L'analyse statique est utilisée pour vérifier de manière formelle qu'un programme ne fait pas d'erreurs, mais un analyseur statique est lui même un programme complexe sujet aux erreurs. Une analyse statique formalisée comme un interpreteur abstrait peut être prouvée correcte, cependant un telle preuve ne porte pas directement sur l'implementation de l'analyseur. Pour résoudre cette difficultée, nous proposons de générer des conditions de vérification (VCs, des formules logiques valides seulement si le résultat de l'analyseur est correct), et de les décharger à l'aide d'un prouveur de théorèmes automatique (ATP). Les VCs générées appartiennent à la logic du premier ordre multi-sortée (MSFOL), une logique utilisée avec succés en vérification déductive, suffisament expressive pour encoder les résultats d'analyses complexes et pour formaliser la sémantique operationnelle d'un langage objet, ce qui nous permet de prouver la correction des VCs générées à l'aide d'outils de vérification deductive. Pour assurer que les VCs puissent être déchargée automatiquement pour des analyses du tas, nous introduisons un calcul de VCs appartenant à un fragment décidable de MSFOL, et afin de pouvoir utiliser le même calcul pour différentes analyses, nous décrivons une famille d'analyses à l'aide d'une fonction de concretisation et d'un instrumentation de la sémantique paramétrées. Pour améliorer la fiabilité des ATPs, nous étudions aussi la certification de résultat des proveurs de satisfiabilité modulo théories, une famille d'ATPs dédiée à MSFOL. Nous proposons un système de preuve et un vérifieur modulaires, qui s'appuient sur des vérifieur dédiés aux théories sous-jacentes. / Static program analysis is a core technology for both verifying and finding errors in programs but most static analyzers are complex pieces of software that are not without error. A Static analysis formalised as an abstract interpreter can be proved sound, however such proofs are significantly harder to do on the actual implementation of an analyser. To alleviate this problem we propose to generate Verification Conditions (VCs, formulae valid only if the results of the analyser are correct) and to discharge them using an Automated Theorem Prover (ATP). We generate formulae in Many-Sorted First-Order Logic (MSFOL), a logic that has been successfully used in deductive program verification. MSFOL is expressive enough to describe the results of complex analyses and to formalise the operational semantics of object-oriented languages. Using the same logic for both tasks allows us to prove the soundness of the VC generator using deductive verification tools. To ensure that VCs can be automatically discharged for complex analyses of the heap, we introduce a VC calculus that produces formulae belonging to a decidable fragment of MSFOL. Furthermore, to be able to certify different analyses with the same calculus, we describe a family of analyses with a parametric concretisation function and instrumentation of the semantics. To improve the reliability of ATPs, we also studied the result certification of Satisfiability Modulo Theory solvers, a family of ATPs dedicated to MSFOL. We propose a modular proof-system and a modular proof-verifier programmed and proved correct in Coq, that rely on exchangeable verifiers for each of the underlying theories.

Le nombre toujours croissant d'entreprises certifiées ISO 9001, le souhait de plusieurs d'entre elles de s'engager dans un management par la qualité totale (TQM), et la nouvelle édition 2000 des normes ISO 9000, qui intègre explicitement plusieurs des principes du TQM, soulèvent un questionnement très actuel : une certification ISO 9001 prédispose-t-elle l'organisation à une mise en oeuvre du TQM, et sous quelles conditions ? Pour les entreprises certifiées, cette mise en oeuvre soulève en fait une double problématique : celle des dilemmes managériaux auxquels sont confrontées les firmes lors d'une démarche TQM, et qui expliquent les nombreuses constatations empiriques d'échecs ; celle du continuum entre normalisation relative à la qualité et TQM, à propos duquel des points de vue opposés émergent de la littérature. Au moyen d'un cadre conceptuel issu des théories des organisations et du paradigme de la stratégie centrée sur les ressources, cette thèse conduit à proposer un modèle pour une transition réussie entre certification et management par la qualité totale. Un test de ce modèle auprès de 139 entreprises certifiées permet de mettre en évidence l'existence de relations significatives entre la conception du dirigeant relative au TQM, les motivations et pratiques de certification, et finalement le positionnement de l'entreprise certifiée par rapport au TQM.

