Submitted by Ana Carolina Dutra (anacadutra@gmail.com) on 2018-04-23T12:49:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Impactos ambientais de uma unidade agropecuária estimados pela avaliação do ciclo de vida.pdf: 1688085 bytes, checksum: 7dc15a80e79961a1b65e72cc0e1d384c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Bacalgini null (bruna@sorocaba.unesp.br) on 2018-04-23T13:54:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dutra_ac_me_soro.pdf: 1688085 bytes, checksum: 7dc15a80e79961a1b65e72cc0e1d384c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-23T13:54:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dutra_ac_me_soro.pdf: 1688085 bytes, checksum: 7dc15a80e79961a1b65e72cc0e1d384c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-27 / Com o passar dos anos, o desenvolvimento tecnológico e científico vem evoluindo rapidamente, levando a um aumento de consumo de matéria, recursos naturais e energia, além da geração de resíduos, emissões atmosféricas e efluentes. Dessa forma, políticas públicas e normas foram criadas para evitar, diminuir e mitigar impactos ambientais negativos resultantes de atividades antropogênicas. Nesse contexto, emergiu o pensamento do ciclo de vida, em que são analisados todos os impactos ambientais gerados por um processo ou produto desde a extração da matéria-prima até a disposição final. Como consequência, têm-se a ferramenta de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), a qual pode ser aplicada a inúmeros processos. Dessa forma, esse trabalho objetivou estimar os potenciais impactos ambientais gerados em uma unidade agropecuária multifuncional sob a perspectiva de ciclo de vida e a construção de um inventário de ciclo de vida (ICV) a partir dos aspectos ambientais pertinentes à unidade em estudo. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Divisão de Produção Rural (DPR) da Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo, em Araçoiaba da Serra, a partir de sua divisão em subsistemas de acordo com as funções desempenhadas. Utilizou-se o software SimaPro para a inserção do ICV, o qual possui bases de dados contendo diversos aspectos ambientais, para a construção do ciclo de vida e cálculo dos potenciais impactos ambientais pelo método Eco-Indicator 99(H). Dentre as atividades desenvolvidas (educação ambiental, conservação e reprodução animal, produção agrícola e atividades de cunho administrativos), teve-se que os impactos ambientais da produção agrícola representaram 65,2% dos impactos globais da unidade no ano de 2016, sendo a maior parte influenciada pelo transporte semanal de produtos agrícolas. Destacam-se ainda os impactos ambientais decorrentes do cenário de destino final de todas as atividades, correspondendo ao deslocamento de resíduos não reciclados, principalmente resíduo orgânico e embalagens do tipo isopor, somando 53% dos impactos globais e fazendo com que a categoria de impacto ambiental mais influenciada fosse a de consumo de combustíveis fósseis. Estimandose um cenário de melhoria, encontra-se na compostagem de resíduos orgânicos a chance de diminuição de cerca de 10,3% dos impactos ambientais existentes em relação ao cenário original. / Over the years, technological and scientific development has evolved rapidly, leading to an increase in the consumption of matter, natural resources and energy, as well as the generation of waste, atmospheric emissions and effluents. In this way, public policies and norms were created to avoid, decrease and mitigate negative environmental impacts resulting from anthropogenic activities. In this context, life cycle thinking has emerged, in which all the environmental impacts generated by a process or product, from extraction of the raw material to disposal of residuals, are analyzed. As a consequence, there is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), an environmental management tool applied to various processes. This work aimed to estimate the potential environmental impacts generated in a multifunctional agricultural unit under the life cycle perspective and the construction of a life cycle inventory (LCI) from relevant resources for the unit studied. This research was developed in the Division of Rural Production (DRP) of the São Paulo Zoo Foundation, in Araçoiaba da Serra, dividing the unit in subsystems according to its functions. The SimaPro software, which has databases of different environmental aspects, was used to insert the LCI, the construction of the life cycle and the calculation of the potential environmental impacts by the Eco-Indicator 99(H) method. Among the activities carried out (environmental education, animal conservation and breeding, agricultural production and administrative activities), environmental impacts of agricultural production accounted for 65.2% of the total impacts of the unit in 2016, mostly influenced by the weekly transport of agricultural products. The environmental impacts from the disposal scenario of all activities are also highlighted, accounting for 53% of the global impacts and corresponding to the displacement of non-recycled waste, mainly organic waste and styrofoam packaging, implying consumption of fossil fuels the most influenced impact category. Estimating an improvement scenario, the organic decomposition of organic waste can decrease about 10.3% of environmental impacts in relation to the original scenario.

