Space syntax uncovers hidden perspectives on geographic spaces and facilitates the study of the structure and form of spaces. Correlations of the human movement and space configurations are interesting observations revealed by space syntax. Much research demonstrates that urban configurations can affect the distribution of human flows in space and even form of land use patterns. The high correlation between the human movement and space structures can lead to the hypothesis that through this high correlation, it is possible to obtain information about a particular type of human activity and the number of people in a region. The present research investigates this possibility and tries to generate models for predicting the number of people who live in a region and the number of people who work in that region. The project takes a street network and calculates the space syntax’s measures and length of the streets. Based on regional boundaries in which the measures are located, sum, average, maximum and minimum of all measures are computed and assigned to the related regions. Next, correlations between them and nighttime (the number of people who live in the region) and daytime (the number of people who work in the region) populations are calculated. The significance test is run to check if the calculated correlations are real. From the significant correlations, the measures with high correlations are selected for the regression analyses and different regression models are generated. Finally the project selects the model which has 79% correspondence with the population counts as the result. The main application of this method is in Location-Based Services (LBS) which collect users’ trajectories via mobile positioning and communication technologies. However, hidden information in trajectories can be abused and can threaten the privacy and security of the users. Indeed this research is a preface for a new approach for trajectory anonymization. The method - based on the street network properties - counts the number of people that live in a region and work in another, to construct regions for the user such that the count is above a threshold then it cloaks the user’s trajectory within the constructed regions.

This dissertation pays critical attention to the "community" concept in archaeological research, casting it as the flexible and impermanent loci of identity formation and social reproduction. In three articles, it investigates various iterations and transformations of the Arikara community in North Dakota after European contact. First, I examine the ethnohistoric record of the Upper Missouri River to investigate how increased flexibility in Arikara settlement strategies during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries yielded new community configurations, with particular emphasis on Arikara coresidence with their occasional enemies, the Mandans. The second article analyzes archaeological spatial data to elucidate how the organization of open space at the nineteenth- century coalescent settlement of Like-A-Fishhook Village structured interactions between the Arikara and the Mandan-Hidatsa. The third article explores how the Arikara navigated the reconfiguration of their community space as a result of allotment policies during the early twentieth century, and how the now-inundated settlement of Nishu is situated in the social memory and contemporary identity of the Arikara people. The Arikara case demonstrates that social and spatial configurations of community are not always commensurate, and that understanding the multidimensionality of belonging requires both archaeological and ethnographic approaches.

This thesis sets out to explore some of the ways in which videogames use space as a means of expression. This expression takes place in two registers: representation and embodiment. Representation is understood as a form of expression in which messages and ideas are communicated. Embodiment is understood as a form of expression in which the player is encouraged to take up a particular position in relation to the game. This distinction between representation and embodiment is useful analytically but the thesis attempts to synthesise these modes in order to account for the experience of playing videogames, where representation and embodiment are constantly happening and constantly influencing and shaping each other. Several methods are developed to analyse games in a way that brings these two modes to the fore. The thesis attempts to arrive at a number of spatial aesthetics of videogames by adapting methods from game studies, literary criticism, phenomenology, onomastics (the study of names), cartographic theory, choreography and architectural and urban formation analysis.

Staden som en handelsplats har djupa rötter och handelns form i våra städer förändras löpande, i samtiden kanske framförallt genom e-handelns intåg. Arenan för kommersiell service är i ständig förändring och när våra städer förtätas har vi genom planering chans att påverka förutsättningarna för kommersiell service. Föremålet för denna studie är förhållandet mellan densitet, service och urban form. Sambandet mellan densitet och urban kommersiell ställs mot en integrationsanalys enligt space syntax för att identifiera om olika områdens urbana form påverkar tillgången till urban kommersiell service. Genom fallstudier av Stockholm och Göteborg visar uppsatsen att över- och underrepresentation av urban kommersiell service i förhållande till befolkningsdensiteten framförallt förekommer i de centrala delarna av staden, men underrepresentation oftare i anslutning till större barriärer. Områden med höga integrationsvärden kan i studiens båda fall kopplas till en stor överrepresentation av kommersiell service.

