A leucemia mielóide crônica (LMC) é uma doença mieloproliferativa resultante da expansão clonal da célula hematopoética precursora. Sua fisiopatologia está associada ao cromossomo (cr) Philadelphia (Ph) originado da t(9;22) e ao oncogene bcr-abl1 que codifica a proteína Bcr-Abl1 com constitutiva atividade de tirosinoquinase (TK). A expressão de Bcr-Abl determina a leucemogênese por meio da alteração da adesão das células progenitoras leucêmicas ao estroma medular e resistência à apoptose. Os inibidores de TK, o mesilato de imatinibe, dasatinibe e nilotinibe são utilizados no tratamento da LMC, entretanto, casos de resistência têm sido relacionados à presença de mutações em Bcr-Abl1, duplicação do cr Ph e superexpressão do gene bcr-abl1. A resistência ou refratariedade de alguns pacientes ao tratamento com inibidores de TK impulsiona a realização de estudos para melhor conhecimento da fisiopatologia da LMC e descrição de novos alvos terapêuticos. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo investigou a participação de microRNAs na modulação da expressão de genes que regulam a apoptose. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito de bcr-abl1 e da atividade tirosinoquinase de Bcr-abl na expressão desses miRNAs em linhagens celulares e pacientes com LMC. O RNA das linhagens celulares, de pacientes e controles foram obtidos por meio da extração com Trizol® e o cDNA sintetizado com o kit High Capacity cDNA reverse transcription. A expressão dos microRNAs e dos genes alvoss foi quantificada por PCR em tempo real utilizando o kit SYBR Green PCR Master Mix® e TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix®. A inibição de Bcr-Abl1 na linhagem HL-60.Bcr-Abl1 tratada com o mesilato de imatinibe aumentou a expressão de miR-let-7d, miR-15a, miR-130a e miR-145 e diminuiu os níveis de miR-21. O tratamento com dasatinibe aumentou a expressão de miR-let-7e, miR-15a, miR-16, miR-21, miR-30e, miR-130a e miR-142-3p. O nilotinibe aumentou a expressão de miR-let-7e, miR-15a, miR-16, miR-130a e miR-145 e, diminuiu os níveis de miRlet- 7d e miR-21. Os resultados obtidos da análise entre os de pacientes com LMC em diferentes fases da doença mostraram elevados níveis de miR-15a, miR-130b e miR-145 em pacientes na fase crônica versus controles e baixos níveis de miR-16, miR-26a e miR-146a. Pacientes em fases avançadas versus controles apresentaram baixa expressão de miR-let-7d, miR-16, miR-142-3p, miR-145 e miR-146a. Baixos níveis de miR-let-7d, miR-15a, miR-16, miR-29c, miR-142-3p, miR-145 e miR-146a foram observados nas fases avançadas da LMC em relação a fase crônica. Os genes anti-apoptóticos a1, bcl-2, c-flip, ciap-1 e ciap-2 estavam mais elevados na fase crônica do que nos controles. A expressão do gene c-flip estava diminuída e dos genes a1, ciap-1 e mcl-1 aumentada nas fases avançadas em relação aos controles e a fase crônica. Pacientes com LMC resistentes ao MI apresentaram menores níveis de miR-26a, miR-29c, miR-130b, miR-146a e dos genes anti-apoptóticos ciap-1 e mcl-1. Os dados obtidos sugerem que a TK Bcr-Abl modula a expressão de microRNAs que possuem como alvos genes que regulam a apoptose celular / Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disease resulting from clonal expasion of hematopoietic precursor cells. Its physiopathology is associated to Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome (cr) originated from the t(9;22) and bcr-abl1 oncogene that encodes the Bcr-Abl protein with constitutive tyrosine kinase activity (TK). The Bcr-Abl1 expression determines leukemogenesis by altering the leukemic progenitor cells´ adhesion by bone marrow stroma and apoptosis resistance. TK inhibitors imatinib mesylate, dasatinib and nilotinib are used to treat CML, however, cases of resistance have been linked to mutation in Bcr-Abl1, duplication of the cr Ph and overexpression of the bcr-abl1. The resistance or refractoriness of some patients to treatment with TK inhibitors drives the studies to better understand the CML physiopathology and description of new therapeutic targets. In this context, this study investigated the participation of microRNAs in modulating expression of the genes that regulate apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Bcr- Abl1 and its kinase activity in the expression of miRNAs in cell lines and CML patients. The RNA from cell lines, patients and controls were obtained by extraction with Trizol® and cDNA was synthesized with the kit High Capacity cDNA reverse transcription. The expression of miRNAs and target genes was quantified by real time PCR using SYBR Green PCR Master Mix® kit and TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix®. The Bcr-Abl1 inhibition in the cell line HL-60.Bcr-Abl1 treated with imatinib mesylate increased the expression of miR-let- 7d, miR-15a, miR-130a and miR-145 and decreased miR-21 levels. Treatment with dasatinib increased the expression of miR-let-7e, miR-15a, miR-16, miR-21, miR-30e, miR-130a and miR- 142-3p. Nilotinib increased the expression of miR-let-7e, miR-15a, miR-16, miR-130a and miR- 145 and, decreased miR-let-7d and miR-21 levels. The results of the analysis among patients with CML in different stages of disease showed high levels of miR-15a, miR-130b and miR-145 in chronic phase versus controls and low levels of miR-16, miR-26a and miR-146a. Patients in advanced phases versus controls showed low expression of miR-let-7d, miR-16, miR-142-3p, miR-145 and miR-146a. Low levels of miR-let-7d, miR-15a, miR-16, miR-29c, miR-142-3p, miR-145 and miR-146a were observed in CML advanced phases when compared with chronic phase. The antiapoptotic genes a1, bcl-2, c-flip, ciap-1 and ciap-2 were higher in chronic phase than in controls. The c-flip expression was decreased and a1, ciap-1 and mcl-1 expression was increased in advanced phases when compared to controls and chronic phase. CML patients resistant to imatinib mesylate presented low levels of miR-26a, miR-29c, miR-130b, miR-146a and ciap-1 and mcl-1 antiapoptotic genes. The data obtained suggest that Bcr-Abl1 TK modulates the miRNA expression which has target genes involved in the apoptosis´ regulation.

