La vaste dispersion des prix et la grande variété des produits sur le marché du vin suscite un intérêt grandissant au sein de la communauté des économistes. Justement, les acteurs de ce marché sont en demande de nouveaux outils économiques pour comprendre les mutations récentes, dont la multiplication des experts influents et l'accélération de l'intégration des régions vinicoles à l'économie mondiale. Cette thèse se place au croisement des intérêts des économistes et des professionnels du vin en développant de nouvelles méthodes statistiques pour l'étude et la mesure de l'influences des déterminants des prix du vin. Chacun des quatre chapitres qui la compose propose une innovation méthodologique dont l'intérêt est illustré par une application empirique sur des données originales du marché des vins de Bordeaux. Le premier chapitre s'appuie sur des données météorologiques pour isoler la composante subjective des notes de dégustation et évaluer l'influence des critiques sur les prix de détail. Le deuxième chapitre introduit une méthode d'échelonnage pour comparer les scores de qualité estimés par plusieurs sources. Le troisième chapitre estime l'impact des médailles obtenues aux concours vinicoles sur les prix payés aux producteurs. Le quatrième et dernier chapitre compile une base de données exhaustive sur les déterminants macroéconomiques des fluctuations du marché Bordelais pour établir un modèle opérationnel de prévision des cours des vins par appellation d'origine contrôlée. / The price dispersion and the variety of products on the wine market has attracted an increasing interest from the economists community. On the other end, the agents of this market require new economic tools to understand the recent evolutions, such as the multiplication of influential experts and the accelerating integration of the wine regions in the global economy. This dissertation aligns the interests of economists and wine professionals by developing new methods for the study and the impact measurement of wine prices determinants. Each of the four chapters constituting this thesis introduces a specific methodological innovation and illustrates its benefits with an empirical application using novel data on the Bordeaux wine market. The first chapter builds on weather data to identify the subjective component of tasting grades and assess the influence of experts on retail prices. The second chapter proposes a scaling method to compare quality scores among different sources. The third chapter estimates the causal impact of the obtention of a medal at wine competitions on the prices paid to producers. The fourth and last chapter assembles a comprehensive database on macro-level determinants of the fluctuations of the Bordeaux wine market to build an operational forecasting model of the average prices by protected appellation of origin.

Dans l’enseignement d'une langue, l'enseignant, entre didactique et évaluation, ne doit pas viser à la seule obtention du diplôme par l'apprenant, mais aussi évidemment, à sa maîtrise linguistique. Concernant l’évaluation, l'analyse des sujets d’examen proposés en Grèce montre qu'ils cherchent à répondre à des critères de fiabilité et d’objectivité : structures langagières des supports, richesse lexicale et contenu thématique. De ce point de vue, ils s'efforcent de respecter le Cadre Européen Commun de Référence pour les Langues qui se focalise d'abord sur le choix de documents et ensuite seulement sur la conception d’items et autres questionnements. Or, des écarts se manifestent entre directives et réalité. En effet, l'enseignant a trois fonctions potentielles : formateur, concepteur de sujets, examinateur. Ainsi, que doit prendre en compte le formateur à la fois pour enseigner efficacement la langue/culture et faire réussir ses élèves à la certification ? De même, contre quelles erreurs le concepteur de sujets a-t-il à se prémunir pour respecter les critères d'évaluation ? Comment l'examinateur jugera-t-il aussi objectivement que possible un apprenant/candidat ? Un nécessaire transfert de compétences doit donc avoir lieu : pour l'examinateur, redevenu enseignant, réinvestir en classe l'expérience acquise grâce aux candidats à la certification ; pour des commissions d'harmonisation d'examens, définir des parcours d'apprentissage en phase avec le CECRL. La présente étude, sans prétendre apporter toutes les réponses aux questions posées, se place dans cette perspective. / In the teaching of a language, the teacher, while maintaining balance between didactics and evaluation, must not try to aim solely for the learner to obtain his diploma, but also that he masters the linguistics. Regarding the assessment, the analysis of the subjects of the exams proposed in Greece shows that they are trying to fulfill the criteria of reliability and objectivity: language structure, richness of the lexical, and thematic contents. From this point of view, they strive to respect the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages which first focuses on the choice of the documents and only then on the conception of items and other questionings. Yet, gaps have appeared between directives and reality. Indeed, the teacher has three potential functions: to educate, to develop subjects, to be an examiner. Therefore, what does the educator have to take into account to both teach effectively the language/culture and help his students in getting certified? Likewise, against which errors must the developer of subject protect himself to meet the evaluation criteria? How will the examiner judge as objectively as possible a learner/candidate? A necessary transfer of skills is required : for the examiner, who has again become the teacher, to reinvest in class the experience acquired through candidates to be certified; for the review boards to define learning roadmaps in sync with the CEFRL. The following study, without trying to bring answers to all the questions posed, takes place in such perspective.

