotson och Idzorek (2014) utmanas dock risk som den viktigaste faktorn bakom premier och avkastning. Artikeln innehåller stöd för att relativt hög avkastning har kunnat uppnås på den amerikanska marknaden genom att investera i portföljer med aktier som föregående år varit relativt opopulära. Den höga avkastningen genererades dessutom ofta till relativt låg risk. Intresse finns därmed att analysera effekten av aktiers popularitet även på den svenska marknaden. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att identifiera och analysera effekten av aktiers popularitet på avkastning och risk. Genomförande: I denna kvantitativa studie har aktieomsättningshastighet och aktiestorlek utgjort approximationer för popularitet. Studien har genomförts via utvärdering av avkastning och risk i aktieportföljer uppdelade utifrån variablerna aktieomsättningshastighet och storlek. Vidare har sambandet mellan popularitet och avkastning undersöks via linjär regressionsanalys. Studien har både undersökt effekten av föregående års popularitet, samt effekten av popularitet samma år. Slutsats: Studien visar ingen entydig effekt för aktiers popularitet föregående år på avkastning eller risk, när olika approximationer för popularitetsmått studeras och jämförs. Studien kan konstatera att det inte finns något samband mellan föregående års popularitet och avkastning. Däremot finns det ett positivt samband mellan popularitet och avkastning de år aktiernas popularitet uppmätts, när aktieomsättningshastighet används som approximation. Dessutom kan studien fastslå stöd för aktieomsättningshastighet som ett bra mått på aktiers popularitet. / Background: Over the past few decades it has been generally accepted that market premiums come with an associated level of risk. Even the most widely used pricing model today, CAPM, leans on this assumption. In an article written by Ibbotson and Idzorek (2014) this assumption is challenged as the main driver of market premiums and returns. The article contains evidence that relatively high returns have been earned through buying less  popular stocks on the U.S. stock market. Surprisingly the risk-return dimension exhibited an inverse relationship. This evidence from the U.S. stock market motivates us to investigate to what extent this effect can also be seen on the Swedish stock market. Aim: The aim of this thesis is to identify and analyze the effect of a stock`s popularity on the risk and return. Completion: In this quantitative study, share turnover and market capitalization have been used as approximations for popularity. The effects of stocks popularity on risk and return have been are examined by evaluating the performance of portfolios when categorizing the stocks by share turnover and market capitalization. The statistical relationship between popularity and return is analyzed using regression analysis. This study has both studied the effect of last year's popularity, as well as the effect of the popularity of the same year. Conclusion: When various approximations for the popularity dimension are studied and compared, this study shows no marked effect of stock`s popularity from the previous year on risk and return. The study finds no statistically significant relationship between the previous year ́s popularity and return. However, there is a positive statistically correlation between popularity and return when measured during the same year as when the popularity was measured. In addition, the results establish evidence for the stock turnover as a good measure of popularity.

The choice of corporate finance is an important source of tax planning opportunities for multinational companies. Investing companies have to be aware of inconsistent tax classification of equity and debt between countries in particular. Additionally, thin capitalization rules have to be taken into account. In response to changing corporate needs the present paper focuses on the tax consequences of hybrid financial instruments. Only some literature exists on cross-border hybrid finance. Especially the linkage between the two areas - hybrid finance and thin capitalization - both on a national and international level had to be dealt with academically. The paper analyses the substantive scope of thin capitalization regimes in general and in detail. The main finding is that the tax consequences of hybrid instruments reverse when used in thin capitalization situations and that traditional tax policy has to be reconsidered. (author's abstract) / Series: Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination

This dissertation uses property values to investigate the economic effect of public expenditures for operations and capital improvements on place value. Given the increasing role of nonprofit services in augmenting those of cities and school districts, the dissertation research investigates whether nonprofit expenditures join those of cities and school districts as Tiebout commodities, thereby contributing to place value. Furthermore, the research examines whether those expenditures contribute to reducing the inequities in the distribution of property wealth. The conceptual framework for the dissertation is the Tiebout model and its various extensions. The model proposes that individuals have different preferences for public goods and services, and there are many jurisdictions that vary in the services provided. Consequently, individuals shop around for the community that best matches their preferences and locate in the one that maximizes their utility. If the model correctly predicts households' behavior, then the quality of public goods and services provided by a community will affect its desirability. The more attractive a community, the higher the demand for its properties, which results in higher property values. The dissertation research finds that city public capital spending positively impacts property values in two ways. Property values respond positively to (1) the announcement of capital investments (i.e., ongoing capital expenditures), and (2) the amenity created when capital projects become operational (i.e., when operating expenditures are combined with capital stock). The results also show that nonprofit capital stock and spending on operations affect property values differently depending on the nonprofit category. The findings further reveal that local public and nonprofit spending benefit owners of lower and medium valued properties more than owners of higher valued properties. This finding suggests that local government and nonprofit spending contribute to reducing inequities in the distribution of property wealth.

Submitted by LEANDRO COSTA DOS SANTOS null (leandro_dello@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-23T17:20:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Leandro.pdf: 1459519 bytes, checksum: 21fb0a950984c6b25fdeb6cccef6e5e2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-27T17:54:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_lc_me_sjrp.pdf: 1459519 bytes, checksum: 21fb0a950984c6b25fdeb6cccef6e5e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T17:54:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_lc_me_sjrp.pdf: 1459519 bytes, checksum: 21fb0a950984c6b25fdeb6cccef6e5e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A Matemática Financeira encontra-se cada vez mais presente no cotidiano do jovem. O mercado capitalista e o crescimento da economia são os principais propulsores desde anseio por conhecimento. Os livros didáticos e os professores vêm se adaptando a este novo cenário, contudo ainda existem lacunas que precisam ser preenchidas sobre o tema. Neste trabalho, o ensino da Matemática Financeira no Ensino Médio é o foco principal, especialmente a parte de financiamento, mostrando como normalmente os livros didáticos abordam tal assunto. Um estudo sobre a conexão entre conceitos matemáticos como Progressão Aritmética e Progressão Geométrica, e conceitos de Matemática Financeira como Juros Simples e Juros Compostos é apresentado. Além disso, sistemas de capitalização, como Tabela Price e SAC são discutidos e apresentadas suas vantagens e desvantagens. Conclui-se o trabalho relacionando a facilidade do jovem com a tecnologia e ferramentas de Matemática Financeira, como aplicativos e softwares, o que facilita a compreensão e aplicação do conteúdo. / Financial mathematics has being present in the juvenile’s routine. The capitalist market and the economy grown are the main drivers for this desire for knowledge. The didactic books and the professors are adapting to this new scenario, however still exist many points to be improved about this subject. In this work, the teaching of financial mathematics inside the college is the main subject, specially the financial issues problems, showing the didactic books approach. A study about connections between mathematic problems and financial issues are presented. Furthermore, capitalization problems, as Price Table are approached. In the conclusion of this work we exemplified some softwares to work with financial mathematics.