Our common future involves many important challenges. People and nature need to improve the relationship in order to reach an ecologically sustainable development. In a society where consumption of products steadily increases, the consumer awareness about social and environmental issues connected to the products becomes an importent factor. More and more companies choose to work more actively with these issues and more and more products get labelled by some of the eco labelling organisations. From the cradle to the gate means that a study has been done on a part of a products life cycle. In this master thesis a pair of cotton trousers has been followed from the cotton field and through the manufacturing chain in order to sees how much resource that are connected to the cultivation and to the production. Methological approach has been Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) according to ISO 14040. The empirical material is collected in South India, in an area known for its intense cotton manufacturing. Studies like this can be a good way of showing the environmental impacts of a certain product. LCI can for example work as a criterion for eco labelling, but the methodology could also support the overall environmental work in companies.

L’agriculture urbaine représente une opportunité de réduire la pauvreté et d’améliorer la sécurité alimentaire des habitants des villes d’Afrique de l’Ouest. L’objectif général de cette thèse est de produire des données d’inventaire représentatives ainsi qu’une évaluation environnementale robuste de ces systèmes de production par la méthodologie Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV). Notre cas d’étude a été la tomate des jardins urbains au Bénin. Notre état de l’art nous a permis d’identifier que prendre en compte la diversité des systèmes de production et la variabilité des émissions au champ étaient deux enjeux majeurs de l’ACV des produits maraîchers. Nous avons donc développé un protocole de collecte de données basé sur la typologie qui prend en compte la diversité des systèmes puis mis au point une méthode d’estimation des flux d’azote au champ combinant un bilan d’azote et l’usage d’un modèle biophysique. Nous avons ainsi créé des inventaires pour 6 types de systèmes et une moyenne pondérée représentative de la population étudiée. L’analyse des performances agronomiques de ces systèmes a montré une forte variabilité des rendements et une utilisation fluctuante et souvent excessive d’engrais et de pesticides. L’exploration de la variabilité des flux d’azote à l’échelle de la parcelle et du cycle de culture a permis l’identification de 4 facteurs majeurs: les volumes d’eau d’irrigation, la dose d’azote, le pH du sol et la capacité au champ. A l’aide de scénarios favorables et défavorables aux émissions pour chacun de ces 4 facteurs, nous avons montré que leurs effets sur les résultats d’ACV étaient importants. L’intégration de ces données dans une ACV finalisée a montré qu’un hectare de production de tomate au Bénin était plus impactant que les productions maraichères Européennes. Les avantages du climat favorable du sud Bénin à la production de tomate en contre saison sont annulés par les faibles performances des systèmes d’irrigation, l’usage fréquent d’insecticides et d’importantes émissions azotées. Des données mesurées et des connaissances nouvelles sont nécessaires sur ces systèmes pour valider et affiner nos conclusions. / Urban agriculture provides opportunities to reduce poverty and ensure food safety for cities inhabitants in West Africa. The general objective of this thesis is producing representative inventories and a robust environmental assessment for those production systems using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. Our case study was the tomato production in urban gardens in Benin. Our state of the art identified the integration of the diversity of systems and the variability of field emissions as two major challenges for the LCA of vegetable products. We therefore developed a typology-based protocol to collect cropping systems data that includes their diversity and an approach combining a nitrogen budget and the use of a biophysical model to estimate nitrogen field emissions. We created inventories for 6 cropping system types and one weighted mean representative for the urban tomato growers in Benin. The analysis of the agronomical performances of these systems highlighted the important yield variability and the variable and often excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers. The investigation of nitrogen fluxes variability at plot and crop cycle scales led to the identification of 4 major influencing factors: water use, nitrogen input, soil pH and field capacity. Using favorable and unfavorable scenarios for nitrogen emissions for each of these 4 factors, we demonstrated that the LCA results were sensitive to their variations. The implementation of LCA using those contrasted data showed that one hectare of tomato production in Benin was more impacting than European vegetable productions. The benefits from the favorable climate for producing out-of-season tomatoes were hampered by the low efficiency of irrigations systems, the frequent use of insecticides and large nitrogen emissions. Measured data and new knowledge on these systems are needed to validate and refine our conclusions.