La presente tesis doctoral se enmarca dentro del sector de las comunicaciones móviles, y en particular de los denominados sistemas de tercera generación, que se plantean como objetivo el poder ofrecer una gran diversidad de servicios multimedia bajo unas ciertas garantías de calidad de servicio que difieren sustancialmente de las habitualmente consideradas para los servicios de voz. Bajo esta perspectiva, los sistemas de transmisión por paquetes basados en la técnica de acceso múltiple por división en código CDMA son capaces de llevar a cabo este cometido gracias a la flexibilidad que aportan y a la eficiencia en el uso de los recursos radio.El planteamiento del trabajo ha consistido en identificar un conjunto de funcionalidades en el nivel de acceso al medio MAC para gestionar la calidad de servicio a ofrecer. Éstas son las siguientes: - Protocolo de acceso múltiple: permite a los usuarios acceder al sistema y poder notificar sus necesidades de transmisión.- Algoritmo de gestión de recursos: encargado de ordenar las diferentes transmisiones a la vez que de determinar sus parámetros de transmisión (ganancia de procesado, niveles de potencia, ...).- Estrategia de asignación dinámica de canales (DCA): permite discernir cuales de los recursos son más apropiados para cada uno de los usuarios en términos de interferencia recibida y generada hacia el resto, y presenta interés en un esquema de acceso híbrido por división en tiempo y en código.- Control de admisión: en base a la evaluación conjunta de las anteriores funcionalidades, se determina el límite máximo de usuarios de cada clase de servicio para mantener las garantías de todos ellos. A partir de aquí, el control de admisión es el responsable de garantizar que el número de usuarios en cada caso no supere el máximoestablecido.Las diferentes funcionalidades a nivel MAC se sustentan en estrategias de retransmisión apropiadas a nivel de enlace lógico LLC para garantizar la integridad de la transmisión de la información. A lo largo del trabajo se han ido cubriendo los diferentes aspectos citados para los modos de duplexado por división en frecuencia FDD y en tiempo TDD. En particular, con respecto a los protocolos de acceso múltiple se ha estudiado el protocolo ISMA (Inhibit Sense Multiple Access) y se ha planteado su integración dentro de una estructura de tramas similar a la considerada en las propuestas UTRA FDD y UTRA TDD para UMTS, a la vez que se han desarrollado mecanismos eficientes de regulación de acceso y de la velocidad de transmisión capaces de ofrecer, por sí solos, buenas prestaciones en términos de eficiencia y de retardo para aquellos servicios con bajos requerimientos de calidad. Al considerarse servicios con requerimientos más estrictos en términos de retardo se ha planteado la combinación del protocolo propuesto con una estrategia de sondeo, que permite acotar el tiempo de acceso, y un algoritmo de gestión de recursos para arbitrar eficientemente las transmisiones. Como resultado de la evaluación conjunta de estos procesos, se ha obtenido la región de admisión para diferentes condiciones de tráfico que determina el control de admisión a efectuar. En relación al esquema DCA para los mecanismos basados en TDD, se han planteado diversas posibilidades de distribución de las diferentes ranuras temporales para minimizar las interferencias móvil a móvil y base a base. Por último, se han considerado también las estrategias de retransmisión, a partir de la evaluación del esquema ARQ híbrido del tipo II, que ha sido estudiado analíticamente mediante el desarrollo de un modelo de Markov y comparado frente a otras estrategias como el esquema ARQ híbrido del tipo I. / The framework for this study are the third generation mobile communication systems, whose main objective consists in offering a diversity of multimedia services under certain Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. These requirements differ from those usually considered for the speech services in second generation networks. Under this framework, packet transmission systems based on the code division multiple access CDMA strategy present a high flexibility and efficiency in the management of the scarce radio resources to deal with the specified services.A set of functions has been identified in the Medium Access Control layer (MAC) when the CDMA radio resources need to be managed to guarantee a certain QoS. These are the following: - Multiple Access Protocol: It specifies a set of rules to allow users access the system and indicate their transmission requirements.- Radio Resource Management algorithm: It is responsible for ordering the different transmissions while at the same time establishing their transmission parameters (spreading factor, transmitted power, .) depending on the specific QoS for each user. - Dynamic Channel Allocation (DCA) strategy: it decides which are the most suitable resources for each user depending on the measured interference as well as the interference generated to other users. Such a strategy is required in hybrid TDMA/CDMA schemes.