<p>Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a widespread infection affecting 50-90% of the human population. A typical silent primary infection is followed by life-long persistence in the host under control by virus-specific CD8 (“killer”) and CD4 (“helper”) T cells. Although harmless in most people, CMV may cause disease and sequelae in patients with deficient cellular immunity, such as AIDS patients, recipients of organ transplants and children who have acquired the virus before birth. In this thesis we have characterized the cellular immunity to CMV in immunocompetent subjects, in patients receiving transplants and in infants.</p><p>In healthy individuals with latent CMV, the frequencies of CMV-specific CD8 T cells varied considerably between the donors. Within the same individual, the changes over time were usually small. In patients with primary, symptomatic CMV infection, the frequencies of CMV-specific CD8 T cells peaked within the first month after the appearance of symptoms. The frequencies then declined to levels similar to those in latently infected CMV carriers. The CD4 T-cell function followed the same pattern, but with lower peak values.</p><p>Immunosuppressed renal transplant patients with latent CMV had CMV-specific CD4 cell function similar to healthy controls. The frequencies of CMV-specific CD8 T cells were also comparable, but their function was impaired. When renal transplant recipients were investigated longitudinally, we found that their CMV-specific T cells decreased rapidly after transplantation. Whereas the frequencies and function of CD8 T cells rebounded within 3 months, CD4 T-cell recovery was impaired during the entire first year after transplantation.</p><p>Finally, the frequencies and function of CMV-specific T-cells were investigated in children with congenital and postnatal CMV. CMV-specific CD8 T cells could be detected in even the youngest children, suggesting that these cells can develop early in life. In contrast, CMV specific CD4 T cells were low or absent in the youngest children but increased slowly with age.</p>

La maladie du greffon contre l’hôte (GvHD) est un effet secondaire sérieux de la transplantation de cellules souches hématopoïétiques (HSCT). Cette maladie entraine une haute mortalité et ses symptômes sont dévastateurs. Les traitements actuels de la GvHD comportent plusieurs produits, tels les corticostéroïdes, mais ces derniers sont immunosuppresseurs et leurs effets secondaires sont aussi très dommageables pour les patients et leur guérison. Les cellules stromales mésenchymateuses (MSC) représentent une alternative ou une addition potentielle de traitement pour la GvHD et ces cellules ne semblent pas posséder les effets secondaires des traitements classiques. Un nombre important d’études cliniques faisant l’objet des MSC ont été enregistrées. Malgré cet engouement, le mécanisme de leur immunomodulation reste encore à élucider. Notre objectif est donc de mieux définir ce mécanisme. Nous avons utilisé un modèle simplifié pour simuler la GvHD in vitro. Ce modèle se base sur la stimulation de lymphocytes CD4+ par des cellules dendritiques allogéniques. La mesure de la prolifération de ces cellules stimulées sert d’indicateur de leur réactivité. Selon les résultats obtenus par la technologie CRISPR de génie génétique, les MSC exerceraient leur immunosuppression sur les cellules T CD4+ principalement par la sécrétion de l’enzyme IDO1. Les MSC seraient également capables d’induire certaines cellules CD4+ en cellules régulatrices, un processus indépendant de la sécrétion d’IDO1. Toutefois, ces cellules ne semblent pas correspondre aux cellules Treg conventionnelles. / Graft versus host disease (GvHD) is a very serious side effect of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). This disease results in high mortality and devastating symptoms. Treatments for GvHD include a lot of pharmaceuticals, including corticosteroids, but these are immunosuppressive and their adverse effects cause a lot of damage to the patient and hinder the healing process. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) represent a potential alternative or addition to the GvHD treatment regimen. These cells do not seem to carry the secondary effects associated with classical treatments. A number of studies have been registered concerning MSC. In spite of the spike of interest, the mechanism of immunomodulation deployed by MSC remains to be elucidated. Our objective is to better characterise this mechanism. We have used a simple in vitro model to simulate GvHD. This model is based on the stimulation of CD4+ T cells by allogenic dendritic cells. The measure of the proliferation of the stimulated lymphocytes serves as an indicator of the reactivity. According to the results obtained by CRISPR genetic engineering, MSC exert this immunomodulatory effect on T cells mainly by the secretion of IDO1 enzyme. These MSC are also able to induce T cells to become inhibitory, a process independent of the secretion of IDO1. However, these inhibitory T cells would not correspond to conventional Treg cells.

