Submitted by Pós graduação Farmácia (ppgfar@ufba.br) on 2017-04-24T17:46:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Ana_Karina_Souza_Leal.pdf: 2268804 bytes, checksum: d3093aabfde93dc9cb194dc5cad02adb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Barroso (pbarroso@ufba.br) on 2017-04-24T23:16:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Ana_Karina_Souza_Leal.pdf: 2268804 bytes, checksum: d3093aabfde93dc9cb194dc5cad02adb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-24T23:16:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Ana_Karina_Souza_Leal.pdf: 2268804 bytes, checksum: d3093aabfde93dc9cb194dc5cad02adb (MD5) / Introdução. Embora as doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) geralmente se manifestem na vida adulta, o processo aterosclerótico inicia-se na infância. Estudos mostram que indivíduos portadores de modificações ateroscleróticas precoces e mais graves possuem um ou mais fatores e marcadores equivalentes de risco cardiovascular na vida adulta como, dislipidemia, hipertensão, obesidade e hiperglicemia. Objetivos. Identificar marcadores plasmáticos, histológicos e imunohistoquímicos de gênese e progressão da aterosclerose humana precoce e crônica em amostras de plasma e fragmentos vasculares de pacientes submetidos à revascularização miocárdica. Casuística e Métodos. Foram avaliadas amostras de plasma e tecido vascular de 23 pacientes de ambos os gêneros, 44 a 73 anos, em dois grupos > 56 e < 56 anos, da Unidade de Cirurgia de Revascularização Miocárdica (RM) /Hospital Ana Nery/UFBA, com indicação de RM, entre Dez/2009 e Jun/2012. Foi determinado perfil lipídico, calculados indicadores de risco cardiovasculares e marcações para os receptores LDL-r, CD36 e CD68 em fragmentos de aorta e torácica interna. Resultados. Os dados do perfil lipídico entre os grupos dito crônico (> 56 anos) e dito precoce (< 56 anos) foram diferentes (p < 0,05). Os índices calculados no grupo < 56 anos estavam acima dos valores de referência. Em ambos os grupos, o índice de Gazziano (TG/HDL-C) indicou presença de LDL pequenas e densas. O grupo < 56 anos, mostra valores de tamanho de LDL inferiores (7,1 ± 1,4 vs 4,15 ± 2,9) quando comparados ao grupo > 56 anos, respectivamente. O não-HDL-C mostrou-se mais graves no grupo < 56 anos em função da hipertrigliceridemia (234±58mg/dL; p=0,0006). Nos estudos histológicos e imunohistoquímicos, observou-se aterosclerose discreta e marcações com diferentes intensidades entre os dois grupos para LDL-r, CD36 e CD68. Nos < 56 anos, observou-se estrias lipídicas, macrófagos degenerados, cristais de colesterol, basofilia de fibras elásticas e pontos hemorrágicos. A marcação para LDL-r nos >56 anos, mostrou-se difusa. Na torácica interna, as marcações foram focais e de baixa intensidade, porém, menos intensas do que nos < 56 anos. A marcação CD36 na torácica interna foi intensa nos pacientes < 56 anos, quando comparada com os cortes dos > 56 anos. A marcação para CD68 nos cortes de aorta foi intensa em ambos os grupos, porém, nos cortes de torácica interna a marcação foi tênue independente do grupo avaliado. Para o CD36, os dados apontam para risco em < 56 anos, em função da marcação intensa observada, esse receptor está implicado na gênese do processo aterosclerótico. Conclusões. Pode-se conceber que existe interação importante entre os marcadores plasmáticos e teciduais atuando no evento aterogênico, sendo mais graves em pacientes com menos de 56 anos. / Introduction. Although cardiovascular disease (CVD) often manifest in adulthood, the atherosclerotic process begins in childhood. Studies show that individuals with early atherosclerotic changes possess one or more equivalent factors and markers of cardiovascular risk in adult life as dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity and hyperglycemia. Objective. Identify plasma markers, histological and immunohistochemical features of the genesis and progression of atherosclerosis in early human plasma samples and fragments of vascular patients undergoing myocardial revascularization. Casuistic and Methods. Samples of plasma and vascular tissue from 23 patients of both genders, 44 to 73 years, in two groups >56 and <56 years, from Myocardial Revascularization (MR) Surgery Unit / Ana Nery’s Hospital / UFBA, indicated to MR, between Dec/2009 Jun/2012. Lipid profile, calculated indices of cardiovascular risk markers and receptors for LDL-r, CD36 and CD68 in fragments and internal thoracic aorta was determined. Results. Lipid profile data between groups said as chronic (> 56 years) and said as precocious (<56 years) were different (p <0.05). The indices in the group <56 years were above the reference values. In both groups, the rate of Gazziano (TG / HDL-C) indicates the presence of small, dense LDL. The group <56 years, shows lower LDL size values (7.1 ± 1.4 vs 4.15 ± 2.9) when compared to > 56 years group, respectively. The non-HDL-C was more severe in the group <56 years due to hypertriglyceridemia (234 ± 58mg/dL, p = 0.0006). In histological and immunohistochemical studies, were observed discrete atherosclerosis and marks with different intensities between the two groups for LDL-r, CD36 and CD68. In <56 years, were observed lipid streaks, degenerate macrophages, cholesterol crystals, basophilia of elastic fibers and bleeding points. The markup for LDL-r in > 56 years was diffused. In internal thoracic, the tissue marks were of low intensity and focally localized, but less intense when compared to <56 years group. The internal mammary CD36 mark was high in patients <56 years, when compared with > 56 years. The marks for CD68 in aorta was intense in both groups, however, in internal thoracic was tenuous independent of evaluated group. For CD36, the data point to risk from <56 years, due to the intense labeling observed, this receptor is really implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Conclusion. It is conceivable that there is significant interaction between the plasma and tissue markers acting in atherogenic event, being most severe in patients younger than 56 years.

