Chromosomal aberrations are common causes of abnormal development of fetuses leading to the birth of malformed indvidual or to the intrauterine death. Half of miscarriages in the first trimester and a third in the second trimester are caused by fetal chromosomal abnormalities, mainly aneuploidies. If fetus is abnormally developed, invasive prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis should be recommended. Positive cytogenetic finding can be reason for induced abortion till the end of 24th week of gestation. We investigated 81 miscarriages, 46 fetuses from induced abortions and 80 fetuses with abnormal development from ongoing pregnancies. G-banding analysis was used as the main method for investigating miscarriages. Genomic DNA isolated from abnormally developed fetuses was screened by array CGH technique. We found 43,75 % chromosomal abnormal miscarried fetuses, majority of them with numerical aberrations (91,4 %). In group of induced abortions, 25,71 % fetuses carried chromosomal abnormality. The lowest rate 11,67 % of chromosoal aberrations was detected in group of prenatally diagnosed fetuses from ongoing pregnancies. Array CGH detected submicroscopic aberrations in 13,41 % fetuses with ultrasound findings. All together 25,74 % microscopic and causal submicroscopic chromosomal abnormalities were found to be...

Introdução: A síndrome ou seqüência malformativa de Rokitansky-Mayer-Küster-Hauser (SR), de caráter geralmente esporádico, caracteriza-se por aplasia útero-vaginal, freqüentemente associada a anomalias esqueléticas e do trato urinário e a caracteres sexuais secundários, hormônios esteróides e cariótipo normais. A condição é claramente heterogênea, podendo fazer parte de outras seqüências e complexos mais abrangentes. Sua freqüência ao nascimento foi estimada em cerca de 1/5.000 meninas. O banco de dados OMIM (McKusick, 2005) classifica-a como autossômica recessiva e apenas um caso atípico, portador de virilização, foi atribuído a mutação descrita no gene WNT4 (Biason-Laubert e col.., 2004). A vitamina A e seus derivados ativos (ácidos retinóicos ou AR) desempenham papel importante nos processos de diferenciação, proliferação e apoptose celular. Mendelsohn e col. (1994) e Kastner e col. (1997) descreveram malformações congênitas semelhantes afins às da SR em camundongos portadores de mutações nos genes RAR-G e RXR-A dos receptores de AR. A região homóloga em humanos de um desses receptores corresponde exatamente à região descrita por Kucheria e col. (1988) em duas mulheres não aparentadas com agenesia mülleriana e portadoras de translocação (12;14)(q14;q31). Os fatores etiológicos responsáveis pelas anomalias müllerianas são ainda pouco conhecidos, mas o achado freqüente de afetadas com outros defeitos associados (renais, esqueléticos, cardíacos e auditivos) sugere o envolvimento de genes primordiais do desenvolvimento. Materiais e métodos: No total, 43 pacientes (todas com cariótipo 46,XX) e 21 familiares foram todos submetidos a exame clínico e ginecológico e de imagem (ultra-sonografia urogenital e raios-X de coluna) padronizados e à coleta de sangue para estudo cromossômico e molecular. O DNA foi extraído e amplificado por PCR Touch-Down; a triagem das mutações foi realizada em cinco genes (RARG, RXR-A, WNT-4, LHX-1 e KLHL-4) por eletroforese SSCP, dHPLC e de seqüenciamento (MegaBace). Quinze pacientes do total apresentando fenótipo mais grave foram triadas quanto a variações no número de cópias de DNA pela técnica de ~1 Mb array-CGH. As alterações detectadas foram validadas por FISH e MLPA. Foram excluídas alterações no número de cópias previamente descritas em indivíduos normais (DGV). Dois novos genes (LHX-1 e KLHL-4) surgiram como possíveis candidatos após a