A Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) é uma ferramenta da gestão ambiental que identifica aspectos ambientais e avalia os impactos ambientais de um produto ao longo de todo o seu ciclo de vida. O ciclo de vida considera todas as atividades que vão desde a extração e processamento das matérias-primas, manufatura, transporte, distribuição, uso, reuso, manutenção e disposição final. Através da ACV são obtidas todas as entradas de massa e energia e as respectivas saídas na forma de emissões atmosféricas, efluentes líquidos e resíduos sólidos para cada atividade que compõe o ciclo de vida do produto estudado. No desenvolvimento da ACV, durante a fase de coleta de dados existe uma enorme quantidade de informações que necessita ser coletada. Para sanar essa dificuldade, vêm sendo desenvolvidos bancos de dados de insumos de grande importância os quais possuem características regionais, tornando o estudo mais completo e confiável. A utilização de bancos de dados tem caráter apenas regional, visto que as condições técnicas e ambientais podem variar de uma região para outra. Dependendo da região, a utilização de bancos de dados internacionais tende a distorcer os resultados dos estudos de ACV, conduzindo a resultados não adequados, os quais não representam a realidade da região em estudo. Neste contexto, o Grupo de Prevenção da Poluição do Departamento de Engenharia Química da Escola Politécnica da USP tem desenvolvido estudos que visam à obtenção de Inventários do Ciclo de Vida (ICVs) para auxiliar na construção de um banco de dados brasileiro. O presente estudo, inserido nessa linha de pesquisa, visa à construção do inventário do ciclo de vida do biodiesel etílico do óleo de girassol produzido no Brasil. O biodiesel é um combustível renovável constituído de uma mistura de monoalquilésteres de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa, derivados de óleos vegetais, gorduras animais ou óleos residuais. Neste estudo, definiu-se o sistema de produto para o biodiesel, o qual dividiu-se em subsistemas para facilitar a coleta de dados. Os dados coletados para cada um dos subsistemas foram predominantemente secundários, isto é, obtidos de publicações científicas e bases de dados estrangeiras. No entanto, os dados secundários foram adaptados à realidade brasileira, por meio de informações e considerações que consideraram as condições tecnológicas e de mercado existentes no Brasil. Como resultado verificou-se que 8 dentre todas as etapas do ciclo de vida do biodiesel, a produção dos grãos de girassol é a que demanda mais recursos materiais e energéticos e que provoca a maior quantidade de emissões para o meio ambiente. Deste modo, na produção do biodiesel deve ser dada atenção especial para a produção da oleaginosa, buscando soluções quanto ao seu alto consumo de recursos e emissões para o meio ambiente. / The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool of the environmental management which identifies environmental aspects and evaluates environmental impacts of products during its whole life cycle. The life cycle considers all the activities since the extraction and manufacture of the raw materials, transport, distribuction, use, reuse, maintenance and final disposal. Through the LCA are obtained all the inputs of mass and energy and the respective outputs of atmospheric emissions, liquid effluents and solid wastes for every activity of the product life cycle studied. In the development of the LCA, during the phase of data collection there is a vast quantity of information to be collected. To avoid this difficulty, have been in development databases of important inputs, who has regional characteristics, becoming the study more complete and reliable. The database utilization has only a regional character, since the technical and environmental conditions can change in different regions. Depending of the region, the utilization of international database tends to distort the results of an LCA study, leading non adequate results, which don´t represent the reality of the region in study. In this context, de Pollution Prevention Group (GP2) of the Chemical Engineering Department of Polytechnic School of USP have developed studies that aims to obtain Life Cycle Inventories (LCI) to assist the construction of a Brazilian database. The present study is inserted in such line of research and aims to the construction of the sunflower oil ethylic biodiesel LCI made in Brazil. The biodiesel is a renewable fuel, it is constituted of a mix of mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived of vegetable oils, animal fats or residual oils. In this study was defined the product system to biodiesel, which was divided in subsystems to assist the data collection. The data were collected for each one of the subsystems were in the majority secondary, obtained of scientific publications and foreign databases. However, the secondary data were adapted to the brazilian reality through informations and considerations that take into account the actual brazilian technological and market conditions. As a result it was verified that among all the steps of the biodiesel life cycle, the agricultural production of the sunflower is that one who demands more energetic and materials inputs and is responsible for the majority of the emissions to the environment. In this way, in the biodiesel production should 10 be given special attention to the agricultural production of the oilseed, searching for solutions to its high consumption of inputs and environmental emissions.

A Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) é uma ferramenta da gestão ambiental que identifica aspectos ambientais e avalia os impactos ambientais de um produto ao longo de todo o seu ciclo de vida. O ciclo de vida considera todas as atividades que vão desde a extração e processamento das matérias-primas, manufatura, transporte, distribuição, uso, reuso, manutenção e disposição final. Através da ACV são obtidas todas as entradas de massa e energia e as respectivas saídas na forma de emissões atmosféricas, efluentes líquidos e resíduos sólidos para cada atividade que compõe o ciclo de vida do produto estudado. No desenvolvimento da ACV, durante a fase de coleta de dados existe uma enorme quantidade de informações que necessita ser coletada. Para sanar essa dificuldade, vêm sendo desenvolvidos bancos de dados de insumos de grande importância os quais possuem características regionais, tornando o estudo mais completo e confiável. A utilização de bancos de dados tem caráter apenas regional, visto que as condições técnicas e ambientais podem variar de uma região para outra. Dependendo da região, a utilização de bancos de dados internacionais tende a distorcer os resultados dos estudos de ACV, conduzindo a resultados não adequados, os quais não representam a realidade da região em estudo. Neste contexto, o Grupo de Prevenção da Poluição do Departamento de Engenharia Química da Escola Politécnica da USP tem desenvolvido estudos que visam à obtenção de Inventários do Ciclo de Vida (ICVs) para auxiliar na construção de um banco de dados brasileiro. O presente estudo, inserido nessa linha de pesquisa, visa à construção do inventário do ciclo de vida do biodiesel etílico do óleo de girassol produzido no Brasil. O biodiesel é um combustível renovável constituído de uma mistura de monoalquilésteres de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa, derivados de óleos vegetais, gorduras animais ou óleos residuais. Neste estudo, definiu-se o sistema de produto para o biodiesel, o qual dividiu-se em subsistemas para facilitar a coleta de dados. Os dados coletados para cada um dos subsistemas foram predominantemente secundários, isto é, obtidos de publicações científicas e bases de dados estrangeiras. No entanto, os dados secundários foram adaptados à realidade brasileira, por meio de informações e considerações que consideraram as condições tecnológicas e de mercado existentes no Brasil. Como resultado verificou-se que 8 dentre todas as etapas do ciclo de vida do biodiesel, a produção dos grãos de girassol é a que demanda mais recursos materiais e energéticos e que provoca a maior quantidade de emissões para o meio ambiente. Deste modo, na produção do biodiesel deve ser dada atenção especial para a produção da oleaginosa, buscando soluções quanto ao seu alto consumo de recursos e emissões para o meio ambiente. / The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool of the environmental management which identifies environmental aspects and evaluates environmental impacts of products during its whole life cycle. The life cycle considers all the activities since the extraction and manufacture of the raw materials, transport, distribuction, use, reuse, maintenance and final disposal. Through the LCA are obtained all the inputs of mass and energy and the respective outputs of atmospheric emissions, liquid effluents and solid wastes for every activity of the product life cycle studied. In the development of the LCA, during the phase of data collection there is a vast quantity of information to be collected. To avoid this difficulty, have been in development databases of important inputs, who has regional characteristics, becoming the study more complete and reliable. The database utilization has only a regional character, since the technical and environmental conditions can change in different regions. Depending of the region, the utilization of international database tends to distort the results of an LCA study, leading non adequate results, which don´t represent the reality of the region in study. In this context, de Pollution Prevention Group (GP2) of the Chemical Engineering Department of Polytechnic School of USP have developed studies that aims to obtain Life Cycle Inventories (LCI) to assist the construction of a Brazilian database. The present study is inserted in such line of research and aims to the construction of the sunflower oil ethylic biodiesel LCI made in Brazil. The biodiesel is a renewable fuel, it is constituted of a mix of mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived of vegetable oils, animal fats or residual oils. In this study was defined the product system to biodiesel, which was divided in subsystems to assist the data collection. The data were collected for each one of the subsystems were in the majority secondary, obtained of scientific publications and foreign databases. However, the secondary data were adapted to the brazilian reality through informations and considerations that take into account the actual brazilian technological and market conditions. As a result it was verified that among all the steps of the biodiesel life cycle, the agricultural production of the sunflower is that one who demands more energetic and materials inputs and is responsible for the majority of the emissions to the environment. In this way, in the biodiesel production should 10 be given special attention to the agricultural production of the oilseed, searching for solutions to its high consumption of inputs and environmental emissions.