INTRODUÇÃO: A molécula HIG2 pode atuar como agonista da via Wnt/beta-catenina, pois se liga ao receptor Frizzled 10 e induz a expressão de genes da mesma. Dados recentes do nosso grupo mostraram expressão diferencial do gene HIG2 em células mononucleares do sangue periférico e em especial linfócitos T CD4+ naïve, mas não em células diferenciadas de memória em indivíduos sadios. Também observamos in vitro em linfócitos T CD4+ de indivíduos saudáveis que o peptídeo sintético HIG2 induziu a ativação da via Wnt/beta-catenina, produção de HIG2 e outros produtos da via, além da proliferação de células T CD4+ naïve sugerindo um papel do HIG2 na proliferação homeostática de linfócitos T CD4+. HIPÓTESE: Como as células T CD4+ naïve são diretamente exportadas pelo timo, os níveis aumentados de HIG2 neste tipo celular sejam decorrentes da ativação da via Wnt/?-catenina nos estágios tardios da diferenciação de timócitos. Portanto, as células T CD4+ naïve e timócitos simples positivos para CD4 (SP CD4) apresentariam perfil semelhante de expressão de HIG2 e genes da via Wnt/beta-catenina, incluindo receptores, fatores de transcrição, genes estruturais da via e alvos quando comparadas as demais populações celulares. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a expressão de HIG2 e outros genes da via Wnt/beta-catenina em timócitos e linfócitos T CD4+ naïve e memória de camundongos. MÉTODOS: Isolamos timócitos duplo negativos (DN), timócitos duplo positivos (DP), simples positivos para CD4 e CD8 (SP CD4 e SP CD8) de timo e também células T CD4+ naïve e memória do baço dos mesmos camundongos pelo procedimento de citometria de fluxo. Analisamos a expressão de vários genes da via Wnt/beta-catenina por PCR em tempo real. RESULTADOS: Em timócitos DN há expressão significativa dos genes que codificam para Frizzled 6, LRP5, TCF-1 e TCF-4 em relação as outras populações celulares. Nos timócitos DP há maior expressão dos genes que codificam para LRP5, LRP6, beta-catenina, GSK-3beta, TCF-1 e Bcl-XL em relação às demais populações. Em timócitos SP CD4 foi detectada expressão diferencial de genes que codificam para Frizzled 10, LRP6, beta-catenina, LEF-1 e HIG2 enquanto que na população de timócitos SP CD8 não observamos expressão significativa de nenhum gene da via Wnt/beta-catenina. Nas células T CD4+ naïve há expressão significativa de Frizzled 5 e Frizzled 10 quando comparadas a timócitos SP CD8 e células T CD4+ de memória . Já nos linfócitos T CD4+ de memória, detectamos maior expressão de Frizzled 6, TCF-4, Bcl-XL e ciclina D1 em relação as demais populações. CONCLUSÃO: Cada população apresenta um perfil distinto de expressão gênica. As maiores semelhanças ocorrem entre os timócitos DN e DP onde as principais diferenças são a expressão de Frizzled 6 e Ciclina D1.Os timócitos SP CD4 e as células T CD4+ naïve não apresentaram níveis semelhantes de expressão gênica de elementos da via Wnt canônica, o que não corrobora a hipótese de que o perfil transcripcional de timócitos SP CD4 e linfócitos T CD4+ naïve é semelhante. Ainda, não observamos expressão aumentada de HIG2 em linfócitos T CD4+ naïve comparados aos de memória, o que contrasta com os resultados obtidos anteriormente por nosso grupo com amostras humanas sugerindo que camundongos não regulam a expressão de HIG2 em linfócitos T CD4+ como os seres humanos / INTRODUCTION: HIG2 molecule can act as an agonist of Wnt/?-catenin pathway, because it able to bind to Frizzled 10 receptor and induce the expression of the genes related to this pathway. Recent data from our group have shown differential expression of the HIG2 gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and particularly in naive CD4 + T cells, but not in memory T cells in healthy individuals. We have also observed that inducing the CD4 + T lymphocytes from healthy individuals with HIG2 synthetic peptide in vitro, led to the activation of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, HIG2 production and expression of other target genes of this pathway and the proliferation of naïve CD4 + T cells, suggesting that HIG2 may play a role in homeostatic proliferation of CD4+ T cells. HYPOTHESIS: As naïve CD4 + T cells are directly exported from the thymus, we have hypothesized that increased levels of HIG2 in this cell type is due to the activation of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in the later stages of thymocyte differentiation. Therefore, naïve CD4 + T cells and CD4 single-positive thymocytes (CD4 SP) may share a similar pattern of gene expression