triagem com array- CGH e foram incluídos aos três genes candidatos previamente existentes. Resultados e conclusão: Trinta e nove pacientes possuíam quadro bastante típico de SR com agenesia útero-vaginal, em 27 delas acompanhado de manifestações extra-genitais como defeitos renais, ósseos, agenesia de ovários e surdez. Quatro pacientes apresentaram defeitos müllerianos isolados (agenesia de vagina) e uma outra era portadora da associação MURCS. A analise molecular por meio das técnicas de SSCP, dHPLC e seqüenciamentode todas as regiões codificados dos cinco genes candidatos permitiu identificar 95 alterações. A comparação com os bancos de dados (http://www.ensembl.org/) determinou que as alterações identificadas correspondem a variações populacionais polimórficas previamente descritas e sem efeito patogênico, uma vez que nenhuma delas altera a seqüência de aminoácidos das proteínas por elas codificadas. Mediante array-CGH foram identificadas, em 5 pacientes, um total de 7 alterações submicroscópicas (deleções e duplicações) comprometendo as regiões 1q21.1, 17q12, 22q11.21, 22q11.22, e Xq21.31. Alguns familiares das afetadas, também portadores dessas alterações, apresentavam manifestações leves, indicando que as alterações apresentam penetrância incompleta e expressividade variável. Nossos resultados afastam a RAR-G, RXR-A, WNT-4 como diretamente envolvidos na patogênese da síndrome de Rokitansky e sugerem a existência de variações no numero de copias de novas regiões cromossômicas como relevantes durante o desenvolvimento mülleriano, indicando especificamente os genes LHX1 e KLHL4 como candidatos. / Background: Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome, comprising utero-vaginal atresia in otherwise phenotypically normal women with a normal karyotype (46,XX), has an incidence of about 1/5,000 among newborn girls. Anomalies of the genital tract range from upper vaginal atresia to total Müllerian agenesis (congenital absence of the Fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina). Patients with müllerian aplasia (MA) often exhibit additional clinical features such as renal, vertebral and cardiac defects. A number of different syndromes have been associated with MA, and in most cases its aetiology remains poorly understood. We studied 43 women with the MRKH defect and 21 relatives presenting associated anomalies. The study included clinical and ultrasonographic examination of the urogenital system, radiographs of the vertebral column and sequencing of three candidate genes named RAR gama, RXR alpha and WNT-4. Fifteen of our patients, with more complex phenotypes (genital, renal, cardiac, and skeletal defects), were screened for DNA copy number changes by 1 Mb whole genome bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) array based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). The detected alterations were validated by an independent method and further mapped by high resolution oligo-arrays. Results: All patients had a normal 46,XX karyotype and were also normal to the RAR gama, RXR alpha and WNT-4 genes. Submicroscopic genomic imbalances affecting the 1q21.1, 17q12, 22q11.21, and Xq21.31 chromosome regions were detected in five probands. Presence of the alterations in the normal mother of one patient suggests incomplete penetrance and/or variable expressivity. Conclusion: 5 of the 15 patients were found to have cryptic genomic alterations. The imbalances on 22q11.21 support recent findings by us and others that alterations in this chromosome region may result in impairment of müllerian duct development. The remaining imbalances indicate involvement of previously unknown chromosome regions in MA, and point specifically to LHX1 and KLHL4 as candidate genes.

