This research project explored the relationship between municipal governments and community economic development (CED). It identified the unique role that municipal governments play in promoting CED, gives policy recommendations for advancing the transformative and innovative elements of CED within local governments, and identified models of innovative practice in municipal policy related to CED. The project focused on medium-sized municipalities in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and northern Ontario. The thesis profiles important roles that municipalities play in supporting CED and uses examples from the research to illustrate these roles. Lastly, Haughton’s (1998) multifaceted definition of CED (p. 876) was used to place each municipality on a spectrum from ‘localist transformative’ CED to ‘gap filling’ CED and examples were given from the research to show which municipalities had the strongest and most innovative support of CED and those that were less successful.

This research project explored the relationship between municipal governments and community economic development (CED). It identified the unique role that municipal governments play in promoting CED, gives policy recommendations for advancing the transformative and innovative elements of CED within local governments, and identified models of innovative practice in municipal policy related to CED. The project focused on medium-sized municipalities in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and northern Ontario. The thesis profiles important roles that municipalities play in supporting CED and uses examples from the research to illustrate these roles. Lastly, Haughton’s (1998) multifaceted definition of CED (p. 876) was used to place each municipality on a spectrum from ‘localist transformative’ CED to ‘gap filling’ CED and examples were given from the research to show which municipalities had the strongest and most innovative support of CED and those that were less successful.

No abstract available

Globalt pågår debatter kring mångfald inom ledningsgrupper. Forskare på området är hittills inte överens om de effekter som mångfald inom affärsvärlden medför, ändå finns starka åsikter kring hur en ledningsgrupp bör utformas utifrån kön, ålder, utbildning och etnicitet. Spekulation avseende mångfalds betydelse för hållbar utveckling förekommer och i takt med ökade krav på hållbarhetsrapportering växer intresset för faktorer som kan främja denna form av rapportering. I dagsläget saknas tvingande standarder för hållbarhetsrapportering, men den miljömässiga delen inom hållbarhetsrapportering, som i studien betecknas CED-rapportering,är offentlig information och uppmärksammas i media. Media, som dels bildar normer, dels avspeglar allmänhetens förväntningar, har makten att påverka ett företags rykte. Relationen mellan mångfald i bolagsstyrelse, CED-rapportering och medieexponering är således ett aktuellt område värt att fördjupa sig i. Det huvudsakliga syftet med studien var att beskriva och analysera om mångfald i bolagsstyrelse påverkar CED-rapportering och om rapporteringen i sin tur inverkar på den grad av exponering som multinationella företag ges i media. Urvalsramen utgjordes av multinationella företag från GRI:s databas. Av 447 företag uppfyllde 202 studiens krav. Strukturella ekvationsmodeller visar att mångfald i bolagsstyrelse inte påverkar CEDrapportering. Rapporteringen påverkar däremot företags exponering i media. Företags storlek och georgrafiska placering har en inverkan på mångfald, CED-rapportering och medieexponering. / Debates about diversity among board directors are in progress globally. Scientists are in disagreement about the impacts of diversity in the business world. Yet there are strong opinions about a group’s formation on the distribution of gender, age, education and ethnicity. There are speculations of a possible relationship between diversity and sustainability reporting. The growing demands of such reporting increases the interest to determine which factors promote sustainability reporting. This study intends to explore theCorporate Environmental Disclosure (CED) of sustainability reporting. Currently there are no mandatory standard for sustainability reporting, such information is public though and exposures in media. Media compares the reports to public expectations and has the power to affect a company’s reputation. The relationship between board diversity, environmentalreporting and media exposure is hence an area worth exploring.The main intent of this study was to describe and analyse whether board diversity affects CED. Further the intent was to explore whether CED affects media exposure. The sampling for the study consisted of multinational companies. Of 447 examined, 202 formed the basis. The results of the study established by structural equation modeling, stated that board diversity is not associated with CED. Yet the study indicates that CED affects media exposure. External variables that were found to have effect on board diversity, CED or media exposure were firm size and geographical