Le marché volontaire du carbone est un mécanisme de marché de compensation d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre pour les entreprises et les particuliers non assujettis à un quota de réduction d’émissions. Jusqu'à présent, il n’a fait l’objet que de peu de recherches académiques. Ce travail s’intéresse à la gouvernance de la chaîne d’acteurs impliqués dans ce marché. Il utilise une approche pluridisciplinaire centrée sur les relations internationales, la science politique appliquée à la compensation et aux standards volontaires environnementaux et s’appuie sur une analyse anthropologique des projets de développement. Il s’agit de répondre à la question: comment les projets de compensation volontaire du carbone sont-ils gouvernés ? L’étude de cas d’un programme de diffusion de foyers améliorés au Pérou se focalise d’abord sur le contexte social et culturel de la cuisson dans les Andes avant d’étudier quatre projets avant financement carbone. Ensuite, le standard utilisé pour certifier ce projet, ainsi que le détaillant des crédits carbone générés par le projet et trois de ses entreprises clientes sont présentés. On peut alors aborder la création, la gestion et les premiers résultats du programme au travers d’une ethnographie de l’entreprise sociale qui en est à l’origine pour comprendre finalement l’influence du projet dans le secteur péruvien. Cette recherche montre un système de gouvernance multi-niveaux et pluri-acteurs majoritairement privée qui agit en grande partie en parallèle de l'État. Ce mode de gouvernance caractérisé par une succession de standards qui tentent de faire coller la réalité à un modèle est appelé standardisme. / The voluntary carbon offset market is a market mechanism for offsetting greenhouse gases emissions for organizations and individuals that are not legally committed to reductions. Until now it has not been studied much in academic circles. This dissertation looks at the governance of the chain of actors involved in the mechanism. A pluri-disciplinary approach is used based on international relations, political science of offsets and standards combined with an anthropological analysis of development projects. The central question is thus: how are carbon-offset programs governed? The empirical work is a case study of a new stove (improved cookstoves) diffusion program in Peru under the Gold Standard. The first focus is on the social and cultural context of cooking in the Andes. Then four projects before carbon funding are studied. The standard is the subject of the following section and the retailer of the credits generated by the programme and three different types of clients are then presented. We can then discuss the creation, design and management of the standard through an ethnography of the social business that implements. Finally, the influence of the projects on the sector can be discussed. The chain studied presents a governance system that is multi-level and multi-actors, with mainly private actors that act parallel to the state. This type of governance is characterized by a series of standards that define the model the reality should resemble to and is called standardism.