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a widely used method for evaluating the environmental impacts of a product throughout its entire life cycle. As a decision-making tool, LCA allows decision-makers to identify the environmental hotspots in a product or process, and to explore opportunities for improvement. However, while LCA has many potentials, it also has several limitations that need to be considered. One of the main limitations of LCA is the difficulty in obtaining accurate data, particularly for the upstream and downstream stages of a product's life cycle. Another limitation is the challenge of interpreting the results, as LCA involves complex calculations and assumptions that can be difficult for non-experts to understand. Despite these limitations, LCA remains a valuable tool for informing decision-making, and efforts are being made to address these limitations through the development of standardized methods and improved data collection and interpretation techniques. This paper provides an overview of LCA as a decision-making tool in the context of vaccine manufacturing, its potential and limitations, and the current state of research in this field.

<p>Additive manufacturing (AM) can be an advantageous substitute to various traditional manufacturing techniques. Due to the ability to rapidly create products, AM has been traditionally used to prototype more efficiently. As the industry has progressed, however, use cases have gone beyond prototyping into production of complex parts with unique geometries. Amongst the most popular of AM processes is fused deposition modeling (FDM). FDM fabricates products through an extrusion technique where plastic filament is heated to the glass transition temperature and extruded layer by layer onto a build platform to construct the desired part. The purpose of this research is to elaborate on the potential of this technology, while considering environmental impact as it becomes more widespread throughout industry, research, and academia.</p> <p>Although AM consumes resources more conservatively than traditional methodologies, it is not free from having environmental impacts. Several studies have shown that additive manufacturing can affect human and environmental health by emitting particles of a dynamic size range into the surrounding environment during a print. To begin this study, chapters investigate emission profiles and characterization of emissions from FDM 3D printers with the intention of developing a better understanding of the impact from such devices. Background work is done to confirm the occurrence of particle emission from FDM using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic filament. An aluminum bodied 3D printer is enclosed in a chamber and placed in a Class 1 cleanroom where measurements are conducted using high temporal resolution electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI), scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), and optical particle sizer (OPS), which combined measure particles of a size range 6-500nm. Tests were done using the NIST standard test part and a honeycomb infill cube. Results from this study show that particle emissions are closely related to filament residence time in the extruder while less related to extruding speed. An initial spike of particle concentration is observed immediately after printing, which is likely a result of the long time required to heat the extruder and bed to the desired temperature. Upon conclusion of this study, it is theorized that particles may be formed through vapor condensation and coagulation after being released into the surrounding environment.</p> <p>With confirmation of FDM ultrafine particle emission at notable concentrations, an effort was consequently placed on diagnosing the primary cause of emission and energy consumption based on developed hypotheses. Experimental data suggests that particle emission is mainly the result of condensing and agglomerating semi-volatile organic compounds. The initial emission spike occurs when there is dripping of semi-liquid filament from the heated nozzle and/or residue left in the nozzle between prints; this supports the previously stated hypothesis regarding residence time. However, the study shows that while printing speed and material flow influence particle emission rate, the effects from these factors are relatively insignificant. Power profile analysis indicates that print bed heating and component temperature maintaining are the leading contributors to energy consumption for FDM printers, making time the primary variable driving energy input.</p> <p>To better understand the severity of FDM emissions, further investigation is necessary to diligence the makeup of the process output flows. By collecting exhaust discharge from a Makerbot Replicator 2x printing ABS filament and diffusing it through a type 1 water solution, we are able to investigate the chemical makeup of these compounds. Additional exploration is done by performing a filament wash to investigate emissions that may already be present before extrusion. Using solid phase micro-extraction, contaminants are studied using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) thermal desorption. Characterization of the collected emission offers more comprehensive knowledge of the environmental and human health impacts of this AM process.