Foi construído um modelo representativo do ciclo de vida da água em uma refinaria de petróleo, contemplando todos os usos a que esta se presta. Nesse contexto foram avaliados do ponto de vista ambiental, energético e econômico cenários em que etapas adicionais eram incorporadas ao tratamento de efluentes de forma a viabilizar o reúso de água e o fechamento do circuito na própria refinaria, reduzindo assim a necessidade de captação e, consequentemente, de tratamento da água bruta captada pela refinaria. O Cenário I corresponde ao cenário-base, sem implantação de nenhuma ação voltada ao reúso. No Cenário II, é incorporada a etapa adicional chamada Tratamento Fase 1, constituída por um processo de Clarificação seguido de uma Eletrodiálise Reversa (EDR) que permite o reúso de 255,7 m3/h dos 350 m3/h lançados inicialmente ao corpo hídrico no Cenário I. No Cenário III, é incorporada ao arranjo do Cenário II uma etapa de Cristalização Evaporativa para tratar o concentrado salino da EDR, recuperando, assim, mais 55,4 m3/h dos 350 m3/h lançados inicialmente, utilizando, para isso, vapor residual inicialmente não aproveitado pela refinaria. A análise ambiental foi desenvolvida por Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) e constatou um desempenho muito semelhante dos três cenários. Apesar disso, a análise em perfil aberto, de impactos de midpoint, evidenciou ganhos ambientais significativos associados ao fechamento de circuito de água e, embora com vantagens muito discretas, o Cenário III apresentou um desempenho superior ao do Cenário II em todas as categorias e, na grande maioria delas, também superior ao desempenho do Cenário I. A análise de indicador único, em endpoint, destacou o impacto em Mudança Climática, relativo principalmente à queima de gás natural na caldeira para a geração de vapor, como o principal impacto ambiental associado ao ciclo de vida da água na refinaria, responsável por mais de 90% do valor correspondente ao resultado do indicador único. A análise energética foi desenvolvida utilizando-se o indicador de Demanda Cumulativa de Energia (CED) e resultou em um desempenho superior do Cenário I, ainda que com pequenas diferenças em relação aos Cenários II e III. O pior desempenho foi o do Cenário II. Comparando-se a contribuição relativa dos diferentes tipos de energia, destaca-se a energia de origem hidrelétrica, responsável por cerca de 80% do indicador único de CED em todos os três cenários. A análise econômica foi realizada por meio de indicadores tradicionalmente utilizados para a análise de viabilidade de projetos Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) e Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) , considerando, como referência, as regras de cobrança pelo uso da água vigentes na bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul. Com os preços cobrados atualmente pelo uso da água desta bacia, a implantação de ambos os cenários de reúso (II e III) não se viabiliza economicamente. Para que isso ocorra, o valor cobrado pelo uso da água teria que ser da ordem de 50 a 80 vezes maior do que o que é cobrado atualmente. Dentre os cenários de reúso, o Cenário II apresentou desempenho econômico superior ao do Cenário III. / It was built a representative model of the water life cycle within a petroleum refinery, considering all the uses in which it is applied. In this context, under environmental, energetic and economic perspective, different scenarios were analyzed, where further treatment stages were added to the wastewater treatment process so that recycled water could be provided back to the refining process, reducing, therefore, the need for freshwater intake and pretreatment by the refinery. Scenario I is the base scenario, without implementation of any water reuse aimed action. In Scenario II, it is incorporated the additional stage called Phase 1 Treatment, which consists of a Clarification process followed by an Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR).This enables the recycling of 255.7 m3/h from the 350 m3/h previously discharged to the water body in Scenario I. In Scenario III, it is incorporated to the Scenario II setting an Evaporative Crystallization process for treating the concentrated brine resulting from the EDR process. This enables the recovery of more 55.4 m3/h from the 350 m3/h initially released, using, for that, the energy from residual steam previously not used by the refinery. The environmental analysis was developed through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and found very similar performances for all three scenarios. Despite that, the open profile analysis, of midpoint impacts, showed significant environmental gains from the closure of the water circuit and, though with very small advantages, Scenario III showed a better performance than Scenario II in all impact categories and, in most of them, also better than Scenario I performance. The single score analysis, considering endpoint impact categories, highlighted Climate Change, specially related to the natural gas burning in the boiler for steam generation, as the main impact category associated to the water life cycle within the refinery, being responsible for more than 90% of all the value of the single score indicator. The energetic analysis was developed using the Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) indicator and resulted in a better performance of Scenario I, even if with just small differences from Scenarios II and III. The worst performance was from Scenario II. Comparing the relative contribution of the different types of energy, the hydroelectricity was the most important one, being responsible for around 80% of the CED single score in all three scenarios. The economic analysis was developed through traditional indicators used for assessing projects viability Internal Return Rate (IRR) and Net Present Value (NPV), considering, as reference, the rules of charging for water use valid nowadays at the Paraíba do Sul river basin. With the prices charged nowadays for the water use from this basin, the implementation of both reuse scenarios is not economic viable. In order to make it viable, the charged value would have to be around 50 to 80 times higher than it is today. Among the reuse scenarios, Scenario II had a better economic performance than Scenario III.