Genetic changes are hallmarks of cancer development involving the activation and/or inactivation of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes, respectively. In non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) development, the initiation of genetic mutations results from exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation. Non-melanoma skin cancers are comprised of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Several related cutaneous lesions also exist, of which solar keratoses (SK) are widely accepted as a precursor dysplasia to SCC development. The study of recurrent genetic changes present within NMSC and SK should help reveal causative mutations in skin cancer development. Such analysis could also elucidate links in the genetic similarity of these dysplasia. The rapid screening of numerical changes in DNA sequence copy number throughout the entire genome has been made possible by the advent of comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH). This technique enables the identification of net gains and loss of genetic material within a tumour DNA sample. Chromosomal regions of recurrent gain or loss identify loci containing putative oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes, respectively with potential roles in NMSC tumourigenesis. Used in conjunction with tissue microdissection and universal degenerate PCR techniques this can enable the elucidation of aberrations in small histologically distinct regions of tumour. Such a technique can utilize archival material such as paraffin embedded tissue, which is the major source of neoplastic material available for cancer research. This study used the CGH technique to investigate aberrations in BCC, SCC and SK samples. The screening of copy number abnormalities (CNAs) in BCC revealed that although these tumours were close to diploid and generally genetically stable, they did contain several recurrent aberrations. The loss of genetic material at 9q was identified in a third of BCC tumours studied. This is characteristic of inactivation of the PTCH tumour suppressor gene, a known attribute in some sporadic BCC development. Validation of this loss was performed via loss of heterozygosity, demonstrating good concordance with the CGH data. In addition the over-representation of the 6p chromosome arm was revealed in 47% of biopsies. This novel CNA is also commonly observed in other cutaneous neoplasias, including Merkel cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. This suggests a possible common mechanism in development and or promotion in these cutaneous dysplasias, the mechanisms of which have yet to be clearly defined. In contrast to BCC, numerical genetic aberrations in SCC and SK were much more frequent. Several regions of recurrent gain were commonly shared between both dysplasias including gain of 3q, 4p, 5p, 8q, 9q, 14q, 17p, 17q and 20q. Common chromosomal regions of loss included 3p, 8p, 9p, 11p, 13q and 17p. In addition loss of chromosome 18 was significantly observed in SCC in comparison to SK, a possible defining event in SK progression to SCC. The identification of shared genetic aberrations suggests a clonal and genetic relationship between the two lesions. This information further supports the notion for re-classification of SK to an SCC in situ or superficial SCC. Finally, the CNAs detected have been similarly observed in other squamous cell-derived tumours, for example cervical and head and neck SCC. This provides further evidence to common mechanisms involved in the initiation, development and progression of SCC neoplasia. This study has identified a number of recurrent chromosomal regions, some of which are novel in NMSC development. The further delineation of these loci should provide additional evidence of their significance and degree of involvement in NMSC tumourigenesis. The identification of the cancer-causing genes mapped to these loci will further demarcate the genetic mechanisms of BCC and SCC progression. An understanding of the events involved in skin cancer formation and progression should shed additional light on molecular targets for diagnostics, management and therapeutic treatment.

La trame générale de ces travaux de recherche concerne la modélisation et l'implantation de systèmes d'interconnexions optiques à forte bande-passante spatiale et temporelle. Nous présenterons une suite de résultats au niveau des modèles, des applications et des réalisations prototypales. L'origine de ces travaux est une étude sur les connexions optiques en espace libre permettant de modéliser des opérations de calcul optique parallèle (telles que la multiplication matricielle), débouchant sur une classe d'opérations plus générale mettant en jeu un réseau d'interconnexions non-invariantes spatialement entre plans de données. Cette étape a permis d'évaluer, tant qualitativement que quantitativement, l'apport de la synergie entre la synthèse numérique d'éléments optiques diffractants (HSO) et les modulateurs spatiaux de lumière (MSL) à cristal liquide, dans le but de réaliser des dispositifs de traitement optique spatial dynamique de l'information. L'étape suivante traite des interconnexions dynamiques entre fibres optiques monomodes, débouchant naturellement sur la conception de dispositifs d'aiguillage et de commutation pour les réseaux de transmission optiques dorsaux multiplexés en longueur d'onde (WDM). A ce niveau, les contraintes principales portent sur les temps de commutation requis −inférieurs à la milliseconde− et les capacités de plusieurs dizaines de voies spatiales indépendantes. Au niveau de l'implantation prototypale, nous avons poussé le plus loin possible le concept d'holographie digitale dynamique sur MSL à cristal liquide, aboutissant à la conception et l'intégration de plusieurs générations d'aiguilleurs de bandes optiques performants (jusqu'à 64 voies spatiales). Par la suite, devant la nécessité de développer des règles d'ingénierie sur les anneaux et les réseaux maillés WDM, je me suis impliqué dans l'évaluation et le développement d'outils de simulation photonique concernant les dispositifs de commutation et de brassage transparent de canaux optiques. Je présente enfin les axes de recherche ayant émergé plus récemment, centrés sur le dimensionnement et l'intégration de réseaux locaux utilisant l'optique comme canal de propagation sans fil à très haut débit et à impact sanitaire et environnemental réduit.