Dans de nombreux domaines où il existe des risques pour l'homme, comme la médecine, le nucléaire ou l'avionique, il est nécessaire de passer par une phase de certification visant à garantir le bon fonctionnement d'un système ou d'un produit. La certification se fait en fonction de documents normatifs qui expriment les exigences de justifications auxquelles le produit et le processus de développement doivent se conformer. Un audit de certification consiste alors à produire une documentation attestant la conformité avec ce cadre réglementaire.Pour faire face à ce besoin de justifications visant à assurer la conformité avec les normes en vigueur et la complétude des justifications apportées, il faut dès lors être capable de cibler les exigences de justification à revendiquer pour un projet et produire les justifications durant le développement du projet. Dans ce contexte, éliciter les exigences de justifications à partir des normes et produire les justifications nécessaires et suffisantes sont des enjeux pour assurer le respect des normes et éviter la sur-justification.Dans ces travaux nous cherchons à structurer les exigences de justification pour ensuite aider à la production des justifications associées tout en restant attentif à la confiance que l'on peut placer en elles. Pour relever ces défis, nous avons défini une sémantique formelle pour une modélisation existante des justifications : les Diagrammes de Justification. A partir de cette sémantique, nous avons pu définir un ensemble d'opérations permettant de contrôler le cycle de vie des justifications pour assurer la conformité des justifications au regard des exigences de justification. Par ce formalisme, nous avons également pu guider, voire automatiser dans certains cas, la production des justifications et la vérification de la conformité.Ces contributions ont été appliquées dans le contexte des technologies médicales pour l'entreprise AXONIC, porteuse de ces travaux. Ceci a permis de i) éliciter les exigences de justification des normes médicales et pratiques internes de l'entreprise, ii) produire automatiquement les justifications associées à la norme IEC 62304 pour le logiciel en médical, iii) automatiser la vérification et validation des justifications ainsi que la production de documents utilisables lors d'audit. / In many areas where it exists human risks, such as medicine, nuclear or avionics, it is necessary to go through a certification stage to ensure the proper functioning of a system or product. Certification is based on normative documents that express the justification requirements to which the product and the development process must conform. A certification audit then consists of producing documentation certifying compliance with this regulatory framework.To cope with this need for justifications to ensure compliance with the standards in force and the completeness of the justifications provided, it must therefore be able to target the justification requirements to be claimed for a project and produce justifications during the development of the project. In this context, eliciting the justification requirements from the standards and producing the necessary and sufficient justifications are issues to ensure compliance with standards and avoid over-justification.In these works we seek to structure the justification requirements and then help to produce the associated justifications while remaining attentive to the confidence that can be placed in them. To address these challenges, we have defined a formal semantics for an existing model of justifications: Justification Diagrams. From this semantics, we have been able to define a set of operations to control the life cycle of the justifications to ensure that the justifications regarding the justification requirements. Through this semantics, we have also been able to guide, and even automate in some cases, the production of justifications and the verification of conformance.These contributions were applied in the context of medical technologies for the company AXONIC, the bearer of this work. This made it possible to i) elicitate the justification requirements of the medical standards and company's internal practicals, ii) automatically produce the justifications associated with the IEC 62304 standard for medical software, iii) automate the verification and validation of the justifications as well as the production of documents that can be used during the audit.

The overarching purpose of the study was specifically designed to examine how teacher preparation programs contributed to novice teachers' sense of self-efficacy. The significance of this study related to how well teachers were prepared, based upon their preparation program. This qualitative methods study incorporated a research design consisting of phenomenological research. Eleven thematic findings derived based upon the participants' input after several series of data analysis and reduction, using a general deductive approach. Results showed many implications of how teacher preparation programs contributed to the participants' sense of self-efficacy. Major implications for teacher preparation programs and their impact on novice teachers are discussed, such as improvement measures for preparation programs, and opportunities to increase teacher effectiveness.