Foi construído um modelo representativo do ciclo de vida da água em uma refinaria de petróleo, contemplando todos os usos a que esta se presta. Nesse contexto foram avaliados do ponto de vista ambiental, energético e econômico cenários em que etapas adicionais eram incorporadas ao tratamento de efluentes de forma a viabilizar o reúso de água e o fechamento do circuito na própria refinaria, reduzindo assim a necessidade de captação e, consequentemente, de tratamento da água bruta captada pela refinaria. O Cenário I corresponde ao cenário-base, sem implantação de nenhuma ação voltada ao reúso. No Cenário II, é incorporada a etapa adicional chamada Tratamento Fase 1, constituída por um processo de Clarificação seguido de uma Eletrodiálise Reversa (EDR) que permite o reúso de 255,7 m3/h dos 350 m3/h lançados inicialmente ao corpo hídrico no Cenário I. No Cenário III, é incorporada ao arranjo do Cenário II uma etapa de Cristalização Evaporativa para tratar o concentrado salino da EDR, recuperando, assim, mais 55,4 m3/h dos 350 m3/h lançados inicialmente, utilizando, para isso, vapor residual inicialmente não aproveitado pela refinaria. A análise ambiental foi desenvolvida por Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) e constatou um desempenho muito semelhante dos três cenários. Apesar disso, a análise em perfil aberto, de impactos de midpoint, evidenciou ganhos ambientais significativos associados ao fechamento de circuito de água e, embora com vantagens muito discretas, o Cenário III apresentou um desempenho superior ao do Cenário II em todas as categorias e, na grande maioria delas, também superior ao desempenho do Cenário I. A análise de indicador único, em endpoint, destacou o impacto em Mudança Climática, relativo principalmente à queima de gás natural na caldeira para a geração de vapor, como o principal impacto ambiental associado ao ciclo de vida da água na refinaria, responsável por mais de 90% do valor correspondente ao resultado do indicador único. A análise energética foi desenvolvida utilizando-se o indicador de Demanda Cumulativa de Energia (CED) e resultou em um desempenho superior do Cenário I, ainda que com pequenas diferenças em relação aos Cenários II e III. O pior desempenho foi o do Cenário II. Comparando-se a contribuição relativa dos diferentes tipos de energia, destaca-se a energia de origem hidrelétrica, responsável por cerca de 80% do indicador único de CED em todos os três cenários. A análise econômica foi realizada por meio de indicadores tradicionalmente utilizados para a análise de viabilidade de projetos Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) e Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) , considerando, como referência, as regras de cobrança pelo uso da água vigentes na bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul. Com os preços cobrados atualmente pelo uso da água desta bacia, a implantação de ambos os cenários de reúso (II e III) não se viabiliza economicamente. Para que isso ocorra, o valor cobrado pelo uso da água teria que ser da ordem de 50 a 80 vezes maior do que o que é cobrado atualmente. Dentre os cenários de reúso, o Cenário II apresentou desempenho econômico superior ao do Cenário III. / It was built a representative model of the water life cycle within a petroleum refinery, considering all the uses in which it is applied. In this context, under environmental, energetic and economic perspective, different scenarios were analyzed, where further treatment stages were added to the wastewater treatment process so that recycled water could be provided back to the refining process, reducing, therefore, the need for freshwater intake and pretreatment by the refinery. Scenario I is the base scenario, without implementation of any water reuse aimed action. In Scenario II, it is incorporated the additional stage called Phase 1 Treatment, which consists of a Clarification process followed by an Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR).This enables the recycling of 255.7 m3/h from the 350 m3/h previously discharged to the water body in Scenario I. In Scenario III, it is incorporated to the Scenario II setting an Evaporative Crystallization process for treating the concentrated brine resulting from the EDR process. This enables the recovery of more 55.4 m3/h from the 350 m3/h initially released, using, for that, the energy from residual steam previously not used by the refinery. The environmental analysis was developed