L'objectif de ce travail était d'étudier une bactérie d'affinage de cet écosystème, Brevibacterium aurantiacum (BA). La mise en place d'outils moléculaires pour l'étude de la biodiversité du genre Brevibacterium. L'approche par MLST avec 9 gènes de ménage est un nouvel outil prometteur pour l'identification des Brevibacteriaceae, nous avons identifié une nouvelle espèce appartenant aux souches d'intérêt technologique, B. antiquum. L'approche par puce ADN a permis d'étudier la biodiversité au sein de l'espèce de BA, les résultats montrent que 13% et 15% du génome de la souche séquencée sont absents et/ou divergents dans les souches BL2 et ATCC 9175. Nous avons ensuite réalisé une reconstruction du métabolisme du soufre chez BA ATCC 9175 et étudié sa régulation en fonction de différentes sources de soufre en utilisant des approches omics. Les résultats montrent une répression des voies d'assimilation du sulfate et de la biosynthèse de la cystéine en présence de cystine et une répression des voies de biosynthèse de la méthionine via l'homocystéine et la voie de transulfuration par la méthionine. Enfin, lors d'un ajout de méthionine dans le milieu, nous observons une induction coordonnée des gènes codant pour la méthionine gamma-lyase et un transporteur de la méthionine suggérant la présence d'un régulateur spécifique pour cette voie. Enfin, nous avons étudié le comportement de BA en présence ou en absence d'une levure d'affinage de fromage Kluyveromyces lactis (KL) par des approches biochimiques et transcriptomiques. Chez BA, on observe une modification du métabolisme carboné et de l'azote, de la voie de biosynthèse des pigments.

<p>Neurofibromatosis type-2 (NF2) is an autosomal dominant disorder with the clinical hallmark of bilateral eighth cranial nerve schwannomas. However, the diagnostic criterion is complicated by the presence of a variable phenotype, with the severe form presenting with additional tumors such as peripheral schwannoma, meningioma and ependymoma. We constructed a microarray spanning 11Mb of 22q, encompassing the <i>NF2 </i>gene, to detect deletions in schwannoma. Forty seven patients were analyzed and heterozygous deletions were detected in 45% of tumors. Using this array-based approach, we also detected genetic heterogeneity in a number of samples studied. Despite the high sensitivity and the comprehensive series of studied schwannomas, no homozygous deletions affecting the <i>NF2</i> gene were detected <b>(paper I)</b>. In order to detect more subtle deletions within the <i>NF2</i> locus, a higher-resolution gene-specific array was developed, for the detection of disease-causing<b> </b>deletions using a PCR-based non-redundant strategy. This novel approach for array construction significantly increased the reliability and resolution of deletion-detection within the <i>NF2 </i>locus <b>(paper II)</b>. To further expand the coverage of the 11 Mb microarray, we constructed the first comprehensive microarray representing a human chromosome for analysis of DNA copy number. This 22q array covers 34.7 Mb, representing 1.1% of the genome, with an average resolution of 75 kb <b>(paper III)</b>. Using this array, we analyzed sporadic and familial schwannomatosis samples, which revealed two commonly deleted regions within the immunoglobulin lambda locus and the <i>GSTT1/CABIN1</i> locus. These regions were further characterized using higher-resolution non-redundant arrays, bioinformatic tools, positional cloning and mutational screening. Missense mutations were detected in the <i>CABIN1</i> gene, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of schwannomatosis and therefore requires further study <b>(paper IV)</b>. Meningioma is the second most common NF2-associated tumor and loss of 1p has been previously established as a major genetic factor for disease initiation/progression and also correlates with increased morbidity. We analyzed 82 meningiomas using a chromosome 1 tiling-path genomic microarray. The distribution of aberrations detected supports the existence of at least four regions on chromosome 1, which are important for meningioma tumorigenesis <b>(paper V)</b>.</p>