of HIG2 and Wnt/beta-catenin genes (genes that encodes receptors and co-receptors, transcription factors, structural and target genes) when compared to other cell populations. AIM: our major aim is to evaluate the expression of HIG2 and other genes of the Wnt/beta-catenin in thymocytes, naïve CD4 + T lymphocytes and memory CD4+ T cells from mice. METHODS: We have isolated thymocytes double negative (DN) T cells, positive double positive (DP) T cells, CD4 and CD8 single-positive thymocytes (CD4 SP and CD8 SP) of thymus from BALB/c mice and we have also isolated naïve CD4 + T cells and memory CD4+ T cells of the spleen from the same mice we have used the thymus. We have analysed the expression of several genes of Wnt/beta-catenin by real time PCR RESULTS: In DN cells there was expression of the Frizzled 6, LRP5, TCF-1 and TCF-4 genes compared to other cell populations. In DP thymocytes it could be observed a greater expression of LRP5, LRP6, beta-catenin, GSK-3beta, TCF-1 and Bcl-XL genes compared to other populations. In CD4 SP thymocytes, it was detected differential expression of the Frizzled 10, LRP6, beta-catenin, LEF-1 HIG2 genes and in CD8 SP cells we could not observe significant expression of any gene of Wnt/?-catenin pathway. In naïve CD4 + T cells there was a significant expression of Frizzled5 and Frizzled 10 genes when compared to all the samples. In memory CD4 + T cells, we have detected higher expression of Frizzled 6, TCF-4, Bcl-XL and cyclin D1 genes than in any other populations. CONCLUSION: Each population has a distinct gene expression pattern. The biggest similarities occur between DN and DP thymocytes where the main differences are the expression of Frizzled 6 and cyclin D1.However, the pattern of gene expression in SP thymocytes is not similar to those presented by naïve CD4+ T cells. Moreover, we have not observed increased expression of HIG2 in naïve CD4 + lymphocytes compared to memory CD4+ T cells, which contrasts the results obtained previously by our group with human samples suggesting that mice might not regulate the HIG2 expression in CD4 + T lymphocytes as human beings do

L’immunothérapie allergénique (ITA) est la seule thérapie capable d’agir sur l’étiologie des allergies. La compréhension des mécanismes d’action de ce traitement et la mise en évidence de biomarqueurs d’efficacité favoriserait l’optimisation de l’ITA. A l’aide des tétramères de classe II, nous avons suivi les lymphocytes T CD4 périphériques spécifiques d’allergènes, acteurs centraux de la réaction allergique, dans des conditions normales, pathologiques ou en cours d’ITA, afin d’établir un lien entre ces trois situations physiologiques. Nous avons mis en évidence des différences entre les réponses lymphocytaires T CD4 spécifiques d’allergènes saisonniers et perannuels, chez les individus sains et allergiques. Puis, lors de 2 études cliniques d’ITA sublinguale, l’une menée chez des adultes allergiques aux pollens de graminées traités pendant 4 mois et l’autre menée chez des enfants allergiques aux acariens traités pendant 1, nous avons respectivement observé une diminution des lymphocytes Th2A et une augmentation de la production d’IFN- γ liées au traitement. Toutefois, ces variations ne corrèlent pas avec l’efficacité clinique de l’ITA observée dans ces deux études. Les limites d’utilisation des tétramères de classe II nous ont amené à rechercher si l’expression de marqueurs d’activation membranaires pouvait remplacer un marquage « tétramère ». Alors qu’une corrélation insuffisante a été observée entre le marquage « tétramère » et l’expression des marqueurs d’activation testés, nous avons mis en évidence 3 populations cellulaires aux propriétés fonctionnelles diverses, soulignant l’hétérogénéité des réponses lymphocytaires spécifiques d’allergènes. De plus, la découverte des lymphocytes Th2A pourrait être une approche prometteuse pour le suivi des réponses lymphocytaires T CD4 spécifiques d’allergènes lors d’ITA à plus long terme. / Allergenic immunotherapy (AIT) is currently the only curative treatment for allergic disease. Whereas efficacy of this treatment is well established, its mechanisms of action are not clearly understood and predictive as well as surrogate biomarkers are needed to further support AIT development. We focused on allergen specific CD4 T cells, highly involved in allergic inflammation, and monitored their responses both in normal and pathologic conditions, or during AIT. Using MHC class II tetramers, we highlighted distinct patterns of polarization between