through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and found very similar performances for all three scenarios. Despite that, the open profile analysis, of midpoint impacts, showed significant environmental gains from the closure of the water circuit and, though with very small advantages, Scenario III showed a better performance than Scenario II in all impact categories and, in most of them, also better than Scenario I performance. The single score analysis, considering endpoint impact categories, highlighted Climate Change, specially related to the natural gas burning in the boiler for steam generation, as the main impact category associated to the water life cycle within the refinery, being responsible for more than 90% of all the value of the single score indicator. The energetic analysis was developed using the Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) indicator and resulted in a better performance of Scenario I, even if with just small differences from Scenarios II and III. The worst performance was from Scenario II. Comparing the relative contribution of the different types of energy, the hydroelectricity was the most important one, being responsible for around 80% of the CED single score in all three scenarios. The economic analysis was developed through traditional indicators used for assessing projects viability Internal Return Rate (IRR) and Net Present Value (NPV), considering, as reference, the rules of charging for water use valid nowadays at the Paraíba do Sul river basin. With the prices charged nowadays for the water use from this basin, the implementation of both reuse scenarios is not economic viable. In order to make it viable, the charged value would have to be around 50 to 80 times higher than it is today. Among the reuse scenarios, Scenario II had a better economic performance than Scenario III.

A ligação entre concretos com cimento Portland de diferentes idades, composições e resistências é um dos problemas da tecnologia dos concretos estruturais. A continuidade desta ligação é prejudicada por uma diversidade de fatores que implicam desde a retomada de uma concretagem (junta fria) até a recuperação de estruturas de concreto deterioradas. Sob esse ponto de vista apresenta−se neste trabalho uma análise do comportamento de um sistema de reparos aplicados à recuperação de estruturas, ligações concretos velhos x concretos novos (caso das ampliações) e continuidades de concretagens. Um dos pontos mais frágeis de uma estrutura é a zona de interface, tanto dos materiais que a compõe quanto da transição entre os diferentes concretos. Utilizou−se como substrato corpos−de−prova prismáticos executados com concretos (fck=15MPa, 18MPa, 21MPa, 25MPa, 30MPa, 40MPa e 50MPa), que após ruptura completa através de ensaios de tração na flexão foi posteriormente executada ligação com concretos de reparo, e corpos−de−prova cilíndricos de concretos convencionais apresentando ninhos de concretagem. Com a finalidade de melhorar a zona de transição citada, utilizou−se como sistema de reparo, concretos de elevado desempenho executados com cimento Portland CP V ARI RS − NBR 5733⁄NBR 5737 − ABNT, agregados: miúdo de origem quartzosa, e graúdo de Dmáx ≤ 6,3 mm de origem basáltica, adições de sílica ativa (Fe−Si) de 5%, 10% e 15% e aditivo superplastificante de pega normal em teores de 1,5%, 1,8% e 2,0%, após prévio tratamento, através de desbaste superficial e imprimação com pastas de cimento de elevado desempenho. A eficácia da ligação é percebida principalmente pelo fato de que em resultados de ensaios de tração na flexão do corpo−de−prova prismático recuperado a ruptura ocorreu, em quase 100% dos casos na região do concreto velho. Em ensaios de compressão axial com corpos−de−prova cilíndricos com ninhos de concretagem recuperados, percebeu−se através do modo de ruptura, que as transferências de tensões ocorreram normalmente através do sistema de reparo, sem que houvesse desvio de tensões, além de um acréscimo de resistência em alguns casos. / The bonding among Portland cement concrete of different ages, compositions and resistances is one of the technological problems of structural concretes. The continuity of this connection is harmed by a several factors from the re−starting of a casting (cold joint) to the recovery of deteriorated concrete structures. From this point of view this paper presents an analysis of the behavior of a repair system applied to the recovery of structures, new−to−old