- Admission Control: It is responsible for deciding whether a new user can be accepted in the system depending on its required QoS and the requirements of the previously accepted users. After evaluating the overall behaviour of the multiple access protocol, the radio resource management algorithm and the DCA strategy, a limit is found for the maximum number of users that can be accepted for each service class. Then, the admission control mechanism guarantees that the number of users remains always below this limit.The different MAC layer functions make use also of suitable retransmission strategies at the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer to guarantee the integrity of the information that is being transmitted.All the previous topics have been covered along this work when taking into account both the Frequency Division and Time Division duplex modes (FDD and TDD). In particular, the ISMA (Inhibit Sense Multiple Access) protocol has been studied as a proposal for multiple access protocol and it has been integrated in a frame structure similar to the considered in the proposals UTRA FDD and UTRA TDD for UMTS. Efficient access regulation mechanisms and algorithms for adaptively varying the transmission bit rate have been developed in the context of the ISMA-CDMA. They are able to guarantee by their own a good delay and throughput levels for those services with low stringent QoS requirements. However, in order to deal also with services requiring a very low delay, the ISMA-DS/CDMA protocol has been combined with a polling strategy that allows establishing a bound in the access delay and with a radio resource management that prioritises transmissions in a smart way. As a result of the evaluation of these procedures, the admission region has been obtained for different traffic situations, thus establishing the limits for the admission control mechanism. Regarding the DCA scheme for TDD based mechanisms, different possibilities.have been considered for distributing the different time slots aiming to minimise the mobile to mobile and base to base interference characteristic of TDD/CDMA environments.Finally, retransmission schemes have also been considered with a particular focus on the evaluation of the type II hybrid ARQ strategy, that has been compared to other schemes like the type I hybrid ARQ. An analytical Markov model has also been developed for the type II hybrid ARQ strategy.

Esta Tesis presenta un estudio detallado de los mecanismos de control de potencia para un sistema de comunicaciones móviles basado en la técnica de multiplexado CDMA. En particular se ha llevado a cabo una evaluación de la capacidad de los sistemas que combinan el uso del control de potencia y la técnica de "soft handover" en sus diferentes modalidades de combinación de las señales recibidas. Adicionalmente el estudio incluye la evaluación de la capacidad de los sistemas móviles CDMA cuando éstos en el futuro den servicio a las aplicaciones multimedia.El estudio incluye una original y sencilla demostración analítica de dimensionado de la capacidad de los sistemas CDMA que utilizan "maximal ratio" como técnica de combinación de señales recibidas en macrodiversidad. Otro de los puntos originales de esta Tesis es la propuesta de un nuevo mecanismo de asignación de estaciones base entre terminales móviles comunicantes, óptimo en términos de capacidad.Se parte de un estudio analítico de los sistemas CDMA con diferentes alternativas de combinación de las señales recibidas y se construye un entorno de simulación que se emplea como herramienta de validación de los resultados analíticos.El trabajo realizado profundiza en el aspecto clave de los llamados sistemas móviles de tercera generación. Más concretamente en el control de potencia y la macrodiversidad. Los resultados son novedosos y aportan soluciones en las áreas especificadas. Esta opinión está refrendada por las publicaciones de los resultados en congresos y revistas de ámbito internacional. / This Thesis presents an in depth study on the power control mechanism used in mobile communications based on the CDMA multiplexing technique. In particular, the study develops an in depth evaluation on the capacity of those systems combining the power control and the soft-handover technique in its different modalities. In addition, the study includes the evaluation on the system capacity when the future multimedia services will be included.The PhD thesis includes an original analytical demonstration of the CDMA system capacity using the maximal ratio technique to combine different signals received in macro diversity. Another original issue within this PhD. thesis is the proposal of a new mechanism to assign the base stations among the participant mobile terminals in terms of optimum capacity.Starting from an analytical study of the CDMA systems with different alternatives to combine the received signals, a simulation environment has been developed to demonstrate the accuracy of the analytical results.The PhD. thesis performs an in depth study of the most critical aspect for the third generation mobile systems, in particular: the power control and the macro diversity. The results are original and contribute to the specified areas as the resultant international publications demonstrate.