<p>Space syntax has been considered to be an important theory and analytical tool to study the correlation between spatial configuration and human social activities. But its traditional Axial Model has limitations in representing street. The conclusion got form Axial Model，that spatial configuration of street network can well predict the traffic flow, has been widely doubled.</p><p>In order to testify the conclusion, the thesis sets out to use Axial, Stroke and Named Street Models to model and analyze Hong Kong street network. Our research methodology is first to create and study different models of street network in pilot study area- Kowloon peninsula of Hong Kong, from the perspectives of space syntax theory and properties of complicated network. Through the pilot study, tentative correlations and conclusions could be derived, which are verified through the case study of whole street network of Hong Kong by taking samples from three different sampling criteria.</p><p>Through analysis, we find out that local integration best correlates with vehicle flow, and this correlation is called predictability of street network. Through comparisons of different models in terms of predictability, we conclude that stroke model has the best ability to predict vehicle flow. By analyzing the axial model of Hong Kong street network and comparing its result to early study, we prove that axial model does have limitations to represent street network. Also we find out all models of street network have properties of small world network and scale free, from the topological studies of these models.</p><p>In the research of this thesis, we develop an extension of ArcGIS, named Axwoman 4 in order to calculate and extract space syntax parameters from different models. And important implementation algorithms are introduced in this thesis.</p><p>The thesis is summed up at the end, and future research directions are given.</p>