Dans les approches centrées utilisateur, les techniques, méthodes, et processus de développement utilisés visent à connaître et comprendre les utilisateurs (analyser leurs besoins, évaluer leurs manières d'utiliser les systèmes) dans le but de concevoir et développer des systèmes utilisables, c'est-à-dire, en adéquation avec leurs comportements, leurs compétences et leurs besoins. Parmi les techniques employées pour garantir l'utilisabilité, la modélisation des tâches permet de décrire les objectifs et acticités des utilisateurs. Grâce aux modèles produits, les spécialistes des facteurs humains peuvent analyser et évaluer l'efficacité des applications interactives. Cette approche d'analyse et de modélisation de tâches a toujours mis l'accent sur la représentation explicite du comportement standard de l'utilisateur. Ceci s'explique par le fait que les erreurs humaines ne font pas partie des objectifs des utilisateurs et qu'ils sont donc exclus de la description des tâches. Cette vision sans erreurs, suivie largement par la communauté en Interaction Homme-Machine, est très différente de celle de la communauté en Facteur Humain qui, depuis ses débuts, s'intéresse à comprendre les causes des erreurs humaines et leur impact sur la performance, mais aussi sur des aspects majeurs comme la sureté de fonctionnement et la fiabilité des utilisateurs et de leur travail. L'objectif de cette thèse est de démontrer qu'il est possible de décrire de façon systématique, dans des modèles de tâches, les erreurs pouvant survenir lors de l'accomplissement de tâches utilisateur. Pour cette démonstration, nous proposons une approche à base de modèles de tâches associée à un processus de description des erreurs humaines et supportée par un ensemble d'outils. Cette thèse présente les résultats de l'application de l'approche proposée à une étude de cas industrielle dans le domaine d'application de l'aéronautique. / In user-centered approaches, the techniques, methods, and development processes used aim to know and understand the users (analyze their needs, evaluate their ways of using the systems) in order to design and develop usable systems that is in line with their behavior, skills and needs. Among the techniques used to guarantee usability, task modeling makes it possible to describe the objectives and activities of the users. With task models, human factors specialists can analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of interactive applications. This approach of task analysis and modeling has always focused on the explicit representation of the standard behavior of the user. This is because human errors are not part of the users' objectives and are therefore excluded from the job description. This vision of error-free activities, widely followed by the human-machine interaction community, is very different from the Human Factor community vison on user tasks. Since its inception, Human Factor community has been interested in understanding the causes of human error and its impact on performance, but also on major aspects like the reliability of the operation and the reliability of the users and their work. The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate that it is possible to systematically describe, in task models, user errors that may occur during the performance of user tasks. For this demonstration, we propose an approach based on task models associated with a human error description process and supported by a set of tools. This thesis presents the results of the application of the proposed approach to an industrial case study in the application domain of aeronautics.

In the construction industry today there is a significant technological revolution going on. New methods for automated processes and information management are developed continuously. Intense studies are currently taking place to ensure ways and means to embrace the new technology of BIM. At the present, environmental certification systems are considered cumbersome and challenging. However, the increasing demands of sustainable development in the construction industry imply that the environmental certifications will not disappear. This Master Thesis examines the possibilities to apply BIM technology within the field of environmental certifications to streamline the processes. The applications that provide the best opportunities are: - To use BIM to be able to, during the design stage, dynamically evaluate the result or score a certain building will achieve. - To avoid unnecessary work through collection of data for calculations directly from a BIM-model. - To be able to automate certain time consuming calculations that are currently performed manually. - To automatically examine the completed model to ensure that the demands are fulfilled. The possibilities to use BIM within these areas are however limited by the technology itself. Today there are no BIM applications within the field that work satisfyingly, which hinders a large-scale implementation.