</p> <p>Classification of the environmental performance of various manufacturing technologies can be achieved by analyzing their input and output material, as well as energy flows. The unit process life cycle inventory (UPLCI) is a proficient approach to developing reusable models capable of calculating these flows. The UPLCI models can be connected to estimate the total material and energy consumption of, and emissions from, product manufacturing based on a process plan. The final chapter focuses on using the knowledge gained from this work in developing UPLCI model methodology for FDM, and applying it further to the second most widely used AM process: stereolithography (SLA). The model created for the FDM study considers material input/output flows from ABS plastic filament. Energy input/output flows come from the running printer, step motors, heated build plate, and heated extruder. SLA also fabricates parts layer by layer, but by the use of a photosensitive liquid resin which solidifies when cured under the exposure of ultraviolet light. Model material input/output flows are sourced from the photosensitive liquid resin, while energy input/output flows are generated from (i) the projector used as the ultraviolet light source and (ii) the step motors. As shown in this work, energy flow is mostly time dependent; material flows, on the other hand, rely more on the nature of the fabrication process. While a focus on FDM is asserted throughout this study, the developed UPLCI models show how conclusions drawn from this work can be applied to different forms of AM processes in future work.</p>

Les services de distribution d’eau utilisent différentes ressources (eaux de surface et eaux souterraines), y compris une utilisation accrue de ressources alternatives (eau dessalée, eau réutilisée, transferts d'eau entre bassins) pour alimenter les différents utilisateurs (domestiques, agricoles, industriels, etc.). La combinaison de ces ressources en eau avec des technologies (incluant infrastructures, fonctionnement et énergie) donne lieu à une combinaison régionale d'approvisionnement en eau (WSmix) pour chaque utilisation spécifique. Actuellement, les bases de données existantes d'inventaire du cycle de vie (ICV) utilisées en Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) ne proposent pas ce type de données relative aux WSmix régionalisées pour modéliser des processus. Ceci conduit à une représentation médiocre des systèmes d'approvisionnement en eau et des impacts environnementaux associés. Pour combler cette lacune, cette thèse développe (i) un cadre conceptuel cohérent de mix d'approvisionnement en eau (WSmix) pour la mise en oeuvre en ACV, (ii) une base de données opérationnelle incluant le mix de ressource en eau pour différents utilisateurs à l'échelle mondiale adossée à une matrice dite « technologique » associant chaque ressource à des technologies de production d'eau. Afin de tester en ACV l'opérationnalisation et l'applicabilité du mix WSmix à l'échelle mondiale et pour différents utilisateurs, le concept de WSmix est appliqué à deux exemples contrastés: un service (fourniture d’un m3 d’eau publique à la porte de l’utilisateur) et un produit global (production d’un kg maïs). Enfin, pour évaluer dans quelle mesure le WSmix sera affecté par les changements climatiques et socio-économiques, cette thèse propose le développement d'un WSmix Prospectif (P-WSmix) pour une mise en oeuvre pratique dans les études d'ACV et d'empreinte sur l'eau. / Water utilities draw different water sources (surface and groundwater), including increased use of alternative sources (e.g. desalinated water, reused water, inter-basin water transfers) to supply freshwater to different users (domestic, agriculture, etc.). The combination of water sources and technologies (including infrastructures and energy) results in a regional water supply mix (WSmix) for each specific use. Existing Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) databases used in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), do not include these mixes when modelling processes, leading to a poor representation of water supply systems and related environmental impacts. To fill this gap, this thesis developes 1) consistent water supply mix (WSmix) model for implementation in LCA, 2) a first database of water source mixes for different users at a global scale and a technological matrix linking water sources to water production technologies in order to operationalize the practical implementation of the WSmix in LCA studies. In order to test the operationalization and applicability of the WSmix at worldwide scale and for different users, this theseis also describes the operationalization and application of the WSmix for two different water users worldwide with two different approaches: providing a generic service (public water supply) and producing a global product (maize production). Finally, to evaluate to what extent the WSmix will be affected by climate and socio-economic changes in the future, this thesis describes the development of a Prospective WSmix (P-WSmix) for practical implementation in LCA and water footprint studies.