<p>Microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) has emerged as a versatile platform with a wide range of applications in molecular genetics. This thesis focuses on the development of array-CGH with a specific aim to approach disease-related questions through improved strategies in array construction and enhanced resolution of analysis. In <b>paper I</b>, we applied an array covering 11 Mb of 22q, encompassing the <i>NF2</i> locus, for deletion detection in sporadic schwannoma. Hemizygous deletions and tumor heterogeneity were identified. Array-CGH was established as a reliable platform for detection of DNA dosage alterations. <b>Paper II</b> described the construction of the<i> NF2</i> gene-specific microarray for high-resolution scanning of deletions in the <i>NF2</i> locus. We report a novel PCR-based non-redundant strategy for microarray fabrication, which considerably improved the sensitivity and reliability of deletion detection. <b>Paper III</b> reported the first tiling-path array comprehensively covering a human chromosome. The usefulness of the 22q-array was demonstrated by applying it to detect DNA dosage-alterations in 22q-associated disorders. In <b>paper IV</b>, we optimized array-CGH protocols for deletion detection in 22q11 deletion-syndrome. We showed that genomic and cDNA clones are not optimal for analysis of 22q11 locus and that PCR-based non-redundant strategy is reliable for deletion detection in such regions. In <b>paper V</b>, we utilized the 22q-array for understanding the genetic basis of schwannomatosis. Two commonly deleted regions were identified within the <i>IGL</i> and the <i>GSTT1/CABIN1</i> loci. Further investigations using high-resolution arrays, bioinformatic analysis and mutational screening were performed. Missense mutations, specific to the schwannomatosis- and NF2 samples, were identified in the <i>CABIN1 </i>gene. <b>Paper VI</b> described the first array-CGH study for comprehensive and high-resolution profiling of deletions spanning the 17q11 locus. Both typical and atypical deletions were identified in NF1 samples. Bioinformatic analysis revealed novel segmental duplications, which can potentially mediate 17q11 deletions.</p>

<p>The array-based form of comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) is a new methodology that has shown to be of significant importance. This thesis focuses on the development of array-CGH with the aim to define candidate regions/genes on chromosome 22 in a wide spectrum of cancer-related conditions. In <b>paper I</b>, we developed and applied the first comprehensive genomic microarray, representing human chromosome 22, for analysis of DNA copy number. Using this array-based approach, we identified gene copy number alterations, including heterozygous/homozygous deletions, amplifications, IGLV/IGLC locus instability and the breakpoints of imbalanced translocation, in several 22q-associated disorders. In <b>paper II</b>, we applied the same array to perform DNA copy number profiling of a series of ovarian carcinoma. cDNA arrays were also used in this study to correlate gene expression levels with DNA-copy number. In the course of this analysis, we determined a small 3.5 Mb candidate 22q telomeric region and suggested a number of specific candidate genes. <b>Paper III</b> described the comprehensive and high-resolution analysis of chromosome 22 in a large set of various stage breast cancers. Multiple distinct patterns of genetic aberrations were observed. The smallest identified candidate locus was 220 kb in size and mapped to a gene-rich region in the vicinity of telomere of 22q. Intriguing result of this study was the detection of high frequency (26.6%) of intra-tumoral clonal variation in gene copy number profiles, which should be viewed as a high number, considering that we study in detail only a single human chromosome. In <b>paper IV</b>, we profiled a series of 28 Wilms tumor samples using 22q-array in order to assess specific regions affected with DNA dosage-alterations. The distribution of aberrations defined a complex amplifier genotype and delimited two tumor suppressor/oncogene candidate loci. These results open up for several avenues for continued research of these tumor forms. These findings also demonstrate the power of array-CGH in the precise determination of minute DNA copy number alterations and strengthen the notion that further studies, preferentially in the context of the entire human genome, are needed.</p>