Värdet av det svenska fastighetsbeståndet utgör två tredjedelar av den svenska nationalförmögenheten och det kommersiella fastighetsbeståndet kan värderas till cirka 3 200 miljarder kronor. En av de viktigaste yrkesrollerna för en fungerande kommersiell fastighetsmarknad är i sin tur fastighetsförvaltaren. Detta medförde att Aff – Forum för förvaltning och service under slutet av 2010 införde en auktorisation för fastighetsförvaltare.   Det huvudsakliga syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka var auktorisationen befinner sig i dagsläget samt hur framtiden för auktorisationen ser ut och vilka åtgärder som Aff behöver göra. Vidare syftar uppsatsen till att undersöka efterfrågan och behovet av auktorisationen hos olika aktörer. Syftet är även att klargöra hur Affs auktorisation är uppbyggd samt att undersöka om utformningen är den bästa möjliga. För att undersöka detta har författarna intervjuat elva företag inom branschen samt Professor Stellan Lundström och doktorand Sigrid Katzler från KTH. De intervjuade företagen bedriver sin verksamhet inom olika typer av fastighetsslag. För att undersöka den långsiktiga efterfrågan och behovet av auktorisationen har flera generella drivkrafter som oftast finns vid införandet av en auktorisation studerats. Dessa kan till exempel bestå av att skapa en konkurrensfördel, höja kompetensen eller höja inträdesbarriärerna.   Den empiriska studien visade på att de intervjuade aktörernas insikt i auktorisationen var att beteckna som relativt dålig. Trots detta hade tre av de intervjuade företagen auktoriserade förvaltare inom bolaget. Behovet av en auktorisation rådde de delade meningar om. Tre företag ansåg att det inte fanns ett behov, ett flertal företag uttryckte att auktorisationen kunde medföra nytta i olika hänseenden. De senare gick dock inte så långt som att kalla det ett behov. Inget företag ansåg att behovet för en auktorisering var större inom något specifikt fastighetsslag. Däremot såg företagen en skillnad i vilken konkurrensfördel auktorisationen skulle innebära för ägande bolag och konsultbolag. Konkurrensfördelen att kunna marknadsföra auktorisationen mot kund ansågs vara betydligt större för konsultbolagen. De flesta av de intervjuade företagen ansåg att auktorisationen kan fungera som ett verktyg för kompetensutveckling. Auktorisationen sågs även som ett medel för att skapa en enhetlig definition av fastighetsförvaltare. Slutligen tyckte alla företag samt Katzler och Lundström att utformningen var relevant, dock framhävde vissa att den skulle kunna delas upp i fler steg.   Slutsatsen från studien är att kännedomen är så låg att Aff har ett direkt behov av att marknadsföra organisationen samt auktorisationen. Detta skulle också bidra till att Aff uppfattas som mer legitima. Utifrån studien ter det sig som att de ägande bolagens kunder, till skillnad från konsultbolagens, inte kommer efterfråga en auktorisation. Det krävs dock fortsatt forskning för att bekräfta detta. / The Swedish property stock constitutes two-thirds of the Swedish national wealth and the value of the commercial real estate stock can be estimated to 3 200 billion SEK. One of the most important professions to maintain an efficient commercial real estate market is the real estate manager. This caused Aff – “Forum för förvaltning och service” to introduce a professional certification for real estate managers by the end of 2010.   The main purpose of this thesis is to analyse where the certification is on the market and how the future will look for the certification. Furthermore, the purpose is to establish the demand and need among different market actors. The purpose of the thesis is also to clarify the structure of the certification and examine the current format. To analyse this, the authors have conducted interviews with eleven companies operating in the real estate market. Professor Stellan Lundström and doctoral student Sigrid Katzler from KTH have also participated in interviews. Several different drivers have been studied in order to analyse the long-term demand and need for a professional certification for real estate managers. These drivers can for example be to create a competitive advantage, raise the competence level or to raise the entry barriers for the profession.   The empirical study revealed that the interviewed companies had little knowledge of the certification. Although the knowledge in general was modest, there were three of the interviewed companies that had certified real estate managers. There were different opinions concerning the need for a certification. Three of the companies explicitly claimed that they did not see any need, several of the companies expressed that the certification could bring advantages. The companies expressed a difference in the competitive advantage the certification could bring for companies that own real estate and for service firms. The competitive advantage to market the certification towards the customer was believed to be much greater for the service firms. Most of the companies thought that the certification could be used as a mean to increase competencies for the real estate managers. The certification was also thought of as a mean to create a unanimous definition of the real estate manager. Finally, all of the companies as well as Katzler and Lundström considered the disposition to be relevant although some of them expressed that it could be divided into different levels.   The conclusion is that the general knowledge is rather modest and that Aff have an urgent need to market the organisation and the certification. This would also contribute to Aff’s legitimacy. The study indicates that the customers of the companies that own real estate are not going to demand a certification as much as those of the service firms. However, further study is needed to confirm this.