seasonal and perennial allergen-specific CD4 T cells as well as between healthy and allergic individuals. Then, allergen-specific CD4 T cell responses were monitored during 2 double-blind placebo-controlled sublingual AIT clinical trials. After short term AIT (4 months), we observed a decrease of Th2A cells, a newly define subset, thought to contain most allergen-specific CD4+ T cells. IFN-γ production was increased after one year of treatment. However, these variations were not related to AIT clinical efficacy. We further compared the expression of various activation markers and MHC class II tetramer staining following in vitro stimulation in order to circumvent inherent limitation of tetramers. No correlation could be established between tetramer staining and the expression of multiple activation markers in allergen-stimulated CD4 T cells. Combining these methods helps understanding patient heterogeneity regarding CD4 T cell responses. Moreover, Th2A cells detection is likely a promising approach to identify allergen-specific CD4 T cell during long-term AIT.

Le récepteur à l’EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) est exprimé, entre autres, par les cellules inflammatoires et vasculaires. Il est impliqué dans la survie et la migration cellulaire. L’EGF-R et ses ligand sont exprimés dans les plaques d’athérosclérose. L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer les effets de l’inhibition de l’EGF-R sur les fonctions des lymphocytes T CD4+ et sur les macrophages au cours du développement de l’athérosclérose expérimentale. L’EGFR est exprimé par les lymphocytes T CD4+, ainsi que par les macrophages au sein des plaques d’athérosclérose murines. L’inhibition pharmacologique de l’EGFR (Erlotinib) chez des souris Ldlr-/- sous régime riche en matières grasses réduit le développement et la progression des lésions athéromateuses. Afin d’étudier le rôle spécifique de l’EGFR dans les lymphocytes T CD4+, nous avons généré des souris Cd4Cre Egfrlox/lox. Des souris Ldlr-/- ont été irradiées et retransplantées avec une moelle Cd4Cre Egf-r+/+ ou Cd4Cre Egf-rlox/lox puis mise sous régime riche en matières grasses. L’invalidation spécifique de l’EGFR dans les lymphocytes T CD4+ induit une diminution de la prolifération lymphocytaire T CD4+ in vitro et in vivo, une diminution de la production d’IFN-γ, d’IL-4 et d’IL-2. La transplantation de la moelle Cd4Cre Egf-rlox/lox induit une réduction de la taille des lésions d’athérosclérose sans différence concernant la cholestérolémie, et une diminution de l’infiltration lymphocytaire T dans les plaques. Nous avons ensuite généré des souris LysMCre Egf-rlox/lox pour étudier le rôle spécifique de l’EGF-R exprimé par les cellules myéloides. Des souris Ldlr-/- ont été irradiées et retransplantées avec une moelle LysMCre-Egf-rlox/lox ou LysMCre+Egfrlox/lox. La transplantation de la moelle LysMCre+Egf-rlox/lox induit une réduction de la taille des lésions après 4, 7 et 12 semaines de régime riche en matière grasses. Les plaques des souris chimères Ldlr-/-/LysMCre+Egf rlox/lox sont caractérisées par une diminution significative de l’infiltration macrophagique ainsi qu’une diminution de la taille du noyau nécrotique. L’invalidation génétique de l’EGFR dans la lignée myéloide réduit significativement la production du TNF-α et d’IL-6. Par ailleurs, l’inhibition pharmacologique et l’invalidation génétique d’EGFR réduit la formation des cellules spumeuses par une « down-régulation » du CD36. L’inhibition pharmacologique l’EGF-R diminue l’activité pro-inflammatoire pro-athérogène des lymphocytes T CD4+ et des macrophages, et in fine réduit le développement et la progression de l’athérosclérose expérimentale. Nos résultats suggèrent que l’inhibition de l’EGFR pourrait être une nouvelle stratégie thérapeutique pour le traitement de l’athérosclérose. / Background: Several Epidermal Growth Factor receptor (EGF-R) inhibitors have been successfully developed for the treatment of cancer, inhibiting tumor cell survival, proliferation and migration. EGF-R is expressed by leucocytes, but little is known about its role in the modulation of the immune response. The first part of the projet is to determine whether EGFR expressed on myeloid cells is functional, and to address the consequences of EGFR inhibition specifically in myeloid cells on atherosclerosis. The second part is to explore the expression of EGF-R on CD4+ T cells, and to study the effects of the specific EGF-R invalidation on CD4+ T cells during atherosclerosis development. Methods and