Erdheim-Chester disease is a rare non-Langerhans cell histiocytic disorder. It is primarily a disease of the long bones. Pulmonary involvement in systemic disease is detected in about half the reported cases. Isolated lung involvement is extremely rare with no clear recommendations for treatment. A 52-year-old caucasian male was evaluated for 1.9 cm × 1.6 cm spiculated nodule in the right upper lobe. Pulmonary function testing and bronchoscopy with endobronchial ultrasound, transbronchial biopsy, and microbiology were inconclusive. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) was significant for the avidity in same lung nodule along with mediastinal and hilar adenopathy but no bone involvement. Wedge resection with histopathology and immunohistochemistry reported a fibrohistiocytic infiltrate in bronchovascular distribution which was positive for CD68 and negative for CD1A, S100, and BRAF V600E mutation. Magnetic resonance imaging brain ruled out central nervous system involvement. The rarity of the condition along with the complex pathology makes it difficult to diagnose and hence intervene appropriately.

Background: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote tumor progression and have an effect on survival in human cancer. However, little is known regarding their influence on tumor progression and prognosis in human hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Methods: We analyzed surgically resected tumor specimens of hilar cholangiocarcinoma (n = 47) for distribution and localization of TAMs, as defined by expression of CD68. Abundance of TAMs was correlated with clinicopathologic characteristics, tumor recurrence and patients’ survival. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results: Patients with high density of TAMs in tumor invasive front (TIF) showed significantly higher local and overall tumor recurrence (both ρ < 0.05). Furthermore, high density of TAMs was associated with decreased overall (one-year 83.6 % vs. 75.1 %; three-year 61.3 % vs. 42.4 %; both ρ < 0.05) and recurrence-free survival (one-year 93.9 % vs. 57.4 %; three-year 59.8 % vs. 26.2 %; both ρ < 0.05). TAMs in TIF and tumor recurrence, were confirmed as the only independent prognostic variables in the multivariate survival analysis (all ρ < 0.05). Conclusions: Overall survival and recurrence free survival of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma significantly improved in patients with low levels of TAMs in the area of TIF, when compared to those with a high density of TAMs. These observations suggest their utilization as valuable prognostic markers in routine histopathologic evaluation, and might indicate future therapeutic approaches by targeting TAMs.