A Análise de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) tem se mostrado uma importante ferramenta de avaliação ambiental, devido à seu enfoque “sobre função", que permite considerar o desempenho ambiental de produtos, procedimento cada vez mais requerido por diversos atores sociais. Para que a ACV possa ser utilizada de modo amplo e confiável, faz-se necessário que se desenvolvam bases de dados regionalizadas, contendo Inventários de Ciclo de Vida (ICV) dos principais insumos usados pela sociedade- energia, matérias- primas,etc. O presente trabalho faz parte de uma projeto conduzido pelo GP2- Grupo de Prevenção da Poluição, da Escola Politécnica/ USP, de disponibilização de bases brasileiras para ACV, sendo dedicado especificamente à geração de eletricidade. Para permitir sua realização no âmbito de uma dissertação de mestrado, adotou-se como simplificação a geração de eletricidade na usina hidrelétrica de Itaipu, responsável em 2000 por 22,4% da eletricidade consumida no país. Para construir o ICV realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o uso da ACV em hidrelétricas, estabelecendo recomendações gerais. A seguir, estudou-se Itaipu quanto à sua obra civil e consumo de insumos na construção e operação por 100 anos, obtendo ao final um ICV com os aspectos ambientais mais significativos em termos da energia gerada (MWh). Neste contexto as fronteiras estabelecidas incluem: escavações e obras de terra; instalação e operação do canteiro de obras; transporte dos operários e de cimento, cinzas, aço estrutural e diesel para a obra; ciclo de vida do aço, cobre, cimento, diesel, óleos lubrificante e de transformador usados na barragem e equipamentos permanentes (considerando inclusive manutenção e substituição); e enchimento do reservatório. Com a discussão dos resultados pode-se demonstrar, além da importância do uso de dados homogêneos, que o ICV é extremamente sensível ao horizonte de análise (na verdade à energia gerada), o que confirma que a construção é a principal origem dos aspectos ambientais significativos. Outra conclusão é que cada hidrelétrica constitui um caso particular, não sendo possível atribuir valores típicos. No entanto, há indícios de que Itaipu, por seu alto fator de capacidade e potência instalada, possua um desempenho ambiental acima da média das hidrelétricas, principalmente no que se refere ao tempo de retorno da energia investida. As estimativas indicam que os processos que mais contribuem aos aspectos ambientais de hidrelétricas sejam: enchimento do reservatório; ciclo de vida do cimento e aço, e operação das máquinas de construção. As etapas de transporte parecem não ser de relevância, ao contrário do consumo de aço nos equipamentos permanentes. Em comparação com a geração termelétrica, as emissões atmosféricas e consumo de água do ciclo de vida de Itaipu se mostraram significativamente menores. No entanto há que se considerar que esta comparação se restringiu a estes aspectos. Ao final, conclui-se que resultados mais precisos sobre aspectos e processos de maior prioridade dependem da condução da etapa de Avaliação de Impactos da ACV, e portanto não se deve utilizar os resultados desta análise de inventário como único critério para tomada de decisões em planejamento energético. / The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been proven to be an important environmental assessment tool, mainly due to its “focus on function", which allows the consideration of the environmental performance of products, itself a proceeding that has been more and more requested by different social actors. However, for LCA to be widely and trustfully used, the development of local data bases containing Life Cycle Inventories (LCI) of the most used inputs (energy, raw materials, etc.) is necessary. The present thesis is part of a project conducted by GP2- Group of Pollution Prevention - Escola Politécnica/ USP, which aims to develop and make available a Brazilian LCA data base. Specifically, it focuses electricity generation. In order to allow this project to be concluded in a masters degree context, it was adopted as a simplification the electricity generation in Itaipu Hydropower Plant, responsible for 22,4% of Brazilian consumption in 2000. As a first step towards the