This eassy assesses the recent trend of transnational private governance by analyzing the multiple functions and impacts of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), one of the most representative institutions in global environmental governance. After clarifying the general context of global governance, civil society and the rise of transnational private certifying, this article compares different interactive processes between the FSC and the government. This article concludes different patterns of how the FSC interacts with a country. Moreover, by interviewing the enterprises in Taiwan, this article sums up how the FSC crosses over the nation borders and achieves transnational governance through private certification.

The purpose of this mixed method study was to examine teacher self efficacy and culturally responsive self efficacy of in-service Hispanic teachers teaching in high priority schools which serve large percentages of students of color with respect to the teachers' route to certification (alternative or traditional). This study also personal narratives to explore highly effective both alternatively and traditionally certified inservice teachers. The three guiding research questions for this mixed method study were: 1. What are teacher efficacy beliefs of alternatively certified teachers and traditionally certified Hispanic teachers who work in high priority schools serving Hispanic students? 2. What are culturally responsive beliefs of alternative certified teachers and traditionally certified Hispanic teachers who work in high priority schools serving Hispanic students? 3. What are the voices of highly effective alternative certified teachers and traditionally certified Hispanic teachers who work in high priority schools serving Hispanic students?Participants in the quantitative portion of the study were 90 middle and high school in-service teachers teaching in high priority schools in the Texas/Mexico borderlands of South Texas. The participants (N=4) in the qualitative portion of the study were purposively drawn from the quantitative participants. Findings of the study were derived from the use of two questionnaires (Teacher Self Efficacy Scale & Culturally Responsive Teacher Self Efficacy Scale) and an in-depth semi-structured interview with four participant in-service teachers. The major findings in this study were: 1. There are no significant differences in teacher self efficacy between alternatively certified teachers and traditionally certified teachers. 2. There are no significant differences in culturally responsive teacher self efficacy between alternatively certified teachers and traditionally certified teachers. 3. Sample population of Hispanic teachers scored themselves as having high teacher self efficacy and culturally responsive self efficacy. 4. The themes from teachers participating in the narrative portion of the study were: (a) high levels of teacher expectations, (b) effective school/parent relationships, (c) effective use of previous work experience, (d) utilization of the funds of knowledge of the students, (e) effective teacher/student connection, and (f) consistent use of self reflection.

This study was conducted to examine the availability of certified timber products in the consumer market in Hong Kong and the popularity of FSC timber products in the Hong Kong consumer market. Consumers’ level of environmental friendliness; their view of the use of timber to the environment; the factors affecting their choice of timber for household renovation; their awareness on the term “FSC” and the kind of FSC products they are aware of; consumers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) and WTP premium level for FSC products in Hong Kong, are studied. Moreover, the effectiveness of various kinds of marketing and promotion techniques FSC could adopt in Hong Kong, are reviewed. Site investigations to the “renovation streets” in Wanchai and Mongkok were carried out and it is found that a high percentage of wooden floorings shops (79% in Wanchai and 77% in Mongkok) carry products with the timber certification logos (FSC and/or PEFC). Despite this significant percentage of shops carrying products with the timber certification logos, it is also found that there is generally a lack of awareness amongst the shopkeepers on the FSC labels/logos that are shown on their products. For the online questionnaire survey, a total of 146 questionnaires werecollected and the study revealed that 25% of the respondents areaware of the term “FSC”. While 80% of the participants thought that the use of timber products for flooring and furniture for household renovation have an adverse impact to the natural environment, the impact to the environment is not the main factor that will affect people's purchase decision. The majority of respondents (68%) indicated that they “Only generally aware of the term ‘FSC timber products’ or equivalent terms” and FSC paper is the major kind of FSC products they have heard of. For the WTP for a premium for FSC timber products, 47% of the respondents agree with a premium; the majority of respondents (72%) opted for a 0-10% WTP premium with a mean premium WTP level of 9.06%. Based on the literature review and study, it could be concluded that the awareness of the FSC certifications, together with the availability of FSC certified timber products in the consumer market, are the keys to create market demand for FSC products. And it could be done via efforts from environmental NGOs by persuading businesses to choose certified timber products and educating consumers to raise their awareness of FSC products. Together with efforts from FSC to be more proactive via online media as well as creating new labels for retailers, it is hoped that the popularity of FSC products in Hong Kong could be enhanced. / published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