Background: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote tumor progression and have an effect on survival in human cancer. However, little is known regarding their influence on tumor progression and prognosis in human hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Methods: We analyzed surgically resected tumor specimens of hilar cholangiocarcinoma (n = 47) for distribution and localization of TAMs, as defined by expression of CD68. Abundance of TAMs was correlated with clinicopathologic characteristics, tumor recurrence and patients’ survival. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results: Patients with high density of TAMs in tumor invasive front (TIF) showed significantly higher local and overall tumor recurrence (both ρ < 0.05). Furthermore, high density of TAMs was associated with decreased overall (one-year 83.6 % vs. 75.1 %; three-year 61.3 % vs. 42.4 %; both ρ < 0.05) and recurrence-free survival (one-year 93.9 % vs. 57.4 %; three-year 59.8 % vs. 26.2 %; both ρ < 0.05). TAMs in TIF and tumor recurrence, were confirmed as the only independent prognostic variables in the multivariate survival analysis (all ρ < 0.05). Conclusions: Overall survival and recurrence free survival of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma significantly improved in patients with low levels of TAMs in the area of TIF, when compared to those with a high density of TAMs. These observations suggest their utilization as valuable prognostic markers in routine histopathologic evaluation, and might indicate future therapeutic approaches by targeting TAMs.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the role of inflammatory infiltrates and chemokines in metastasis of high-grade serous ovarian cancer, HGSC, to the omentum using human tissue biopsies and a 3- dimensional (3D) cell culture model. In ten patients with metastatic HGSC, omental tumour deposits contained a prominent leukocyte infiltrate of CD3+ T cells (9% of total cells) and CD68+ macrophages (11% of total cells). The presence of CD68+ macrophages showed a significant positive correlation with tumour cell proliferation analysed by Ki67 expression. Four ovarian cancer cell lines were co-cultured on a 3D model mimicking the microenvironment of the omentum for two weeks. The model was composed of collagen embedded human fibroblasts covered in a confluent layer of human primary mesothelial cells. The mesothelial cells in the 3D model significantly increased the growth (p = 0.002) and invasion (p = 0.0004) of the ovarian cancer cells. CXCL12 is the macrophage chemoattractant and ligand for the major chemokine receptor expressed on ovarian cancer cells. An association between CXCL12 and extracellular matrix remodelling was identified in two independent gene expression microarrays of ovarian cancer biopsies. The expression of CXCL12 in the HGSC omental metastases measured by quantitative Real Time-PCR positively correlated with decorin expression. Antibody mediated neutralisation of CXCL12 reduced growth (p = 0.012) and invasion (p = 0.029) in the 3D model. Mimicking an infiltrate of CD68+ macrophages in this multicellular 3D in vitro system also produced measurable changes in inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression. There is currently a demand for more accurate models of HGSC and a necessity to study its metastasis that presents itself as the major clinical problem in patients. Therefore the development of this 3D model to mimic tumour-promoting inflammation in HGSC metastasis will provide researchers with an essential tool for testing novel therapeutic strategies.

Diversos estudos têm demonstrado que a atividade coordenada das células epiteliais com o estroma é fundamental no crescimento e diferenciação em situações fisiológicas e patológicas, inclusive no câncer. Vários relatos acentuam a importância do compartimento estromal nos tumores malignos e indicam fortemente que interações contínuas entre o carcinoma e as células estromais (resultando em regulamento e modulação recíproca) são condições prévias para desenvolvimento e progressão de carcinomas. Comparativamente, pouca informação está disponível sobre as características e o papel do estroma durante o processo carcinogênico e a maioria dos dados são baseados em estudos isolados. Nos animais tratados com o carcinógeno Dimetilhidrazina foi identificado na mucosa colônica o aparececimento de “Focos de Estroma Ativado" (FEA) que diferem do foco inflamatório esporádico encontrado na mucosa normal dos animais controles devido à imuno-expressão aumentada de células CD34, CD68, &#945;-actina de músculo liso (ASMA), COX-2 positivas e densidade microvascular. Além disso, o FEA cercou um número aumentado de criptas colônicas em fissão que freqüentemente apresentavam células epiteliais com núcleos hipercromáticos. Este último achado pode sugerir correlação entre as alterações estromais e epiteliais dentro dos FEA. Embora esses achados sejam novos, são consistentes com observações prévias que o estroma tem um papel significante na carcinogênese. Juntamente com dados da literatura, este trabalho sugere que, no cólon, a “field cancerization" epitelial pode ser acompanhada através de alterações estromais e isto pode apontar novos marcadores de transformação neoplásica. / There has been considerable that the activity of epithelial cells with their stroma is fundamental in controlling growth and differentiation in normal and pathological situations, including cancer. A number of reports stress the importance of the stromal compartment in malignant tumors and strongly indicate that continuous interactions between the carcinoma and stromal cells (resulting in their reciprocal regulation and modulation) are prerequisites for carcinoma development and progression. Comparatively, less information is available about the features and role of the stroma for the carcinogenic process. In animals treated with the carcinogen Dimethyl-hydrazine we identified the appearing of mucosal “Activated Stromal Foci" (ASF) that differ from the sporadic inflammatory foci found in the normal mucosa of the control animals because of the presence of increased immune-expression of CD34, CD68, &#945;-smooth muscle actin (ASMA), COX-2 positive cells and microvessel density. Furthermore, the ASF surrounded a increased number of colonic crypts in fission when compared to areas of normal stroma. This last finding suggests that stromal activation and epithelial changes may be correlated. These findings are novel but expected and consistent with previous observations that the stroma has a significant role in carcinogenesis. Taken together with literature data, our findings suggest that in the colon, the epithelial field cancerization may be accompanied by stromal changes and this may point to the finding of new markers of neoplastic transformation.