A novel radio resource management (RRM) scheme, which jointly considers the system characteristics from the physical, link and network layers, is proposed for cellular code division multiple access (CDMA) systems. Specifically, the power distribution at the physical layer distributes only the necessary amount of power to each connection in order to achieve its required signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). The rate allocation guarantees the required delay/jitter for real-time traffic and the minimum transmission rate requirement for non-real-time traffic. Efficient rate allocation is achieved by making use of the randomness and burstiness of the packet generation process. At the link layer, a packet scheduling scheme is developed based on the information of power distribution and rate allocation from the physical layer to achieve guaranteed quality of service (QoS). It schedules the system resource on a time slot basis to efficiently utilize the system resource in every time slot and to improve the packet throughput for non-real-time traffic. A connection admission control (CAC) scheme based on the lower layer resource allocation information is proposed at the network layer. The CAC scheme also makes use of user mobility information to reduce handoff connection dropping probability (HCDP). Theoretical analysis of the grade of service (GOS) performance, in terms of new connection blocking probability (NCBP), HCDP, and resource utilization, is given. Numerical results show that the proposed RRM scheme can achieve both effective QoS guarantee and efficient resource utilization.

An adaptive resource reservation and handoff priority scheme, which jointly considers the characteristics from the physical, link and network layers, is proposed for a packet switching Multicode (MC)-CDMA cellular network supporting multimedia applications. A call admission region is derived for call admission control (CAC) and handoff management with the satisfaction of quality of service (QoS) requirements for all kinds of multimedia traffic, where the QoS parameters include the wireless transmission bit error rate (BER), the packet loss rate (PLR) and delay requirement. The BER requirement is guaranteed by properly arranging simultaneous packet transmissions, whereas the PLR and delay requirements are guaranteed by the proposed packet scheduling and partial packet integration scheme. To give service priority to handoff calls, a threshold-based adaptive resource reservation scheme is proposed on the basis of a practical user mobility model and a proper handoff request prediction scheme. The resource reservation scheme gives handoff calls a higher admission priority over new calls, and is designed to adjust the reservation-request time threshold adaptively according to the varying traffic load. The individual reservation requests form a common reservation pool, and handoff calls are served on a first-come-first-serve basis. By exploiting the transmission rate adaptability of video calls to the available radio resources, the resources freed from rate-adaptive high-quality video calls by service degradation can be further used to prioritize handoff calls. With the proposed resource reservation and handoff priority scheme, the dynamic properties of the system can be closely captured and a better grade of service (GoS) in terms of new call blocking and handoff call dropping probabilities(rates) can be achieved compared to other schemes in literature. Numerical results are presented to show the improvement of the GoS performance and the efficient utilization of the radio resources.

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A novel radio resource management (RRM) scheme, which jointly considers the system characteristics from the physical, link and network layers, is proposed for cellular code division multiple access (CDMA) systems. Specifically, the power distribution at the physical layer distributes only the necessary amount of power to each connection in order to achieve its required signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). The rate allocation guarantees the required delay/jitter for real-time traffic and the minimum transmission rate requirement for non-real-time traffic. Efficient rate allocation is achieved by making use of the randomness and burstiness of the packet generation process. At the link layer, a packet scheduling scheme is developed based on the information of power distribution and rate allocation from the physical layer to achieve guaranteed quality of service (QoS). It schedules the system resource on a time slot basis to efficiently utilize the system resource in every time slot and to improve the packet throughput for non-real-time traffic. A connection admission control (CAC) scheme based on the lower layer resource allocation information is proposed at the network layer. The CAC scheme also makes use of user mobility information to reduce handoff connection dropping probability (HCDP). Theoretical analysis of the grade of service (GOS) performance, in terms of new connection blocking probability (NCBP), HCDP, and resource utilization, is given. Numerical results show that the proposed RRM scheme can achieve both effective QoS guarantee and efficient resource utilization.