The aim of this thesis was to undertake an evaluation of the United Kingdom Coaching Certification (UKCC) and discuss the implications for current and future designs of the programme. This study extends and expands the research that has previously evaluated coach education programmes by examining the participants’ perceptions of the programme and its impact on their competency. The study draws on Lyle’s (2010) monitoring and evaluation model and examines the relevance, fidelity and effectiveness of the UKCC. The broad research approach was a pre-post methodology utilising multiple methods of data collection and analysis. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed in the form of focus groups, reflective journals and surveys. Four UKCC sports in Scotland were involved in the study and these were rugby, squash, swimming and triathlon. Data was collected at 10 UKCC courses (levels 1-3) and a total of 136 participants were sampled. The study’s main conclusions regarding the relevance, fidelity and effectiveness of the UKCC were as follows. Relevance: At level one the UKCC appeared to play a big part in the participants’ initial development as a coach whereas at level two and three the UKCC played a smaller role in the participants’ development and instead these participants placed importance on their informal learning. The UKCC fulfilled the participants’ expectations however they believed it needed to provide more technical and sport science knowledge, practical coaching experience, and opportunities to learn from others. Fidelity: The importance of informal learning was emphasised by the participants. The participants believed that informal methods, such as learning from others and learning from practical experience, were effective ways to learn. A negative of the UKCC was that it was a rushed learning environment. Effectiveness: The UKCC had a positive impact on the participants’ perceptions of competency as post course competency was significantly higher than pre-course competency. Despite this significant impact, participants still only rated themselves as moderately competent at the end of the course and indicated they needed more technical knowledge and practical experience. Based on these findings, a number of implications were provided for the UKCC. Implications were provided in three areas: the structure of the UKCC, the delivery of the UKCC, and the role of the UKCC within overall coach development.

Šio darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti pagrindines FSC standarto poveikio sritis. Tikslui pasiekti buvo apklausos Lietuvos valstybinės miškų urėdijos, kaip pagrindinis sertifikavimo objektas. Didesniam analizės patikimumui pasiekti buvo atlikta ir pilotinė girininkijų apklausa. Šių apklausų rezultatai buvo lyginami ir analizuojami. Norint giliau ištirti sertifikavimo poveikį išorinėms suinteresuotosioms grupėms buvo apklausti keturių numatytų grupių atstovai. Apklausų rezultatai susisteminti ir apibendrinti. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, jog sertifikavimas nepadarė žymaus poveikio miškų valdymui. Urėdijų ir girininkijų darbuotojai atsakymai buvo panašūs. Daugiausiai žymesnių teigiamų pokyčių buvo nustatyta socialinėje srityje. Aukščiausiai teigiamai įvertinti klausimai buvo susiję su lengvai pastebimais, išmatuojamais ir palyginamais pokyčiais. Sudėtingesni ir sunkiau pastebimi pokyčiai buvo įvertinti beveik neutraliai. Pvz.: “Valstybinių miškų rūšinė sudėtis”. Tai gali būti siejama su miško ekosistemų specifika. Ekonominių pokyčių vertinimo analizė atskleidė, jog po sertifikavimo urėdijos prekių kaina ir paklausa pakito labai nežymiai. Ekonominės paskatos yra pagrindinis sertifikavimą skatinantis veiksnys, tad galima teigti, jog Lietuvoje miško savininkai yra silpnai skatinami sertifikuoti savo valdas. Sertifikavimo poveikio skirtingoms suinteresuotosioms grupėms analizė parodė, jog reikšmingai skiriasi valstybinių ir privačių grupių atstovų nuomonės. Privačių organizacijų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this paper is to analyze the main impacts of the FSC. In order to achieve this goal, the survey was the Lithuanian state forest enterprises as the main subject of the certification. For added reliability analysis was performed to achieve the rangers and the pilot survey. The survey results were compared and analyzed. To further investigate the impact of certification on external stakeholders were interviewed by the four groups. Structured interviews and summarized results. The study found that the certification had no significant effect on forest management. Enterprises and district staff responses were similar. The most significant positive changes were found in the social sphere. Extra points were assessed positively associated with easily discernible, measurable and comparable developments. The more complex and more difficult to assess changes were evaluated as almost neutral. For example. "State forest composition”. This can be attributed to the specifics of forest ecosystems. Economic impact analysis revealed that after certification of enterprises, and the price of goods and demand has changed very slightly. Economic incentives are a key factor leading to certification, so it can be stated that Lithuanian owners are not encouraged to certify their holdings. The certification effect analysis of different stakeholders showed the significant differences between public and private groups opinion. The Private organizations were less active and the means of... [to full text]