concrete bonding (amplification cases) and casting continuities. One of the most fragile points of a concrete structure is the interface zone, of both materials that compose it and the transition among the different concretes. Prismatic specimens executed with concretes (fck=15MPa, 18MPa, 21MPa, 25 MPa, 30 MPa, 40 MPa and 50 MPa), were used as substratum after a previous complete rupture through a flexural strength test for a further connection, with repair concrete as a bond link, and cylindrical specimens of conventional concretes presenting intentionally \"holes\". High−performance concretes with Portland cement CP V ARI RS (NBR 5733⁄NBR 5737 − ABNT), small quartz aggregates, basaltic coarse aggregates with Dmáx ≤ 6,3mm, silica fume (Fe−Si) additions of 5%, 10% and 15%, and normal setting superplasticizer with contents of 1,5%, 1,8% and 2,0% were used as repair system to improve the transition zone mentioned. Such materials were used after the specimens had been treated superficially and primed with High−performance Portland cement paste. The effectiveness of the connection is noticed mainly by the fact that in results of the flexural strength test of recovered prismatic specimens, the rupture occurred in almost 100% of the cases in the area of the old concrete. In axial compression tests with cylindrical specimens presenting recovered \"holes\", the rupture way demonstrated that the transfers of tensions usually occurred through the repair system, with no tension deviation, and there was a resistance increase in some cases.

A ligação entre concretos com cimento Portland de diferentes idades, composições e resistências é um dos problemas da tecnologia dos concretos estruturais. A continuidade desta ligação é prejudicada por uma diversidade de fatores que implicam desde a retomada de uma concretagem (junta fria) até a recuperação de estruturas de concreto deterioradas. Sob esse ponto de vista apresenta−se neste trabalho uma análise do comportamento de um sistema de reparos aplicados à recuperação de estruturas, ligações concretos velhos x concretos novos (caso das ampliações) e continuidades de concretagens. Um dos pontos mais frágeis de uma estrutura é a zona de interface, tanto dos materiais que a compõe quanto da transição entre os diferentes concretos. Utilizou−se como substrato corpos−de−prova prismáticos executados com concretos (fck=15MPa, 18MPa, 21MPa, 25MPa, 30MPa, 40MPa e 50MPa), que após ruptura completa através de ensaios de tração na flexão foi posteriormente executada ligação com concretos de reparo, e corpos−de−prova cilíndricos de concretos convencionais apresentando ninhos de concretagem. Com a finalidade de melhorar a zona de transição citada, utilizou−se como sistema de reparo, concretos de elevado desempenho executados com cimento Portland CP V ARI RS − NBR 5733⁄NBR 5737 − ABNT, agregados: miúdo de origem quartzosa, e graúdo de Dmáx ≤ 6,3 mm de origem basáltica, adições de sílica ativa (Fe−Si) de 5%, 10% e 15% e aditivo superplastificante de pega normal em teores de 1,5%, 1,8% e 2,0%, após prévio tratamento, através de desbaste superficial e imprimação com pastas de cimento de elevado desempenho. A eficácia da ligação é percebida principalmente pelo fato de que em resultados de ensaios de tração na flexão do corpo−de−prova prismático recuperado a ruptura ocorreu, em quase 100% dos casos na região do concreto velho. Em ensaios de compressão axial com corpos−de−prova cilíndricos com ninhos de concretagem recuperados, percebeu−se através do modo de ruptura, que as transferências de tensões ocorreram normalmente através do sistema de reparo, sem que houvesse desvio de tensões, além de um acréscimo de resistência em alguns casos. / The bonding among Portland cement concrete of different ages, compositions and resistances is one of the technological problems of structural concretes. The continuity of this connection is harmed by a several factors from the re−starting of a casting (cold joint) to the recovery of deteriorated concrete structures. From this point of view this paper presents an analysis of the behavior of a repair system applied to the recovery of structures, new−to−old concrete bonding (amplification cases) and casting continuities. One of the most fragile points of a concrete structure is the interface zone, of both materials that compose it and the transition among the different concretes. Prismatic specimens executed with concretes (fck=15MPa, 18MPa, 21MPa, 25 MPa, 30 MPa, 40 