elaboration of the LCI, a review on LCA use on hydropower plants was conducted, establishing general recommendations. On the following, Itaipu project was studied concerning its initial civil works and the materials consumption on construction and operation within a 100 year period, obtaining as a result a LCI with the most significant environmental burdens in terms of generated energy (MWh). The system boundaries on this context includes: excavations and other earthen works; building site installation and operation; transportation of: workers, cement, ashes, structural steel and diesel; life cycle of steel, copper, cement, diesel, lubricant oil and transformer oil used on the dam and permanent equipment; (including maintenance and substitution); and reservoir filling. The results demonstrate, besides the importance of data homogeneity, that the LCI is extremely sensitive to the considered lifetime, which confirms that the construction phase is the main source of environmental burdens. Another important conclusion is that each hydropower plant is a particular case, and it is not possible to establish typical values for the environmental burdens. However there is an indication that Itaipu has a better environmental performance than other plants, mainly on respect to the energy pay back period, due to its high capacity factor and installed power. According to the estimates, the process which most contributes to the environmental burdens of hydropower plants life cycle are: reservoir filling; steel and cement life cycle; and operation of construction machines. Transport activities are of no relevance, however the steel consumption on permanent equipment is. Compared to thermal power, hydropower life cycle air emissions and water consumption are shown to be significantly lower. This comparison indeed is restricted only to this burdens. Finally, recommendations are presented, in the spirit of refining boundaries in the following studies, and the objectives attained are commented. It should be highlighted that all hypothesis and calculations are located in the Annex volume, being just referenced on the main text.

A Análise de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) tem se mostrado uma importante ferramenta de avaliação ambiental, devido à seu enfoque “sobre função”, que permite considerar o desempenho ambiental de produtos, procedimento cada vez mais requerido por diversos atores sociais. Para que a ACV possa ser utilizada de modo amplo e confiável, faz-se necessário que se desenvolvam bases de dados regionalizadas, contendo Inventários de Ciclo de Vida (ICV) dos principais insumos usados pela sociedade- energia, matérias- primas,etc. O presente trabalho faz parte de uma projeto conduzido pelo GP2- Grupo de Prevenção da Poluição, da Escola Politécnica/ USP, de disponibilização de bases brasileiras para ACV, sendo dedicado especificamente à geração de eletricidade. Para permitir sua realização no âmbito de uma dissertação de mestrado, adotou-se como simplificação a geração de eletricidade na usina hidrelétrica de Itaipu, responsável em 2000 por 22,4% da eletricidade consumida no país. Para construir o ICV realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o uso da ACV em hidrelétricas, estabelecendo recomendações gerais. A seguir, estudou-se Itaipu quanto à sua obra civil e consumo de insumos na construção e operação por 100 anos, obtendo ao final um ICV com os aspectos ambientais mais significativos em termos da energia gerada (MWh). Neste contexto as fronteiras estabelecidas incluem: escavações e obras de terra; instalação e operação do canteiro de obras; transporte dos operários e de cimento, cinzas, aço estrutural e diesel para a obra; ciclo de vida do aço, cobre, cimento, diesel, óleos lubrificante e de transformador usados na barragem e equipamentos permanentes (considerando inclusive manutenção e substituição); e enchimento do reservatório. Com a discussão dos resultados pode-se demonstrar, além da importância do uso de dados homogêneos, que o ICV é extremamente sensível ao horizonte de análise (na verdade à energia gerada), o que confirma que a construção é a principal origem dos aspectos ambientais significativos. Outra conclusão é que cada hidrelétrica constitui um caso particular, não