An adaptive resource reservation and handoff priority scheme, which jointly considers the characteristics from the physical, link and network layers, is proposed for a packet switching Multicode (MC)-CDMA cellular network supporting multimedia applications. A call admission region is derived for call admission control (CAC) and handoff management with the satisfaction of quality of service (QoS) requirements for all kinds of multimedia traffic, where the QoS parameters include the wireless transmission bit error rate (BER), the packet loss rate (PLR) and delay requirement. The BER requirement is guaranteed by properly arranging simultaneous packet transmissions, whereas the PLR and delay requirements are guaranteed by the proposed packet scheduling and partial packet integration scheme. To give service priority to handoff calls, a threshold-based adaptive resource reservation scheme is proposed on the basis of a practical user mobility model and a proper handoff request prediction scheme. The resource reservation scheme gives handoff calls a higher admission priority over new calls, and is designed to adjust the reservation-request time threshold adaptively according to the varying traffic load. The individual reservation requests form a common reservation pool, and handoff calls are served on a first-come-first-serve basis. By exploiting the transmission rate adaptability of video calls to the available radio resources, the resources freed from rate-adaptive high-quality video calls by service degradation can be further used to prioritize handoff calls. With the proposed resource reservation and handoff priority scheme, the dynamic properties of the system can be closely captured and a better grade of service (GoS) in terms of new call blocking and handoff call dropping probabilities(rates) can be achieved compared to other schemes in literature. Numerical results are presented to show the improvement of the GoS performance and the efficient utilization of the radio resources.

Analytic models for the performance of the forward link of 3G CDMA systems using different maximum ratio combining (MRC) RAKE finger weight assignments are presented. The spreading modulations under investigation are the balanced QPSK and the complex-spreading QPSK. The models are computationally efficient, accurate, and applicable to Root Raised Cosine (RRC) pulse shaping with any roll-off factor, variable processing gain, chip rate, and data rate for orthogonal codes, random codes, quasi-orthogonal codes, Gaussian noise, and realistic channel models. The expressions derived are then used to obtain the so-called orthogonality factor, which is commonly used in system-level simulations. Next, closed-form mathematical expressions for the variance due to infinite chips interfering in systems using arbitrary Nyquist pulses are derived. These expressions are applicable to both the forward link and the reverse link. For the latter, the existing knowledge on the accurate and efficient estimation of the performance of CDMA systems is extended by presenting closed mathematical expressions for bandlimited systems using arbitrary Nyquist pulses for both BPSK and Offset-QPSK (OQPSK) modulation. The impact of adjacent channel interference in bandlimited systems is subsequently considered. Finally, mathematical expressions for the accurate and efficient estimation of a CDMA system using RRC pulse-shaping and a RAKE receiver in the presence of multipath interference are presented.

In this thesis, we present a new low-complexity receiver with the modified hybrid signature direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) system framework that use the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas along with Alamouti¡¦s space-time block code (ST-BC). In the transceiver, the modified hybrid signature is exploited. It is not only used to counteract the inter-symbol interference (ISI) introduced by the channel fading duo to multipath propagation but also very useful for extracting the full channel information in the receiver. For reducing computational complexity, we propose a new modified partial adaptivity (MPA) filter. It is not only having the advantage of subspace-based PA-GSC filter to enhance the system performance but also avoid the computation requirement when the Eigen-decomposition approach was adopted. Next, with the modified transceiver framework, in the receiver, based on the linearly constrained constant modulus (LCCM) criterion, we propose a novel semi-blind multiple detector schemes for MIMO-CDMA systems, which is implementing with the adaptive RLS algorithm and framework in the modified partially adaptive (MPA) generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) . Our proposed scheme is able to perform the two-branch filterbank of LCCM MIMO-CDMA receiver. Computer simulations demonstrate that the proposed receiver has better performance than the convention CM-GSC-RLS receiver with much lower computational load.