Syftet med denna rapport har varit att redogöra för och analysera gällande rätt på internationell nivå, EU-nivå och nationell nivå och att undersöka de styrmedel som verkar för att motverka överfiske. Uppsatsens utgångspunkt har varit att den biologiska mångfalden ska främjas i enlighet med CBD. Det övergripande syftet har varit att undersöka om det förekommer sådana brister som motverkar att konventionens mål uppfylls och att identifiera vilka styrmedel som saknas i dagsläget. En rättsvetenskaplig och jämförande metod har använts. Materialet har främst införskaffats från rättskällor såsom författningar, förarbeten, doktrin samt praxis när detta varit relevant, men även webbaserad information från relevanta myndigheter och organisationer. Havet är en unik resurs genom att dess tillgångar typiskt sett är allmänna, vilket kräver styrmedel som skapar incitament till att vårda havets resurser väl och därmed förhindra att allmänningarnas tragedi uppstår. Resultatet visade att förbättringar har skett sedan EU:s gemensamma fiskeripolitik reformerades 2014, men att det ännu finns förbättringsområden.

Depuis plusieurs années, le secteur de l’énergie subit des changements importants. La prise de conscience du réchauffement climatique, la volonté d’introduire un mix énergétique permettant de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, mais aussi la raréfaction des sources d’énergies fossiles, tendent à favoriser la production d’électricité à partir d’énergies renouvelables. Les « microgrids » ou micro­réseaux électriques sont une de ces opportunités de nouveaux marchés, sur lequel souhaite se positionner fortement Schneider Electric.Les microgrids sont des versions à échelles réduites d’un réseau national, comportant des objectifs particuliers comme la sécurisation de l’énergie, la baisse d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre, etc. Ils sont composés de diverses sources de puissance : renouvelable (PV ; éolien, etc.), générateurs diesel, mais aussi de stockage et de consommateurs. Ils peuvent être connectés à un réseau principale, ou îlotés. Les microgrids îlotés étant intrinsèquement composés de producteurs à base d’énergie renouvelable et donc de convertisseurs statiques, l’inertie naturelle du réseau est très faible, comparée à celle d’un réseau classique composé de machine tournante. Dans ce type de configuration, un appel de charge, une baisse soudaine de production due à l’intermittence de certaines énergies, peut déstabiliser le réseau et créer des réactions en chaîne aboutissant à une perte totale du réseau.Parmi les marchés visés des microgrid, celui des îles, dont le réseau électrique est majoritairement assuré par des groupes électrogènes, présente l’objectif attirant d’améliorer une base existante en ajoutant des sources renouvelables à la production. Ces réseaux font face à de fortes contraintes de communication qui peut être difficile à établir, voir non existante. Ainsi, les commandes conventionnelles d’un microgrid ne permettent pas de répondre à la problématique présentée.Les travaux se résument en quatre étapes principales, dans un premier temps, différents modèles de simulations des sous-systèmes seront définis pour répondre à la problématique.Ces modèles serviront ensuite à la définition des lois de contrôle-commande d’un microgrid décentralisé à communication limité, et permettront, entre autres, de comparer les performances d’un tel contrôle avec un contrôle centralisé classique.La troisième étape de la thèse présentera la certification probabiliste des algorithmes décentralisés, afin d’assurer les performances souhaitées.Enfin, les travaux se termineront par des résultats de simulation et une phase d’expérimentation réelle, avec la mise en place d’un microgrid d’une puissance totale de 100kW, pour valider le fonctionnement des algorithmes. / Since many years, the energy sector is undergoing significant changes. Awareness of global warming, the objective to use reduce greenhouse gas but also the scarcity of fossil energy, encourage the world to promote the use of more and more renewable energies. Electric microgrid are one of the opportunities new market on which Schneider Electric wants to launch.Microgrid are a scaled-down version of a national grid with specific objectives such as energy security, lower greenhouse gas emissions and so on. They are composed of several renewable sources (photovoltaic, wind for example), generators set, but also storage and consumers. They can be connected to a main grid or islanded. Since islanded microgrid are intrinsically composed of renewable producers with static converters, the natural grid inertia is particularly low compared to that of a classic grid with rotating machine. With this consideration, a load impact or a sudden drop of production due to renewable intermittency can destabilize the network and create chain reactions leading to a total grid blackout.Among the microgrids target markets, island whose electricity production is mostly provided by generators set presents the objective of improving an existing grid by adding renewable sources to production. These grid face strong communication constraints which can be difficult to establish, unreliable or non-existent. Thus, conventional microgrid commands do not allow to answer the presented problem.Objective of this thesis is to design the control algorithms of islanded microgrid without communication to ensure both frequency stability and to maximize renewable energy use.The presented work can be summarized in four main stages. First, several simulation models of microgrid subsystem will be defined for islanded microgrid analysis.These models will then be used to define control laws of a decentralized microgrid without communication. They will be used, inter alia, to compare performances of this decentralized control with a conventional centralized control.The third stage of the thesis will present the probabilistic certification of the decentralized algorithms in order to guarantee the desired performance.Finally, the work will end with simulation results and a real experimentation phase with the test on a 100 kVA microgrid to validate operation of algorithms.