"May 2007" A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Occupational Therapy. Typescript Project Advisor : Max A. Ito Occupational therapy candidates face a challenging task on the path to becoming registered occupational therapists. Uncertainty surrounds the professional community as to why certain candidates, who otherwise perform soundly both academically and clinically, struggle to be successful on the certification exam. Literature suggests that factors such as stress and anxiety may be the root cause. There is a plethora of literature discussing the importance of clinical reasoning skills in occupational therapy practitioners and students. However, no literary sources to date have investigated the importance of clinical reasoning in certification exam performance. This research study investigated the correlation between clinical reasoning skills and performance on the NBCOT certification examination. Thirty-five candidates from across the U.S. completed the Health Sciences Reasoning Test (HSRT), which tests critical thinking skills in five key areas. Supporting demographic information was collected for further comparisons. The participants then sat for the NBCOT exam within 90 days of taking the HSRT. Pearson product-moment correlation and Spearman's rho analyses indicated significant relationships between certification exam performance and three sub-skills of reasoning: inductive reasoning (p = .032/rs = .011), deductive reasoning (p = .007/rs = .004), and analytical reasoning (p = .001/rs = .002). Total HSRT score was also a significant factor in exam performance (p = .001/rs = .003). In ANOVA analysis investigating the relationship between highest educational level and certification exam performance, students who earned only master's degrees in occupational therapy performed significantly better than those earning combined bachelor's/master's degrees (p = .000), scoring an average of 29.15 points higher on the certification exam. In additional analysis, multiple regression analysis indicated that only analytical reasoning was a predictor of certification exam score. Race, age, grade point average (GPA), geographic location, and fieldwork settings were not significant factors in certification exam performance. Application of these results to larger populations should be exercised with caution due to the limited sample size of this study. Results of this study can initiate a dialogue among occupational therapy practitioners and educators who hold a role in assisting students in developing clinical reasoning skills and preparation for the certification exam. Results are also beneficial for students who can incorporate clinical reasoning skills as part of a certification exam study regimen.

Alternative Certification Programs (ACPs) have been established in 47 states across the country, including Florida, to help alleviate the teacher shortage many public school districts have been experiencing during the last two decades. This teacher shortage has been reported to be more prevalent in areas where fully qualified and committed teachers are most needed. Current literature has identified areas such as inner-city schools, at-risk and minority students, bilingual education, math and physical sciences, and the special education field as the educational areas where the shortage is most significant. Faced with this dilemma, states have instituted ACPs as unconventional ways to attract and recruit potential teacher candidates from professional fields outside the profession of education and assist them in becoming fully certified and highly qualified teachers. The objective of any ACP is to provide an alternate way for an interested professional to become a teacher without going back to a college or university. Therefore, any ACP functions as a supplement to traditional college education programs in preparing prospective teacher candidates. The focus of this study is the Alternative Certification Programs established by the public school districts in the state of Florida as required by state statutes. It was designed to assess the effectiveness of such programs based on the perspectives, attitudes, and perceptions that selected public school principals have on these programs and on alternatively certified teachers. These principals were identified and selected by their respective school districts. A questionnaire, created in part by the researcher, was used to identify the perspectives, attitudes, and perceptions public school principals have on ACPs and alternatively certified teachers. Data on the different ACPs were collected directly from the different public school districts and from Internet Web sites established by the districts. The researcher contacted 67 Florida public school districts requesting information on their respective ACPs and asked them to select and identify three school principals who had experience with alternatively certified teachers to participate in a survey concerning their attitudes, perceptions, and perspectives about alternatively certified teachers and the alternative certification programs. The researcher asked that the three principals be selected one each from the grade levels of elementary, middle, and high school. Findings indicated that the alternative certification programs throughout the State of Florida are producing highly qualified teachers whose overall performance has been rated as equal to or better than that of newly hired traditionally certified teacher. These findings are based on the responses provided by the principals who completed and returned the 20-item questionnaire and on other existing literature and data on the state's alternative certification program. The overall impression from the principals' responses is that they are satisfied with the quality work and performance of their alternatively certified teachers.