To satisfy the growing demands of the mobile and personal broadband communications, recently, many innovative technologies have been devised and extensively used for wireless transmission and reception. In the wireless communication systems, even though the performance would be degraded due to channel characteristics, such as multipath fading and background noise, those impacts can be eliminated dramatically through the utilization of diversity and combining. However, some different kinds of interfering sources, including the significant structure interference due to their operation as multiple access in the cellular communication systems, referred to as the multiple access interference (MAI), and inevitable jammers appeared in the overlapped frequency band for common utility, are still existing and now become the main difficulties to collapse the reception performance and system capacity. To suppress the interferences, some advanced signal processing methods, e.g., smart antenna (SA), multiuser detection, interference cancellation, adaptive optimization, and frequency/ frame synchronization, have been suggested to not only alleviate the effects fundamentally but also enhance the signal quality. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a significant multicarrier (MC) technology, and has been widely employed in some commercial communications, such as digital broadcasting and wireless local area network (WLAN). It is considered to be the one of the most promising techniques to combat multipath fading and MAI for the downlinks transmission of the broadband systems. Moreover, spatial processing exploits the diversity provided by SA or intelligent antenna arrays, in which the adaptive beamformer is utilized, and it is an alternative approach to increase the efficiency of wireless system capacity and performance without allocating additional frequency spectrum. It allows the system to make full use of spatial diversity due to multiple antennas. In this dissertation, the wireless communications based on the OFDM technique and the applications of SA are considered. Also, an adaptive linearly constrained (LC) approach via inverse QR-decomposition (IQRD) recursive least-squares (RLS) algorithm is emphasized. The proposed LC-IQRD-RLS algorithm has the merits, such as numerical stability, fast convergence rate, and implementation efficiency, over the conventional adaptive algorithms. Furthermore, by incorporating with derivative constraint, the narrowband array could improve the robustness against to the wideband and coherent jammers. Here, the iterative quadratic maximum likelihood (IQML) algorithm with norm constraint set is utilized to estimate the jammer subspace. Computer simulations verify that the use of narrowband beamformer with an appropriate algorithm, e.g., LC-IQRD-RLS or IQML, could achieve the desired performance for jammer suppression. Next, their applications to the MC-CDMA system with frequency combining process will be fully addressed. In fact, the frequency diversity is achieved through the optimization approach, based on constrained minimum output energy (CMOE) criterion. Unfortunately, it is very sensitive to the signal mismatch due to channel estimation error. To deal with the mismatch problem, the invariant-property provided by constant modulus (CM) criterion along with the LC-IQRD-RLS algorithm is developed. Simulation results show that the frequency combiner with the robust LCCM IQRD-RLS algorithm could be used to recover the transmitted signal without channel mismatch or distortion, and mitigate the MAI efficiently even in the significant near-far effect environment. To further enhance the detection performance and increase system capacity, the space-time MC-CDMA receiver is proposed by combining the advantages of SA and multicarrier transmission technique. This direct fully space-time MC-CDMA receiver can be implemented via a mathematical operator, i.e., kronecker product. For further investigation, a theoretical analysis could be evaluated under certain assumptions to obtain a closed-form expression of bit error rate (BER). This will help us look more inside the impacts due to the numbers of subcarriers and array sensors. In the last chapter, the familiar problem of carrier frequency offset (CFO) is investigated following the standard of IEEE 802.11 a/g OFDM-based WLAN. The overall frequency synchronization scheme consists of three parts, viz., the coarse and fine automatic frequency control (AFC) circuits, and phase locked loop (PLL). With the proposed frequency synchronization scheme, it reserves 2dB power consumption compared with the current specification even some timing issues presented.