MPa and 50 MPa), were used as substratum after a previous complete rupture through a flexural strength test for a further connection, with repair concrete as a bond link, and cylindrical specimens of conventional concretes presenting intentionally \"holes\". High−performance concretes with Portland cement CP V ARI RS (NBR 5733⁄NBR 5737 − ABNT), small quartz aggregates, basaltic coarse aggregates with Dmáx ≤ 6,3mm, silica fume (Fe−Si) additions of 5%, 10% and 15%, and normal setting superplasticizer with contents of 1,5%, 1,8% and 2,0% were used as repair system to improve the transition zone mentioned. Such materials were used after the specimens had been treated superficially and primed with High−performance Portland cement paste. The effectiveness of the connection is noticed mainly by the fact that in results of the flexural strength test of recovered prismatic specimens, the rupture occurred in almost 100% of the cases in the area of the old concrete. In axial compression tests with cylindrical specimens presenting recovered \"holes\", the rupture way demonstrated that the transfers of tensions usually occurred through the repair system, with no tension deviation, and there was a resistance increase in some cases.

Les glioblastomes sont des tumeurs gliales de hautgrade qui restent incurables de nos jours. Le traitement recommandé (résection chirurgicale suivie d’un traitement de radiothérapie externe associé à la chimiothérapie) conduit à une augmentation de la médiane de survie des patients de quelques mois. De nouvelles stratégies notamment dans le champ des nanomédecines véhiculant un radioélément (émetteur ou ) ont été évaluées en clinique. La première partie,après avoir dressé l’état des lieux des technologies utilisées dans ce domaine, rend compte des critères importants à prendre en compte que sont le choix du radioélément, les modalités d’administration et les vecteurs utilisés. Elle se conclut par une présentation des études précliniques en cours dont l’utilisation de nanovecteurs encapsulant un radioisotope : lesLNC188Re-SSS. La deuxième partie illustre l’application thérapeutique sur un modèle murin de xénogreffe et montre une éradication de la tumeur initiale suite à un protocole personnalisé d’injection fractionnée par convection-enhanced delivery. Elle décrit également la distribution des LNC ainsi que les effets directs des radiations sur les cellules tumorales (cellules géantes atypiques, supposées polyploïdes), accompagnés par un infiltrat inflammatoire (immunité innée). Une évaluation complémentaire sur modèle murin GL261 a été réalisée et constitue la troisième partie de cette thèse. Le transfert de ces résultats à l’application clinique pourrait être facilité par le recours à un modèle canin de gliome spontané homologue à celui de l’homme, dont ce travail prépare l’utilisation, dans le but de valider les procédures d’injection intracérébrales automatisées. / High grade glial brain tumors are defined as glioblastomas. Nowadays, they are incurable. The current therapeutic purposal (surgical resection, external radiotherapy and chemotherapy) doesn’t extend the patients median survival time up to a few months. Newstrategies as nanomedicines loaded with a radionuclide( or  emitter) have been evaluated in clinical trials. As tate of the art of this domain’s technologies is described in a first part which analyses the important criteria to take account in vectorized radiotherapy like the radionuclides, the route of administration and the vectors used. Then, it is concluded with a presentation of preclinical on going studies as the use of nanovectors loaded with a radioisotope : the LNC188Re-SSS. The second part illustrates the therapeutical strategy application on a xenograft mice model. The data showan eradication of the tumor mass of treated mice withthe personalized convection-enhanced delivery offractionated radiotherapy. Furthermore, it describes the LNC distribution and the direct radiation effects on tumor cells (atypical giant cells, polyploïdy) supported by an inflammatory infiltration (innate immune effectors). An evaluation on the GL261 mice model has been realized and concerns the third part of this thesis. In perspectives, the transfer of these data to clinical trials could be facilitated thanks to the dog spontaneous glioma model. This tumor share characteristics with the human neoplasma. Finally, this work will aim to validate the automated intracranial injection procedures.

