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Syftet med vårt examensarbete är att få en djupare förståelse för hur concept cartoons påverkar elevers gruppdiskussioner och bidrar till deras lärande i NO-undervisningen. Eftersom vår utbildning inriktar sig mot elever i årskurs F-3, har vi valt att återspegla detta i vår studie. Det teoretiska perspektiv som legat till grund för studien är det sociokulturella lärandeperspektivet, där Mercers (1996) tre språkliga kategorier disputational talk, cumulative talk och exploratory talk har använts för att få djupare förståelse för hur elevernas olika sätt att diskutera påverkar deras lärande. Concept cartoons är ett område som är relativt outforskat och studier som inriktar sig mot vår åldersgrupp finns endast i begränsad omfattning. Utöver detta ligger studiens relevans i att concept cartoons är ett koncept som skapats utifrån ett konstruktivistiskt perspektiv och det sociokulturella perspektivet som ska genomsyra vår framtida yrkesverksamhet har till följd lyst med sin frånvaro i tidigare forskning som inriktat sig mot de lägre åren. Genom observation av två klasser i årskurs 3 samlades materialet in och analyserades. Resultatet visade att endast ett fåtal av de deltagande eleverna hade drag av disputational talk och exploratory talk i diskussionerna. Majoriteten av eleverna bekräftade och byggde okritiskt vidare på det som sagts och elevernas sätt att diskutera dominerades därför av cumulative talk. Concept cartoons stödjer elever i att föra en diskussion, men har även sina begränsningar. Vi ser att concept cartoons kan användas i undervisningen men som lärare bör man vara medveten om hur det används av eleverna, för att därigenom förstå vilken typ av lärande som sker.

DESCRIPTION: The research is divided into five chapters (plus an introduction and a conclusion) as follows: INTRODUCTION, in which the work is introduced, the problem is identified, and the need for the research. is presented. CHAPTER ONE: The image of the Arab in the West (from the old sources up to the present time). CHAPTER TWO: The Arab view of the West, The development and the changing approach in viewing the World from pre- Islamic Arabia including the contemporary schools of thought in the Arab world. CHAPTER THREE: Political cartoons as a medium of communication, their influence and role in opinion changing and image making. CHAPTER FOUR: UK-Based Arab Owned Mass Media. A survey of the newspapers and the magazines published in the United Kingdom and owned by Arab personalities, companies, governments and political parties. That includes the 38 daily, weekly, monthly and quarterly publications. This chapter studies the attitudes and presentations of the Arab media in a definite period of time, in regard to the West. (from Dec. 1987 till March 1991) CHAPTER FIVE : The Case Study. The image of the West in the Arab-owned press through political cartoons (four London-based daily newspapers). The findings of the field work, categorising and analysing the main features and elements of the image. CONCLUSION: Room for Improvement. Recommendations for better understanding, presentation and improvement in the Arab-West International relations and presentations. The major, original, part of the thesis has been devoted to surveying the Britain-based Arab press, as well as an analysis of the coverage of some of these papers and magazines of the West, using the political cartoon as indicators of the public perceptions of the West. The research also makes an attempt to trace the main outline of the historical development of perceptions of the West in the Arab mind. Appendices; Appendix(A): Arab Political Cartoonists. Appendix(B): Cartoons of Arabs in the Western Media. Appendix(C); Cartoons of the West in the Arab Media. Bibliography / Hariri Foundation

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The increasing and irregular flow of migrants in Europe had lead to an unprecedented crisis which European and International stakeholders have been struggling to manage in a challenging context of financial insecurity, political instability, fragile foreign relations and controversial steps and policies. This current context questions Europe’s image as a powerful global key-player and a civilized privileged space/entity and also shutters migrants’ dreams and illusions of a promise-land. Inevitably, the migrant crisis has emerged as top news in most old and new media around Europe and extensive coverage of the topic has been informing the audience almost on a daily basis. Of course, cartoonists have been affected and inspired by the situation, as well. In a time period of twelve months, from April 2015 to March 2016, in Greek new media alone, three hundred and seven cartoons were published on the topic. This project set out to examine the cartoons published in new media over the allocated time period in order to find out what were the main foci of the artists’ attention in relation to the migration crisis and how they related to domestic and international political affairs and further international interests by major stakeholders. It also explored the way immigrants have been depicted, the way Europe is depicted as a promise-land, how all involved stakeholders have handled the crisis and the artists’ degree of active judgment or influence. A mixed research method, combining content analysis, which falls into the realm of quantitative research methods, with elements of psychoanalysis and social semiotics, which observe matters, analyse the visual and critically interpret it was employed. Results showed that the migrant crisis was a favorable topic for Greek cartoonists publishing in Greek new media. They explored the topic from various aspects, including politics, values, everyday life, religion, war and art, shifting from mockery and heavy criticism to sympathy, guilt and a sense of worry about the fellow human depending on their personal political orientation and the aspect of the topic they were commenting on. Evidently, the migrant crisis is a strong humanitarian crisis placing a bomb to fundamental and consolidated values, policies and relations among all stakeholders.

This essay evaluates social constructivist theory by analyzing how it brings understanding to an empirical case. The case under study is the Danish Muhammad Cartoon Controversy of 2005-2006, and by using a constructivist conceptualization of identities and norms this essay attempts to demonstrate how constructivism helps in understanding the event where rationalist theories fall short. This essay concludes that these two concepts do further understanding of various social elements that contributed to the explosiveness of the conflict but that there is a difficulty in establishing causality and outlining in detail how they do so.