results: Ldlr-/- mice were orally treated with a specific EGFR inhibitor (Erlotinib, 15mg/kg) for 6 weeks, under a high fat diet. EGFR pharmacological inhibition reduced T cell infiltration, decreases macrophage accumulation within atherosclerotic lesions, and thus, protected against atherosclerosis development in the aortic sinus. In parallel, we generated chimeric Ldlr-/- mice. Ldlr-/- mice were lethally irradiated and reconstituted with LysMCre+ EgfrLox/lox or LysM Cre- EgfrLox/lox bone marrow cells. In addition, irradiated Ldlr-/- mice were also reconstituted with bone marrow from Cd4Cre Egfrlox/lox , or Cd4Cre Egfr+/+ and put under a high fat diet. Animal weight and cholesterolemia were not different between groups. We observed a decrease of atherosclerosis plaque size in the aortic sinus in chimeric Ldlr-/-/LysMCre+ EgfrLox/lox and Ldlr-/-Cd4Cre Egfrlox/lox mice in comparison with chimeric Ldlr-/-/LysMCre- EgfrLox/lox, and Ldlr-/-Cd4Cre Egfr+/+ respectively. Myeloid invalidation of EGFR and pharmacological inhibition using AG-1478, a specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, affected cytoskeleton reorganization limiting macrophage adhesion, spreading and migration. EGF-R blockage significantly reduced lipid uptake and foam cell formation through the down-regulation of CD36 expression. Selective deletion of Egfr in CD4+ T cells resulted in decreased T cell proliferation and activation both in vitro and in vivo, as well as reduced IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-4 and IL-10 production. Finally, human blood T cells expressed EGFR and EGFR inhibition reduced T cell proliferation both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion. EGFR is expressed by human and mouse CD4+ T cells. EGFR pharmacological inhibition or genetic invalidation induced T cell anergy in vitro and in vivo, blocked macrophage activity, and limited atherosclerosis initiation and progression. Our results suggest that targeting EGFR may be a novel strategy to combat atherosclerosis.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a widespread infection affecting 50-90% of the human population. A typical silent primary infection is followed by life-long persistence in the host under control by virus-specific CD8 (“killer”) and CD4 (“helper”) T cells. Although harmless in most people, CMV may cause disease and sequelae in patients with deficient cellular immunity, such as AIDS patients, recipients of organ transplants and children who have acquired the virus before birth. In this thesis we have characterized the cellular immunity to CMV in immunocompetent subjects, in patients receiving transplants and in infants. In healthy individuals with latent CMV, the frequencies of CMV-specific CD8 T cells varied considerably between the donors. Within the same individual, the changes over time were usually small. In patients with primary, symptomatic CMV infection, the frequencies of CMV-specific CD8 T cells peaked within the first month after the appearance of symptoms. The frequencies then declined to levels similar to those in latently infected CMV carriers. The CD4 T-cell function followed the same pattern, but with lower peak values. Immunosuppressed renal transplant patients with latent CMV had CMV-specific CD4 cell function similar to healthy controls. The frequencies of CMV-specific CD8 T cells were also comparable, but their function was impaired. When renal transplant recipients were investigated longitudinally, we found that their CMV-specific T cells decreased rapidly after transplantation. Whereas the frequencies and function of CD8 T cells rebounded within 3 months, CD4 T-cell recovery was impaired during the entire first year after transplantation. Finally, the frequencies and function of CMV-specific T-cells were investigated in children with congenital and postnatal CMV. CMV-specific CD8 T cells could be detected in even the youngest children, suggesting that these cells can develop early in life. In contrast, CMV specific CD4 T cells were low or absent in the youngest children but increased slowly with age.