<p>Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is an autosomal dominant disorder with the clinical hallmark of bilateral vestibular schwannomas (VS). Patients affected by a severe NF2 phenotype also presents with peripheral schwannomas, meningiomas and ependymomas. The closely related disorder schwannomatosis also displays multiple schwannomas, but never VS. Mutation screening of the <i>NF2</i> gene in the above mentioned tumors did not identify mutations in numerous of cases. We analyzed the DNA sequence covering the <i>NF2</i> locus in order to identify evolutionarily conserved non-genic sequences (CNGs) with unknown regulatory function (paper I). The aim was to analyze CNGs for mutations in DNA derived from patients affected by NF2 associated tumors. During mutation analysis of the coding part of <i>NF2</i> and within the CNGs defined in paper I, were mutations detected in 39% of sporadic meningiomas (paper II). Two candidate regions were identified on 22q using array-CGH. Methylation profiling did not identify methylation of the <i>NF2</i> promoter in these tumors. Sporadic schwannomas were profiled for CNV using a 22q genomic array in the search for putative gene(s) that in addition to <i>NF2</i> could be involved in the development of schwannoma and/or schwannomatosis (paper III). The predominant aberration identified was monosomy 22. Terminal and interstitial deletions encompassing the <i>NF2</i> gene were detected in tumor DNA and eight loci affected by CNV in constitutional DNA. Some of these CNVs are unlikely to be phenotypically neutral, considering their size and gene content. Two schwannomatosis candidate regions were identified on 22q using array-CGH (paper IV). These regions were further characterized by a PCR-product based array with higher resolution. Rearrangements of the immunoglobulin lambda (<i>IGL</i>) locus detected were restricted to schwannomatosis patients. In the second candidate region spanning <i>GSTT1</i> and <i>CABIN1</i> genes, was frequent copy number polymorphism at the <i>GSTT1</i> locus identified. We further describe missense mutations in the <i>CABIN1 </i>gene, making this gene a plausible candidate which may contribute to the pathogenesis of these disorders. </p>

Neurofibromatosis type-2 (NF2) is an autosomal dominant disorder with the clinical hallmark of bilateral eighth cranial nerve schwannomas. However, the diagnostic criterion is complicated by the presence of a variable phenotype, with the severe form presenting with additional tumors such as peripheral schwannoma, meningioma and ependymoma. We constructed a microarray spanning 11Mb of 22q, encompassing the NF2 gene, to detect deletions in schwannoma. Forty seven patients were analyzed and heterozygous deletions were detected in 45% of tumors. Using this array-based approach, we also detected genetic heterogeneity in a number of samples studied. Despite the high sensitivity and the comprehensive series of studied schwannomas, no homozygous deletions affecting the NF2 gene were detected <b>(paper I)</b>. In order to detect more subtle deletions within the NF2 locus, a higher-resolution gene-specific array was developed, for the detection of disease-causing<b> </b>deletions using a PCR-based non-redundant strategy. This novel approach for array construction significantly increased the reliability and resolution of deletion-detection within the NF2 locus <b>(paper II)</b>. To further expand the coverage of the 11 Mb microarray, we constructed the first comprehensive microarray representing a human chromosome for analysis of DNA copy number. This 22q array covers 34.7 Mb, representing 1.1% of the genome, with an average resolution of 75 kb <b>(paper III)</b>. Using this array, we analyzed sporadic and familial schwannomatosis samples, which revealed two commonly deleted regions within the immunoglobulin lambda locus and the GSTT1/CABIN1 locus. These regions were further characterized using higher-resolution non-redundant arrays, bioinformatic tools, positional cloning and mutational screening. Missense mutations were detected in the CABIN1 gene, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of schwannomatosis and therefore requires further study <b>(paper IV)</b>. Meningioma is the second most common NF2-associated tumor and loss of 1p has been previously established as a major genetic factor for disease initiation/progression and also correlates with increased morbidity. We analyzed 82 meningiomas using a chromosome 1 tiling-path genomic microarray. The distribution of aberrations detected supports the existence of at least four regions on chromosome 1, which are important for meningioma tumorigenesis <b>(paper V)</b>.