Diversos estudos têm demonstrado que a atividade coordenada das células epiteliais com o estroma é fundamental no crescimento e diferenciação em situações fisiológicas e patológicas, inclusive no câncer. Vários relatos acentuam a importância do compartimento estromal nos tumores malignos e indicam fortemente que interações contínuas entre o carcinoma e as células estromais (resultando em regulamento e modulação recíproca) são condições prévias para desenvolvimento e progressão de carcinomas. Comparativamente, pouca informação está disponível sobre as características e o papel do estroma durante o processo carcinogênico e a maioria dos dados são baseados em estudos isolados. Nos animais tratados com o carcinógeno Dimetilhidrazina foi identificado na mucosa colônica o aparececimento de “Focos de Estroma Ativado” (FEA) que diferem do foco inflamatório esporádico encontrado na mucosa normal dos animais controles devido à imuno-expressão aumentada de células CD34, CD68, &#945;-actina de músculo liso (ASMA), COX-2 positivas e densidade microvascular. Além disso, o FEA cercou um número aumentado de criptas colônicas em fissão que freqüentemente apresentavam células epiteliais com núcleos hipercromáticos. Este último achado pode sugerir correlação entre as alterações estromais e epiteliais dentro dos FEA. Embora esses achados sejam novos, são consistentes com observações prévias que o estroma tem um papel significante na carcinogênese. Juntamente com dados da literatura, este trabalho sugere que, no cólon, a “field cancerization” epitelial pode ser acompanhada através de alterações estromais e isto pode apontar novos marcadores de transformação neoplásica. / There has been considerable that the activity of epithelial cells with their stroma is fundamental in controlling growth and differentiation in normal and pathological situations, including cancer. A number of reports stress the importance of the stromal compartment in malignant tumors and strongly indicate that continuous interactions between the carcinoma and stromal cells (resulting in their reciprocal regulation and modulation) are prerequisites for carcinoma development and progression. Comparatively, less information is available about the features and role of the stroma for the carcinogenic process. In animals treated with the carcinogen Dimethyl-hydrazine we identified the appearing of mucosal “Activated Stromal Foci” (ASF) that differ from the sporadic inflammatory foci found in the normal mucosa of the control animals because of the presence of increased immune-expression of CD34, CD68, &#945;-smooth muscle actin (ASMA), COX-2 positive cells and microvessel density. Furthermore, the ASF surrounded a increased number of colonic crypts in fission when compared to areas of normal stroma. This last finding suggests that stromal activation and epithelial changes may be correlated. These findings are novel but expected and consistent with previous observations that the stroma has a significant role in carcinogenesis. Taken together with literature data, our findings suggest that in the colon, the epithelial field cancerization may be accompanied by stromal changes and this may point to the finding of new markers of neoplastic transformation.

No description available.

Atherosklerotische Arterien unterliegen strukturellem Umbau und chronischer Inflammation, die von einer dynamischen Entwicklung von Vasa vasorum (VV) begleitet wird. Die Beteiligung von Leukozyten und von vaskulären Vorläuferzellen an der Neovaskularisierung sowie die intimale Hyperplasie stehen im Zentrum der Atheroskleroseforschung. Damit verbundene Erkenntnisse könnten neue therapeutische Ansätze ermöglichen. Die vorliegende Arbeit befaßt sich mit der morphologischen Verteilung von Leukozyten (CD45, CD68, Mastzellen) und von Zellen mit Vorläufermarkern (CD34, CD117, VEGFR-2) in menschlichen Coronararterien mit verschiedenen atherosklerotischen Schweregraden. Mittels immunhistologischer Technik wurden Intima und Adventitia untersucht und die Ergebnisse zu den atherosklerotischen Schweregraden und der Neovaskularisierung korreliert. In Intima, Adventitia und dem perivaskulären Fettgewebe hat die Dichte der CD45+ Lymphozyten ihr Maximum im atherosklerotischen Grad 3. Dabei konnte sowohl in der Intima als auch in der Adventitia gezeigt werden, daß eine lineare Korrelation der CD45+ Lymphozyteninfiltration und VV-Dichte vorliegt. Es wurden zwei unterschiedliche Entzündungsmuster festgestellt. Beide zeigen in Grad 3 eine Zunahme der Zelldichten. In Grad 4-5 fällt die Dichte des einen Musters (CD45+, VEGFR-2+, VV) jedoch ab, während die Dichte des anderen Musters (CD34+, CD68+, Tryptase+, CD117+) in Grad 4-5 keine Veränderung aufweist. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß Leukozyten und vaskuläre Vorläuferzellen im Verlauf der Atherogenese wechselnde Funktionen wahrnehmen können. Sie nehmen offensichtlich VV als Eintrittspforte in die Gefäßwand.