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Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-06-14T16:53:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana Hoenisch da Silva_.pdf: 1953545 bytes, checksum: 09ca41e72604d1787a0e507c3cd13160 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-14T16:53:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana Hoenisch da Silva_.pdf: 1953545 bytes, checksum: 09ca41e72604d1787a0e507c3cd13160 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Rubras Laminados Brasileiros Ltda / Com a crescente e efetiva preocupação com o meio ambiente, com o uso de recursos não renováveis, a gestão da reutilização e reciclagem e não por menos, da geração de resíduos, industriais, tem sido o interesse de pesquisas e projetos. O produto calçado utiliza em seu processo de fabricação diversos tipos de materiais e recursos. Assim, pode-se considerar o processo produtivo como uma interessante fonte de oportunidades do uso de ferramentas ambientais e estudos de caso para reduzir os impactos ambientais gerados por este processo produtivo. No entanto, os ganhos ambientais feitos na produção estão sendo ultrapassados pelo impacto negativo do aumento considerável na demanda por produtos de calçados refletindo em um aumento de resíduos. Para executar a avaliação ambiental e projeção de gestão dos resíduos do setor através da avaliação de ciclo de vida, este trabalho realizou um levantamento, mediante o mapeamento e quantificação de resíduos do setor para avaliar as oportunidades de gestão de resíduos A partir de um mapeamento e levantamento das indústrias situadas nas principais regiões calçadistas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul e seu processo de fabricação, com a aplicação de questionários, foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória para a identificação e quantificação dos principais materiais utilizados e os resíduos gerados, assim como a sua destinação final. Com base em dados obtidos através deste levantamento, e também de uma análise por meio de uma desmontagem de modelos de calçados disponíveis no mercado para inventariar os materiais utilizados foi realizada a construção de inventário dos resíduos sólidos por meio de diagrama de blocos com as principais entradas, etapas e saídas do processo de fabricação. Para a realização da avaliação de inventário de ciclo de vida (AICV) considerou-se uma análise global do setor, em cenários genéricos de produção, considerando as informações obtidas dos questionários aplicados nas empresas, dos dados da análise dos calçados e dados da literatura. Como resultados da AICV, constatou-se que o processo de fabricação do calçado feminino confeccionado em couro resulta em desperdício de 28,6% de matéria-prima efabricação do calçado feminino confeccionado em sintético resulta em desperdício de 18,1% da matéria-prima têxtil.Posteriormente se realizou a AICV de forma a identificar e avaliar ambientalmente as oportunidades de gestão destes resíduos para o setor. A partir dos resultados obtidos foi possível observar oportunidades de gestão de resíduos através de algumas cooperativas do setor, a necessidade de enfatizar o gerenciamento no uso de matérias-primas a fim de minimizar os desperdícios e geração de resíduos, difundir a ideia de ecodesing para a fabricação de calçados a partir dos resíduos gerados, visto que já existem estudos e, também identificar produtos com esta tendência para além de evidenciar esforços realizados pelo setor em conjunto com seus fornecedores de modo a garantir o desempenho ambiental do calçado, o uso consciente dos recursos naturais e insumos. Os resultados mostraram também que a destinação dada aos resíduos sólidos industriais em maioria é reciclagem externa (86,67%), destinação para aterro industrial (33,33%) e também destinação para coprocessamento (26,67%). / Concerning the growing and effective worry for the environment with the use of non-renewable resources, the management of reusing and recycling, and not least, industrial waste generation has been the interest of research and projects. The footwear product uses in its manufacturing process several types of materials and natural resources, thus presenting as an interesting source of the use of environmental tools opportunities and case studies to reduce the environmental impacts generated by this production process. However, environmental gains achieved in production it has been overtaken by the negative impact of the considerable increase in footwear products demand for reflecting an increase of waste generation. To perform the environmental assessment and projection management of industry waste by evaluating lifecycle, this paper conducted a survey, by mapping and quantifying of industry waste to evaluate waste management opportunities. From a mapping and survey of industries located in the main footwear regions in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and its manufacturing process, there was the identification of the main materials used and waste generated, as well as its destination. From the data obtained from this survey, and also an analysis by a dismantling of shoe models available to inventory the materials used to build inventory was made of solid waste by means of block diagram with the main inputs, steps and outputs of the manufacturing process. To perform the evaluation of inventory life cycle (LCIA) considered a comprehensive analysis of the industry, in general scenarios of production, considering the information obtained from questionnaires applied in business, the analysis of data footwear and literature. As LCIA results, it was found that the female footwear manufacturing process made of leather results in waste of 28,6% of raw material and manufacturing the female shoe made of synthetic results in 18,1% of raw waste textile material. This data collection was used to build an inventory and to develop and LCIA, to identify and evaluate the environmental waste management opportunities for the footwear sector. As a result, it were observed the waste management opportunities through industry cooperatives, the need to emphasize the management in the raw materials use in order to minimize waste generation, to spread the idea of ecodesign for the manufacture of footwear to from the waste generated. There are studies and products using this trend promoting efforts with industry suppliers to ensure the environmental performance of footwear, the conscious use of natural resources and inputs. The results also show that the destination given to the industrial solid waste is most external recycling (86,67%), disposal to landfills (33,33%) and also destination for co-processing (26,67%).