Inom sjukvården används – precis som överallt där människor sover – sängkläder av hygienskäl. Problem med smittspridningar av typen multiresistenta bakterier (MRSA) och spridning av andra sjukdomar har drivit företag som Cellcomb i Karlstad AB till att utveckla engångssängkläder för att förhindra detta. Engångssängkläderna är skyddade av en biofilm som ska ge ökat skydd mot bakterier och fungerar som en barriär så att inte vätska tränger igenom. Problemet är att det inte finns mycket till underlag för hur engångssängkläderna står sig mot vanliga sängkläder ur miljösynpunkt. I dagsläget använder sjukhus traditionella sängkläder till sina patienter och sedan transporteras dessa till tvätteri och tvättas. Att tvätta och torka sängkläder är energikrävande och ett alternativ till detta skulle kunna vara att använda engångssängkläder. En förenklad LCA gjordes för att ta reda på om sängkläder tillverkade av bomull och polyester eller engångssängkläder tillverkade av polypropylen alternativt viskosmaterialet Tencel är det mest miljövänliga. För att ta reda på det gjordes studiebesök och data samlades in genom en litteraturstudie och från företag. Resultaten visade att i ett grundfall med Centralsjukhuset i Karlstad var energianvändningen för de tvättbara sängkläderna lägre än Tencel och försumbart lägre än polypropylen. Flera fall med känslighetsanalyser gjordes för att undersöka hur indata påverkade resultaten. Fallen visade att det kan variera vilket av alternativen som blir mest gynnsamt, framför allt när det gäller vilken typ av energi tvätteriet använder. Engångssängkläderna av Tencel visade sig vara bäst när det gällde andel förnybar energi följt av de tvättbara sängkläderna och sist polypropylen. Ur ett ekotoxicitets- och vattenanvändningsperspektiv blev båda engångssängkläderna mer gynnsamma än de tvättbara sängkläderna. Två slutsatser kan dras utifrån den här studien: de tre alternativen är likvärdiga energimässigt utifrån energianvändning, andel förnybar energi och de fallstudier som gjorts, men att engångssängkläderna står sig bättre när det gäller ekotoxicitet samt vattenanvändning. Den andra slutsatsen är att resultaten är fallberoende. En utökad studie skulle kunna göras med fler viktiga miljöparametrar och fler känslighetsanalyser. / In healthcare – as in any other place where people sleep – beddings are used for hygiene reasons. Problems with spreading of bacteria diseases such as multi resistant bacteria (MRSA) and various other diseases have pushed companies like Cellcomb i Karlstad AB to develop disposable beddings in order to prevent this. These disposable beddings are protected with a biofilm which serves as a barrier, preventing liquids to pass through. The problem is that there is not much information about how these beddings perform from an environmental perspective. At present, hospitals are using traditional beddings for their patients and are then transported to laundries for washing. This is an energy intensive process and as an alternative, disposable beddings could be used. A simplified LCA was used to find out if beddings made out of cotton and polyester or disposable beddings made out of polypropylene or a viscose material called Tencel was the most favourable from an environmental perspective. To achieve this, various study visits were performed along with a literature study and data collection from companies. The results showed that for a basic case performed with Centralsjukhuset i Karlstad the washable beddings used less energy than Tencel and negligibly less energy than polypropylene. Several case studies were performed in order to examine how different data could alter the results. The case studies showed that which of the alternatives became the most favourable varied depending on the case, especially regarding which kind of energy was being used in the laundry. The disposable beddings made out of Tencel proved to be the best alternative regarding the use of renewable energy, followed by the washable beddings and last polypropylene. From a perspective of eco toxicity and water use both of the disposable beddings turned out more favourable. Two conclusions could be drawn from this study: the alternatives are equally favourable regarding energy use, renewable energy use and the case studies that were performed, but the disposable beddings are more preferable concerning eco toxicity and water use. The second conclusion is that the results depend on which case is studied. An expanded study could be performed using more environmental parameters.