sendo possível atribuir valores típicos. No entanto, há indícios de que Itaipu, por seu alto fator de capacidade e potência instalada, possua um desempenho ambiental acima da média das hidrelétricas, principalmente no que se refere ao tempo de retorno da energia investida. As estimativas indicam que os processos que mais contribuem aos aspectos ambientais de hidrelétricas sejam: enchimento do reservatório; ciclo de vida do cimento e aço, e operação das máquinas de construção. As etapas de transporte parecem não ser de relevância, ao contrário do consumo de aço nos equipamentos permanentes. Em comparação com a geração termelétrica, as emissões atmosféricas e consumo de água do ciclo de vida de Itaipu se mostraram significativamente menores. No entanto há que se considerar que esta comparação se restringiu a estes aspectos. Ao final, conclui-se que resultados mais precisos sobre aspectos e processos de maior prioridade dependem da condução da etapa de Avaliação de Impactos da ACV, e portanto não se deve utilizar os resultados desta análise de inventário como único critério para tomada de decisões em planejamento energético. / The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been proven to be an important environmental assessment tool, mainly due to its “focus on function”, which allows the consideration of the environmental performance of products, itself a proceeding that has been more and more requested by different social actors. However, for LCA to be widely and trustfully used, the development of local data bases containing Life Cycle Inventories (LCI) of the most used inputs (energy, raw materials, etc.) is necessary. The present thesis is part of a project conducted by GP2- Group of Pollution Prevention - Escola Politécnica/ USP, which aims to develop and make available a Brazilian LCA data base. Specifically, it focuses electricity generation. In order to allow this project to be concluded in a masters degree context, it was adopted as a simplification the electricity generation in Itaipu Hydropower Plant, responsible for 22,4% of Brazilian consumption in 2000. As a first step towards the elaboration of the LCI, a review on LCA use on hydropower plants was conducted, establishing general recommendations. On the following, Itaipu project was studied concerning its initial civil works and the materials consumption on construction and operation within a 100 year period, obtaining as a result a LCI with the most significant environmental burdens in terms of generated energy (MWh). The system boundaries on this context includes: excavations and other earthen works; building site installation and operation; transportation of: workers, cement, ashes, structural steel and diesel; life cycle of steel, copper, cement, diesel, lubricant oil and transformer oil used on the dam and permanent equipment; (including maintenance and substitution); and reservoir filling. The results demonstrate, besides the importance of data homogeneity, that the LCI is extremely sensitive to the considered lifetime, which confirms that the construction phase is the main source of environmental burdens. Another important conclusion is that each hydropower plant is a particular case, and it is not possible to establish typical values for the environmental burdens. However there is an indication that Itaipu has a better environmental performance than other plants, mainly on respect to the energy pay back period, due to its high capacity factor and installed power. According to the estimates, the process which most contributes to the environmental burdens of hydropower plants life cycle are: reservoir filling; steel and cement life cycle; and operation of construction machines. Transport activities are of no relevance, however the steel consumption on permanent equipment is. Compared to thermal power, hydropower life cycle air emissions and water consumption are shown to be significantly lower. This comparison indeed is restricted only to this burdens. Finally, recommendations are presented, in the spirit of refining boundaries in the following studies, and the objectives attained are commented. It should be highlighted that all hypothesis and calculations are located in the Annex volume, being just referenced on the main text.