Aluminium die casting is a process used to transform molten aluminium material into automotive gearbox housings, wheels and electronic components, among many other uses. It is used because it is a very efficient method of achieving near net shape with the required mechanical properties. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a technique used to determine the environmental impacts of a product or process. The Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) is the initial phase of an LCA and describes which emissions will occur and which raw materials are used during the life of a product or during a process. This study has improved the LCI technique by adding in manufacturing and other costs to the ISO standardised methods. Although this is not new, the novel application and allocation methods have been developed independently. The improved technique has then been applied to Aluminium High Pressure Die Casting. In applying the improved LCI to this process, the cost in monetary terms and environmental emissions have been determined for a particular component manufactured by this process. A model has been developed in association with an industry partner so this technique can be repeatedly applied and used in the prediction of costs and emissions. This has been tested with two different products. Following this, specialised LCA software modelling of the aluminium high pressure die casting process was conducted. The variations in the process have shown that each particular component will have different costs and emissions and it is not possible to generalise the process by modelling only one component. This study has concentrated on one process within die casting but the techniques developed can be used across any variations in the die casting process.

<p>Our common future involves many important challenges. People and nature need to improve the relationship in order to reach an ecologically sustainable development. In a society where consumption of products steadily increases, the consumer awareness about social and environmental issues connected to the products becomes an importent factor. More and more companies choose to work more actively with these issues and more and more products get labelled by some of the eco labelling organisations. From the cradle to the gate means that a study has been done on a part of a products life cycle. In this master thesis a pair of cotton trousers has been followed from the cotton field and through the manufacturing chain in order to sees how much resource that are connected to the cultivation and to the production. Methological approach has been Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) according to ISO 14040. The empirical material is collected in South India, in an area known for its intense cotton manufacturing. </p><p>Studies like this can be a good way of showing the environmental impacts of a certain product. LCI can for example work as a criterion for eco labelling, but the methodology could also support the overall environmental work in companies.</p>

L'analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) est une méthode très utilisée pour l'évaluation environnementale d'un système anthropique. Les spécialistes ont souligné l'absence de dimension temporelle comme une limitation. Les procédés de la technosphère sont dynamiques, ce qui conduirait à un inventaire de cycle de vie (ICV) dépendant du temps. Les mécanismes environnementaux impliqués dans la génération des impacts ont des caractéristiques dynamiques variées déterminant une manifestation temporelle spécifiques des impacts. Cependant, l’impact du cycle de vie (EICV) actuelles considère des modèles en conditions stationnaires et des horizons de temps arbitrairement fixés. L'objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer au développement d'une méthodologie opérationnelle et des outils adaptés pour la prise en compte du temps dans l'ACV, en accordant une importance au développement d'une approche de modélisation intégrée pour l’ICV et l’EICV. La première contribution de cette thèse concerne le développement d'une base de données temporelle, en s'appuyant sur la base de données ecoinvent, dans laquelle les paramètres temporels ont été attribués aux sets de données. Des indicateurs dynamiques pour le changement climatique et la toxicité ont été développés en adaptant les modèles disponibles et ils ont été mis en place dans un outil de calcul propre. L'approche de modélisation tient compte de la nature fluctuante des émissions des substances en fonction du temps calculées par le modèle d’ICV temporel DyPLCA. / Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a widely used method for the environmental evaluation of an anthropogenic system. However, LCA scholars pointed out the lack of a temporal dimension as a limitation. The processes of technosphere are dynamic which leads to a time dependent life cycle inventory (LCI). Environmental mechanisms involved in impact developments have distinct dynamic behaviors determining specific temporal occurrence. However, the current life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods consider arbitrarily fixed time horizons and/or steady state conditions. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the development of an operational methodology and adapted tools for the consideration of time dependency in LCA, with emphasis on the development of an integrated modelling solution for both the life cycle inventory and the life cycle impact assessment phases. The first contribution of this thesis concerns the development of a temporal data base, leaning against ecoinvent data base, in which temporal parameters have been attributed to the data sets. Dynamic climate change and toxicity impacts were developed by adapting available models and were implemented in a homemade computational tool. The modelling approach takes into account the noisy nature of substance emissions in function of time as calculated by DyPLCA temporal LCI model.