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a β-herpesvirus that, after primary infection, establishes a life-long persistence in the human host. Up to 90% of humans are infected with CMV, that is kept under control by CMV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. In patients with an impaired cellular immunity, however, CMV infections can be life-threatening. Thus, it is vital to identify risk factors and target high-risk patients. In this thesis we have evaluated low-dose valacyclovir prophylaxis in renal transplant patients and studied CMV-specific T cell immunity in healthy and renal transplant patients. In renal transplant patients, the CMV serostatus of both the recipient (R) and the donor (D) has a major impact on the risk of developing CMV disease. In the high-risk D+/R- population, &gt;50% are likely to develop CMV disease in the absence of prophylaxis and/or pre-emptive therapy. We have used low-dose valacyclovir prophylaxis for high-risk renal transplant patients, and graft and patient survival up to 5 years after transplantation was comparable to data reported for other prophylactic protocols. The incidence of CMV disease and graft rejection during the first year after transplantation was also comparable to that achieved with other protocols, and without the adverse effects reported for other therapies. In the D+/R+ population, with a 15-35% risk of developing CMV disease, it is important to identify those individuals that are subject to a higher risk because of risk factors other than CMV serostatus. We therefore measured several immunologic parameters in renal transplant patients and in immunocompetent individuals with latent and primary CMV infection. In patients with a primary symptomatic CMV infection, CMV-specific CD8+ T cells peaked within a month after onset of symptoms but declined rapidly. In renal transplant patients, we found that the reduction in IFNγ-producing CMV-specific CD4+ T cells at 2 months post-transplantation may predict high-grade CMV DNAemia.

The composition and diversity of the gastrointestinal microbiota and its interaction with human cells have been frequently associated with immune system functions and disease development, including autoimmunity and allergy. This is believed to be mediated in part through epigenetic modifications, mainly as DNA methylation. Several studies have collectively supported the beneficial effects of probiotics for the prevention of allergic disease. However, there have been few studies addressing the possibility for probiotic supplementation to induce epigenetic changes and its importance for allergy development. This study aims to investigate whether probiotic treatment with Lactobacillus reuteri, distributed during and after the pregnancy period, leads to epigenetic changes in the offspring and if this have any effect on the development of allergic disease. DNA methylation data received from a clinical allergy prevention study was analysed through a set of bioinformatics methods and basic network analysis. The obtained results suggests that supplementation with L. reuteri indeed induces some significant changes in DNA methylation. These changes did not exhibit any significant correlation with allergy outcome of the children. Furthermore, the methylation changes were found at positions located in genes not enriched for any allergy-related biological pathways. However, when taking the genes interactions with other genes into account an interconnected gene interaction module could be identified that showed enrichment for biological processes involved in the T cell receptor signaling pathway, central for immune response transduction. Further analyses did not fit into the time-frame of this thesis, but the obtained results gives a first informative view of the effects of L. reuteri on methylation patterns, and points out directions for the continuing project work.

INTRODUÇÃO: A molécula HIG2 pode atuar como agonista da via Wnt/beta-catenina, pois se liga ao receptor Frizzled 10 e induz a expressão de genes da mesma. Dados recentes do nosso grupo mostraram expressão diferencial do gene HIG2 em células mononucleares do sangue periférico e em especial linfócitos T CD4+ naïve, mas não em células diferenciadas de memória em indivíduos sadios. Também observamos in vitro em linfócitos T CD4+ de indivíduos saudáveis que o peptídeo sintético HIG2 induziu a ativação da via Wnt/beta-catenina, produção de HIG2 e outros produtos da via, além da proliferação de células T CD4+ naïve sugerindo um papel do HIG2 na proliferação homeostática de linfócitos T CD4+. HIPÓTESE: Como as células T CD4+ naïve são diretamente exportadas pelo timo, os níveis aumentados de HIG2 neste tipo celular sejam decorrentes da ativação da via Wnt/?-catenina nos estágios tardios da diferenciação de timócitos. Portanto, as células T CD4+ naïve e timócitos simples positivos para CD4 (SP CD4) apresentariam perfil semelhante de expressão de HIG2 e genes da via Wnt/beta-catenina, incluindo receptores, fatores de transcrição, genes estruturais da via e alvos quando comparadas as demais populações celulares. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a expressão de HIG2 e outros genes da via Wnt/beta-catenina em timócitos e linfócitos T CD4+ naïve e memória de camundongos. MÉTODOS: Isolamos timócitos duplo negativos (DN), timócitos duplo positivos (DP), simples positivos para CD4 e CD8 (SP CD4 e SP CD8) de timo e também células T CD4+ naïve e memória do baço dos mesmos camundongos pelo procedimento de citometria de fluxo. Analisamos a expressão de vários genes da via Wnt/beta-catenina por PCR em tempo real. RESULTADOS: Em timócitos DN há expressão significativa dos genes que codificam para Frizzled 6, LRP5, TCF-1 e TCF-4 em relação as outras populações celulares. Nos timócitos DP há maior expressão dos genes que codificam para LRP5, LRP6, beta-catenina, GSK-3beta, TCF-1 e Bcl-XL em relação às demais populações. Em timócitos SP CD4 foi detectada expressão diferencial de genes que codificam para Frizzled 10, LRP6, beta-catenina, LEF-1 e HIG2 enquanto que na população de timócitos SP CD8 não observamos expressão significativa de nenhum gene da via Wnt/beta-catenina. Nas células T CD4+ naïve há expressão significativa de Frizzled 5 e Frizzled 10 quando comparadas a timócitos SP CD8 e células T CD4+ de memória . Já nos linfócitos T CD4+ de memória, detectamos maior expressão de Frizzled 6, TCF-4, Bcl-XL e ciclina D1 em relação as demais populações. CONCLUSÃO: Cada população apresenta um perfil distinto de expressão gênica. As maiores semelhanças ocorrem entre os timócitos DN e DP onde as principais diferenças são a expressão de Frizzled 6 e Ciclina D1.Os timócitos SP CD4 e as células T CD4+ naïve não apresentaram níveis semelhantes de expressão gênica de elementos da via Wnt canônica, o que não corrobora a hipótese de que o perfil transcripcional de timócitos SP CD4 e linfócitos T CD4+ naïve é semelhante. Ainda, não observamos expressão aumentada de HIG2 em linfócitos T CD4+ naïve comparados aos de memória, o que contrasta com os resultados obtidos anteriormente por nosso grupo com amostras humanas sugerindo que camundongos não regulam a expressão de HIG2 em linfócitos T CD4+ como os seres humanos / INTRODUCTION: HIG2 molecule can act as an agonist of Wnt/?-catenin pathway, because it able to bind to Frizzled 10 receptor and induce the expression of the genes related to this pathway. Recent data from our group have shown differential expression of the HIG2 gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and particularly in naive CD4 + T cells, but not in memory T cells in healthy individuals. We have also observed that inducing the CD4 + T lymphocytes from healthy individuals with HIG2 synthetic peptide in vitro, led to the activation of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, HIG2 production and expression of other target genes of this pathway and the proliferation of naïve CD4 + T cells, suggesting that HIG2 may play a role in homeostatic proliferation of CD4+ T cells. HYPOTHESIS: As naïve CD4 + T cells are directly exported from the thymus, we have hypothesized that increased levels of HIG2 in this cell type is due to the activation of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in the later stages of thymocyte differentiation. Therefore, naïve CD4 + T cells and CD4 single-positive thymocytes (CD4 SP) may share a similar pattern of gene expression of HIG2 and Wnt/beta-catenin genes (genes that encodes receptors and co-receptors, transcription factors, structural and target genes) when compared to other cell populations. AIM: our major aim is to evaluate the expression of HIG2 and other genes of the Wnt/beta-catenin in thymocytes, naïve CD4 + T lymphocytes and memory CD4+ T cells from mice. METHODS: We have isolated thymocytes double negative (DN) T cells, positive double positive (DP) T cells, CD4 and CD8 single-positive thymocytes (CD4 SP and CD8 SP) of thymus from BALB/c mice and we have also isolated naïve CD4 + T cells and memory CD4+ T cells of the spleen from the same mice we have used the thymus. We have analysed the expression of several genes of Wnt/beta-catenin by real time PCR RESULTS: In DN cells there was expression of the Frizzled 6, LRP5, TCF-1 and TCF-4 genes compared to other cell populations. In DP thymocytes it could be observed a greater expression of LRP5, LRP6, beta-catenin, GSK-3beta, TCF-1 and Bcl-XL genes compared to other populations. In CD4 SP thymocytes, it was detected differential expression of the Frizzled 10, LRP6, beta-catenin, LEF-1 HIG2 genes and in CD8 SP cells we could not observe significant expression of any gene of Wnt/?