Inom sjukvården används – precis som överallt där människor sover – sängkläder av hygienskäl. Problem med smittspridningar av typen multiresistenta bakterier (MRSA) och spridning av andra sjukdomar har drivit företag som Cellcomb i Karlstad AB till att utveckla engångssängkläder för att förhindra detta. Engångssängkläderna är skyddade av en biofilm som ska ge ökat skydd mot bakterier och fungerar som en barriär så att inte vätska tränger igenom. Problemet är att det inte finns mycket till underlag för hur engångssängkläderna står sig mot vanliga sängkläder ur miljösynpunkt. I dagsläget använder sjukhus traditionella sängkläder till sina patienter och sedan transporteras dessa till tvätteri och tvättas. Att tvätta och torka sängkläder är energikrävande och ett alternativ till detta skulle kunna vara att använda engångssängkläder. En förenklad LCA gjordes för att ta reda på om sängkläder tillverkade av bomull och polyester eller engångssängkläder tillverkade av polypropylen alternativt viskosmaterialet Tencel är det mest miljövänliga. För att ta reda på det gjordes studiebesök och data samlades in genom en litteraturstudie och från företag. Resultaten visade att i ett grundfall med Centralsjukhuset i Karlstad var energianvändningen för de tvättbara sängkläderna lägre än Tencel och försumbart lägre än polypropylen. Flera fall med känslighetsanalyser gjordes för att undersöka hur indata påverkade resultaten. Fallen visade att det kan variera vilket av alternativen som blir mest gynnsamt, framför allt när det gäller vilken typ av energi tvätteriet använder. Engångssängkläderna av Tencel visade sig vara bäst när det gällde andel förnybar energi följt av de tvättbara sängkläderna och sist polypropylen. Ur ett ekotoxicitets- och vattenanvändningsperspektiv blev båda engångssängkläderna mer gynnsamma än de tvättbara sängkläderna. Två slutsatser kan dras utifrån den här studien: de tre alternativen är likvärdiga energimässigt utifrån energianvändning, andel förnybar energi och de fallstudier som gjorts, men att engångssängkläderna står sig bättre när det gäller ekotoxicitet samt vattenanvändning. Den andra slutsatsen är att resultaten är fallberoende. En utökad studie skulle kunna göras med fler viktiga miljöparametrar och fler känslighetsanalyser. / In healthcare – as in any other place where people sleep – beddings are used for hygiene reasons. Problems with spreading of bacteria diseases such as multi resistant bacteria (MRSA) and various other diseases have pushed companies like Cellcomb i Karlstad AB to develop disposable beddings in order to prevent this. These disposable beddings are protected with a biofilm which serves as a barrier, preventing liquids to pass through. The problem is that there is not much information about how these beddings perform from an environmental perspective. At present, hospitals are using traditional beddings for their patients and are then transported to laundries for washing. This is an energy intensive process and as an alternative, disposable beddings could be used. A simplified LCA was used to find out if beddings made out of cotton and polyester or disposable beddings made out of polypropylene or a viscose material called Tencel was the most favourable from an environmental perspective. To achieve this, various study visits were performed along with a literature study and data collection from companies. The results showed that for a basic case performed with Centralsjukhuset i Karlstad the washable beddings used less energy than Tencel and negligibly less energy than polypropylene. Several case studies were performed in order to examine how different data could alter the results. The case studies showed that which of the alternatives became the most favourable varied depending on the case, especially regarding which kind of energy was being used in the laundry. The disposable beddings made out of Tencel proved to be the best alternative regarding the use of renewable energy, followed by the washable beddings and last polypropylene. From a perspective of eco toxicity and water use both of the disposable beddings turned out more favourable. Two conclusions could be drawn from this study: the alternatives are equally favourable regarding energy use, renewable energy use and the case studies that were performed, but the disposable beddings are more preferable concerning eco toxicity and water use. The second conclusion is that the results depend on which case is studied. An expanded study could be performed using more environmental parameters.

Die vorliegende Ausgabe beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema „Erstellung einer Sachbilanz-Studie und Modellierung des Lebensweges von Operationstextilien". Das Ergebnis der Sachbilanz ist, dass die Mehrwegtextilien, im Vergleich zu den Einwegtextilien, einen geringeren Stoff- und Energiefluss erzeugen. Die Modellierung der Lebenszyklen ist in der Software Umberto vorgenommen. Sie visualisiert die Stoffflüsse zwischen den einzelnen Modulen des Lebensweges sehr gut. Es konnte verdeutlicht werden, dass der Wasserfluss der mengenmäßig größte Stoffstrom ist. Die größten Wasserverbräuche werden bei den Mehrwegtextilien in der Wäscherei und der Textilveredlung getätigt; bei den Einwegtextilien sind dies hingegen die Textilveredlung und die Kunststoffherstellung. Als Ergebnis der gesamten Überlegungen wird festgehalten, dass die erstellte Sachbilanz einen guten Hinweis auf die Umweltverträglichkeit der OP-Textilien gibt. Eine anschließende Ökobilanz, aufbauend auf den gewonnenen Daten, könnte die ermittelten Ergebnisse bestätigen.