Ce travail est consacré au développement d’un couplage méthodologique entre la méthode d’Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV) et un logiciel de génie de procédés (Aspen Plus), en vue d’améliorer la qualité des données de l’Inventaire du Cycle de Vie (LCV) de la filière classique de production d’acier. La nouvelle approche développée est destinée à la réalisation de l’inventaire pour un système défini à partir de modèles physico-chimiques simplifiés. Ainsi, à l’aide du logiciel Aspen Plus, nous avons mis en oeuvre la modélisation de chaque sous-système considéré dans les frontières de la filière classique de production d’acier : cokerie, agglomération, haut fourneau, convertisseur et laminoir à chaud. L’approche de modélisation adoptée a été basée sur des considérations physiques et chimiques et sur des observations expérimentales à l’échelle industrielle et/ou à l’échelle pilote pour chaque sous-système. Les modèles permettent le calcul de la plupart des émissions engendrées par le système : CO2, CO, NO, SO2, COV, HCl, H2S, poussières et métaux lourds ainsi que des déchets. La validation des modèles a été faite par comparaison des résultats calculés avec des mesures expérimentales disponibles pour des sites industriels. De plus, le comportement des modèles a été testé en réalisant des simulations en utilisant une base de données "de référence" définie dans le cadre du projet européen ULCOS (Ultra Low CO2 Steelmaking). Il est montré que cette approche méthodologique assure le contrôle total du bouclage des bilans de matière et d’énergie du système, difficile à réaliser à partir des données provenant exclusivement de mesures industrielles et/ou de la littérature. De plus, le fait que les émissions soient calculées sur des considérations physicochimiques, conduit à donner une forte crédibilité à l’inventaire réalisé / This work was devoted to a new methodological framework, which combines the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method and the process simulation software (Aspen Plus), in order to improve the quality of data used for carrying out the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) of the classical steelmaking route. The new approach adopted in the present work, is to carry out the inventory of the defined system via simplified physical-chemical models. Using Aspen Plus software, we have developed simplified physical-chemical models for each of the subsystem defined by the boundaries of the classical steelmaking route: coking plant, sintering plant, blast furnace, basic oxygen furnace and hot rolling. The modelling strategy was based on physical and chemical considerations and on the experimental observations made on an industrial and/or a pilot scale for each subsystem.The models allow for calculation of the principal pollutants evolved by the system such as CO2, CO, NO, SO2, COV, HCl, H2S, dust, heavy metals and solid waste. The models validation was made by comparing the calculated results with experimental data given by the industrial sites. Furthermore, the maturity of the models was tested through simulations using data coming from the "benchmark" data base defined in the frame of ULCOS project (Ultra Low CO2 Steelmaking).Through the models simulation, it was proved that this methodological framework assures the total control of mass and heat balances of the system which is difficult to achieve when using only data from industry and/or literature. However, the fact that the emissions calculated within the models are based on physical-chemical considerations gives a strong credibility to the life cycle inventory

<p>A growing number of companies realise that to achieve their environmental goals and satisfy stakeholder expectations, they need to look beyond their own facilities and to involve their suppliers in environmental initiatives. A life cycle approach means that the production system should be optimised as whole, across national boarders and individual organisations taking part all the way from extraction to disposal. This study is a Life Cycle Inventory of resources used when producing a piece of cotton garment and the method is based on the standardisation series of ISO 14040-43. The area of study, Tamil Nadu the most southern state of India, accounts for more than 90% of India’s knitwear exports to Western Europe. The main conclusion is that the Life Cycle Inventory could bean appropriate method to be used within the textile industry but the main advantage may not be in solving problems but instead framing them in a distinctive way and making people aware of them. An approach that combines life cycle and sustainability concepts could be a way towards enhanced corporate responsibility.</p>