The functional connection between the building and the streetscape affects the city and its attractiveness. Stores located in shopping malls with their entrances facing internal walkways, creates segregation between the mall and the streetscape. This segregation implies that the shopping mall loses some of its attractiveness, which may result in a so-called Greyfield mall. The expression Greyfield mall is used for shopping malls that have lost its visitors. Competition from new modern malls and a lack of investments are examples of factors that influence the development of Greyfiled malls. To clarify the relationship between the building and the streetscape, Space syntax has been used. Space syntax can be explained as the order between the different spaces. A Space syntax analysis provides an intergration value that indicates how the streets are linked. The pupose of this paper is to investigate and develop methods that will increase the attractiveness of shopping centers and malls in danger of developing into, or already classified as Greyfield malls. Improvements to these sites contributes to a better urban environment. The question formulation has been focused on the streetscape- and building design, and the movement patterns of the visitors. The questions have been answered through literature studies within the areas of; Space syntax, Shared space and Greyfield malls. In addition, a new proposal for the design of the building and the surrounding streetscape has been done. Analyses using Depth map has been used in a case study of Rosengallerian. Rosengallerian is located in the center of the city Husqvarna and has potential to act as a gathering place for city residents. By using Shared space, Woonerf-streets and axial analyzes with Space syntax a new proposal for mall and its surroundings has been developed. The new proposal is based on the prioritation of the pedestrians instead of the motor traffic. The streets surrounding the shopping mall has been converted into walking-speed areas, where the streets have been given a more narrow character. These changes creates a more attractive environment for the pedestrians around the mall. The results of the studies shows that the problem mainly lies in the design of the building and the priorities of the surrounding street network. The planning and prioritations of a street network are important to city residents, when the traffic moves according to the terms of the pedestrians a center where people can move freely is created. The ability to move around freely along with the city's walkways being extended into the building means that people wants to come back to the shopping mall. The proposal increase the attractiveness of the shopping mall since people attracts other people. The conclusion is that the mall is to be seen as an individual building being fitted into the existing surrounding environment. The shopping mall should be a natural part of the city's movement pattern, but also allowed to stand out architecturally. / Den funktionella kontakten mellan byggnaden och gaturummet påverkar staden och dess attraktivitet. Butiker som är placerade i gallerior och som har sina entréer mot interna stråk skapar en segregation mellan gallerian och gaturummet. Denna segregering innebär att gallerian förlorar en del av sin attraktivitet, vilket kan resultera i en så kallad Greyfield mall. Uttrycket Greyfield mall används för gallerior som förlorat sina besökare. Konkurrensen från nya moderna gallerior samt brist på investeringar är exempel på faktorer som påverkar uppkomsten av Greyfield malls. För att klargöra sambandet mellan byggnaden och gaturumet har ”Space syntax” använts. Space syntax kan förklaras som ordningen mellan de olika rummen. En Space syntax-analys ger ett integrationsvärde som visar hur stadens gator hänger samman. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka och utveckla metoder för att öka attraktiviteten hos köpcentrum och gallerior som riskerar att utvecklas till, eller redan klassas som Greyfield malls. Förbättringar av dessa platser bidrar till en godare stadsmiljö. Frågeställningarna har inriktats på gatans och byggnadens utformning samt besökarnas rörelsemönster. Frågeställningarna har besvarats genom litteraturstudier inom områdena Space syntax, Shared space och Greyfield malls. Därtill har ett nytt förslag på utformning av gatunätet och byggnaden utförts. Analyser med hjälp av Depth map har gjorts i en fallstudie av Rosengallerian. Rosengallerian är placerad i Huskvarna centrum och har potential att fungera som en samlingspunkt för stadens invånare. Områdets nuvarande utformning gynnar biltrafiken vilket har resulterat i en nedprioritering av gångtrafikanterna. Med hjälp av; Shared space, Boone-gator och axialanalyser med Space syntax har ett nytt förslag för Rosengallerian och dess omgivning tagits fram. Förslaget bygger på att stadens gångtrafikanter istället prioriteras. Gatorna runt gallerian har omvandlats till gångfartsområde, där gatorna har fått en smalare karaktär. Dessa förändringar skapar en attraktivare miljö för gångtrafikanterna kring Rosengallerian. För att öppna upp gallerian har de ursprungliga gångarna inne i gallerian ändrats till två raka tvärgator igenom byggnaden som sammanbundits med den övriga staden. Resultatet av studierna visar att problemet huvudsakligen ligger i byggnadens utformning samt det omkringliggande gatunätets prioriteringar. Ett gatunäts planering och prioriteringar är av vikt för stadens invånare, då biltrafiken förflyttar sig på de gåendes villkor skapas ett centrum där människor kan röra sig fritt. Den fria rörelsen tillsammans med att stadens gator förlängs in i byggnaden medför att invånarna vill återkomma till gallerian. Förslagets förändringar ökar gallerians attraktivitet då människor attraherar andra människor. Slutsatsen är att gallerian skall ses som en enskild byggnad som skall passas in i den omkringliggande befintliga miljön. Gallerian bör vara en naturlig del av stadens rörelsemönster samtidigt som den gärna får markeras arkitektoniskt.

Space syntax has been considered to be an important theory and analytical tool to study the correlation between spatial configuration and human social activities. But its traditional Axial Model has limitations in representing street. The conclusion got form Axial Model，that spatial configuration of street network can well predict the traffic flow, has been widely doubled. In order to testify the conclusion, the thesis sets out to use Axial, Stroke and Named Street Models to model and analyze Hong Kong street network. Our research methodology is first to create and study different models of street network in pilot study area- Kowloon peninsula of Hong Kong, from the perspectives of space syntax theory and properties of complicated network. Through the pilot study, tentative correlations and conclusions could be derived, which are verified through the case study of whole street network of Hong Kong by taking samples from three different sampling criteria. Through analysis, we find out that local integration best correlates with vehicle flow, and this correlation is called predictability of street network. Through comparisons of different models in terms of predictability, we conclude that stroke model has the best ability to predict vehicle flow. By analyzing the axial model of Hong Kong street network and comparing its result to early study, we prove that axial model does have limitations to represent street network. Also we find out all models of street network have properties of small world network and scale free, from the topological studies of these models. In the research of this thesis, we develop an extension of ArcGIS, named Axwoman 4 in order to calculate and extract space syntax parameters from different models. And important implementation algorithms are introduced in this thesis. The thesis is summed up at the end, and future research directions are given.