La vaste dispersion des prix et la grande variété des produits sur le marché du vin suscite un intérêt grandissant au sein de la communauté des économistes. Justement, les acteurs de ce marché sont en demande de nouveaux outils économiques pour comprendre les mutations récentes, dont la multiplication des experts influents et l'accélération de l'intégration des régions vinicoles à l'économie mondiale. Cette thèse se place au croisement des intérêts des économistes et des professionnels du vin en développant de nouvelles méthodes statistiques pour l'étude et la mesure de l'influences des déterminants des prix du vin. Chacun des quatre chapitres qui la compose propose une innovation méthodologique dont l'intérêt est illustré par une application empirique sur des données originales du marché des vins de Bordeaux. Le premier chapitre s'appuie sur des données météorologiques pour isoler la composante subjective des notes de dégustation et évaluer l'influence des critiques sur les prix de détail. Le deuxième chapitre introduit une méthode d'échelonnage pour comparer les scores de qualité estimés par plusieurs sources. Le troisième chapitre estime l'impact des médailles obtenues aux concours vinicoles sur les prix payés aux producteurs. Le quatrième et dernier chapitre compile une base de données exhaustive sur les déterminants macroéconomiques des fluctuations du marché Bordelais pour établir un modèle opérationnel de prévision des cours des vins par appellation d'origine contrôlée. / The price dispersion and the variety of products on the wine market has attracted an increasing interest from the economists community. On the other end, the agents of this market require new economic tools to understand the recent evolutions, such as the multiplication of influential experts and the accelerating integration of the wine regions in the global economy. This dissertation aligns the interests of economists and wine professionals by developing new methods for the study and the impact measurement of wine prices determinants. Each of the four chapters constituting this thesis introduces a specific methodological innovation and illustrates its benefits with an empirical application using novel data on the Bordeaux wine market. The first chapter builds on weather data to identify the subjective component of tasting grades and assess the influence of experts on retail prices. The second chapter proposes a scaling method to compare quality scores among different sources. The third chapter estimates the causal impact of the obtention of a medal at wine competitions on the prices paid to producers. The fourth and last chapter assembles a comprehensive database on macro-level determinants of the fluctuations of the Bordeaux wine market to build an operational forecasting model of the average prices by protected appellation of origin.