-catenin pathway. In naïve CD4 + T cells there was a significant expression of Frizzled5 and Frizzled 10 genes when compared to all the samples. In memory CD4 + T cells, we have detected higher expression of Frizzled 6, TCF-4, Bcl-XL and cyclin D1 genes than in any other populations. CONCLUSION: Each population has a distinct gene expression pattern. The biggest similarities occur between DN and DP thymocytes where the main differences are the expression of Frizzled 6 and cyclin D1.However, the pattern of gene expression in SP thymocytes is not similar to those presented by naïve CD4+ T cells. Moreover, we have not observed increased expression of HIG2 in naïve CD4 + lymphocytes compared to memory CD4+ T cells, which contrasts the results obtained previously by our group with human samples suggesting that mice might not regulate the HIG2 expression in CD4 + T lymphocytes as human beings do

Le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1) induit une activation généralisée des réponses de l'hôte impliquant les lymphocytes T mais aussi les cellules du microenvironnement comme les cellules endothéliales. Les microvésicules (MV) sont des vésicules extracellulaires impliquées dans la communication intercellulaire décrites comme des vecteurs de microARNs (miARNs). Dans ce travail, nous avons émis l'hypothèse que l'infection par le VIH-1 induit l'expression de miARNs dans les lymphocytes T CD4 qui peuvent être vectorisés par les MV et transférés de manière paracrine aux CE. Ces MV joueraient un rôle important dans la pathogenèse de l’infection en contrôlant à distance l'homéostasie endothéliale. Nos résultats montrent que le miR-146-5p est uprégulé à la fois dans les lymphocytes T CD4 de patients infectés par le VIH-1, naïfs de traitement et dans les MV issues de ces lymphocytes. En utilisant un modèle de MV d’une lignée lymphocytaire T enrichie en miR-146-5p (miR-146b-MV), nous montrons que ces MV sont capables de : 1) de protéger leur contenu en miARNs de la dégradation par les RNases, 2) de transférer le miR-146b-5p mimic à des HUVEC et 3) réduire la réponse inflammatoire endothéliale in vitro et in vivo, dans les poumons de souris qui ont reçu une injection systémique de miR-146b-MV. Ce transfert est responsable d’une diminution de l’expression d’ICAM-1 et VCAM-1, à travers une down-régulation d’IRAK1 et de TRAF6. L’ensemble de ces résultats montre que le miR-146-5p transféré par des MV peut diminuer les réponses inflammatoires endothéliales et constituer ainsi un mécanisme de défense de l’hôte contre les altérations vasculaires induites par le VIH-1. / Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) promotes a generalized activation of host responses that involves CD4 T cells, but also cells of the micro-environnement that are not directly infected such as endothelial cells. Microvesicles (MV), implicated in cell-to-cell communication, have been recently described as vectors of microRNAs (miRNAs). We hypothesized that HIV-1 infection induce cellular miRNAs expression in CD4 T cells which may be vectorized by MV and transferred in a paracrine manner to endothelial cells to regulate vascular homeostasis. Using a miRNome quantitative RT-PCR analysis, we showed that HIV-1 infection leads to a dysregulation of several miRNAs and identified miR-146b-5p as upregulated in both CD4 T cells and CD4 T cells derived-MV from antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive HIV-1 infected patients, compared to age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. Using a CEM T cell line transfected with miR-146b-5p mimic, we demonstrated that MV from CEM overexpressing miR-146b-5p mimic (miR-146b-MV): 1/ protect their miRNA cargo from RNase degradation, 2/ transfer miR-146b-5p mimic into HUVEC, and 3/ reduce endothelial inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo, in lungs from mice injected with miR-146b-MV. This paracrine control of endothelial inflammatory response mediated by MV involved a decreased expression of NF-κB responsive molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, through down-regulation of IRAK1 and TRAF6. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that miR-146b-5p transferred by MV counteract IRAK1- and TRAF6-mediated endothelial inflammatory responses in HIV-1 infection and could be considered as a host defence mechanism against HIV-1-associated vascular alterations.