The aim of this work is to question the notion of space that underlies the claimed ‘spatial turn’ in geographical and social theory. Section 1 examines this theoretical literature, drawing heavily on Soja as the self declared taxonomist of the genre, and also seeks parallels with more populist texts on cities and space, to suggest, following Williams, that there is a new ‘structure of feeling’ towards space. Section 1 introduces two foundational concepts. The first, derived from Soja’s misunderstanding of Borges’ story The Aleph, argues for an ‘alephic vision’, an imposition of a de-materialized and revelatory understanding of space. This is related to the second, an ‘ecstatic vision’, which describes the tendency, illustrated through the work of Koolhaas and recent exhibitions on the experience of cities, to treat spatial and material experience in hyperbolic and hallucinatory terms. Section 2 offers a series of theoretical reconstructions which seek to draw out parallels between the work of key theorists of what I term the ‘respatialization’ literature (Harvey, Giddens, Foucault and Lefebvre) and the work of Hillier et al in the Space Syntax school. A series of empirical studies demonstrate that the approach to the material realm offered by Space Syntax is not only theoretically compatible but can also help to explain ‘real world’ phenomena. However, the elision with wider theoretical positions points to the need for a reworking of elements of Space Syntax, and steps towards this goal are offered in section 3. In the final ‘speculative epilogue’ I reopen the philosophical debates about the nature of space, deliberately suppressed from the beginning, and suggest that perhaps the apparent theoretical and empirical versatility of Space Syntax, based upon a configurational approach to space as a complex relational system, may offer an alternative approach to these enduring metaphysical debates.

This thesis deals with the urban phenomenon of minority clusters, which are invariably referred to as 'ghettos'. A review of the literature on 'ghettos' suggests that the clustering of identifiable minorities is commonly associated with segregation - be it physical, economic, social or linguistic - although it is the physical segregation which tends to be most frequently noticed. Moreover, one type of segregation, such as physical - is believed to lead to another type, such as economic. Through studying Jewish settlement in Leeds and Manchester in the 19th century, two key questions are addressed in this thesis: The first is whether there is a link between spatial clustering and spatial segregation and the second is whether spatial clustering is linked to other forms of segregation, such as economic, occupational and social. Another two questions arise from the analysis: whether Jewish settlement patterns are distinctive in their own right, and whether it is possible to identify a pattern in the process of formation of Jewish settlement that may have broader implications for immigrant/minority settlement in general. The techniques and theories of 'Space Syntax' are used here to analyse the settlements in question by using detailed street-level mapping of census data on the entire Jewish population of Manchester and Leeds and of all non-Jewish individuals in the key Jewish districts of each of the cities (the key Jewish districts are generally referred to as 'ghettos'). This enables a multi-level socio-spatial comparison to be made: between Jewish families and their immediate neighbours; between Jewish families and the population of the city as a whole; and between the initial and secondary stages of Jewish settlement. In order to investigate questions relating specifically to immigrant settlement, non-Jewish people born outside of Britain are also considered as a separate group, although they are not the main subject. The analysis suggests that spatial clustering does not necessarily lead to spatial segregation and that spatial clustering may also be associated with some types of segregation, such as occupational but not with others, such as economic. It also suggests that Jewish settlement patterns are distinctive and that they are identifiable for a longer period than expected after immigration, when compared with other immigrants. This thesis also sheds light on the process of the formation of Jewish settlement, proposing a pattern whereby after establishing a core of settlement, streets already established become more densely populated, whilst new streets are settled more slowly. Analysis of the key districts of Jewish settlement also suggests that certain areas of cities are especially prone to settlement by the disadvantaged, due to characteristics that make such areas firstly, tend to be economically unsuccessful due to their spatial segregation and secondly, less attractive to those who have the means to move elsewhere and that such areas are not so much defined by their immigrant constituents, but by their long-standing inhabitants that cannot move elsewhere.

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