With the advent of Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) as a therapy for Chronic myeloid Leukemia (CML), the patients now enjoy a life expectancy close to that of the general population. But some patients do get unresponsive to the TKI treatment over time due to several mutations in the kinase domain of the BCR-ABL fusion protein, which further leads to activation of multiple signaling cascades within the leukemic cell, helping it survive and proliferate. This project validates and optimizes a new method of In situ PLA that incorporates the usage of different padlocks and template oligos. Multiple cross-reactivity tests and interaction assays in multiple cancer cell lines will further optimize this system as a robust multiplex protein-protein interaction detection tool. Proteins associated with the MAP-K, PI3-K, and Jak-STAT signaling pathways were the main detection targets.

1 Abstract BCR/ABL is a constitutively active tyrosine kinase that has been shown to be at the heart of the development of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and about 30% of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). With the recent advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), exemplified by Imatinib, Nilotinib, Dasatinib and Bosutinib, patients with Ph+ CML or ALL are candidates for the therapy with these agents. From the available TKIs, Imatinib is considered as front-line therapy for CML patients in chronic phase, while for Ph+ ALL patients, 2nd generation TKIs (nilotinib, dasatinib, bosutinib) might be considered as more effective therapeutic option. Since the treatment with TKIs is a long-term affair, a substantial proportion of patients acquire some sort of mutation in kinase domain of BCR- ABL, which could be a reason of treatment failure. To date, over ninety BCR/ABL kinase domain mutations have been identified, affecting over 50 amino acids. Recurrent BCR/ABL kinase domain mutations have already been in vitro tested to approximate for their in vivo behavior. Our goal is to invent in vitro technique that would allow testing TKI sensitivity of novel BCR/ABL kinase domain mutations, identified at very low MRD levels. The technique makes use of site-directed mutagenesis to create the novel BCR/ABL kinase domain...

La caractérisation des tumeurs malignes et la compréhension des mécanismes de résistance aux traitements anticancéreux sont essentielles pour la découverte de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. Les criblages génétiques, devenus encore plus puissants avec la technologie d’édition du génome CRISPR-Cas9, le séquençage nouvelle génération et la bioinformatique, sont des outils formidables pour décrypter de nouveaux mécanismes cellulaires, dont la résistance au traitement. La leucémie myéloïde chronique (LMC) est un syndrome myéloprolifératif qui est caractérisé par l’anomalie génétique t(9;22). Cette aberration chromosomique est à l’origine du gène de fusion BCR-ABL1 qui code l’oncogène du même nom responsable de la prolifération anarchique des cellules. L’imatinib mesylate, un inhibiteur de tyrosine kinase, élimine de manière spécifique les cellules leucémiques en ciblant et en bloquant l’activité kinase de cette protéine. Malheureusement, comme pour tout type de thérapie ciblée, une résistance au traitement survient chez certains patients. Afin de repérer des nouvelles voies de résistance à cet inhibiteur de tyrosine kinase, nous avons effectué un criblage génétique avec la librairie « genome-scale CRISPR knock-out » (GeCKO v2) in vitro dans la lignée cellulaire K562. Nous avons découvert plusieurs gènes qui semblent être essentiels pour la réponse au traitement par imatinib, tels que les facteurs pro-apoptotiques BIM et BAX, ou le répresseur de la voie des MAPK, SPRED2. Le rétablissement spécifique de l’apoptose dans les cellules BIM knock-out (KO) par des BH3-mimétiques, ou l’inhibition ciblée de la voie MAPK dans la lignée SPRED2 KO sensibilise de nouveau les lignées résistantes. Dans ce travail, nous avons découvert des mécanismes de résistance déjà connus (l’apoptose, la voie MAPK…) mais nous avons également démontré l’implication de voies peu connues telles que le complexe Mediator, la maturation de ARNm et l’ubiquitinylation de protéines. Spécifiquement cibler ces lésions génétiques avec des thérapies ciblées combinées peut permettre de surmonter les phénotypes de résistance et ouvre la porte à l’utilisation de l’oncologie de précision. / The characterization of malignant tumour growth and the understanding of resistance mechanisms to treatment in cancer is of utmost importance for the discovery of novel “druggable” targets. Efficient genetic screening, now even more possible with the convergence of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology, next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics, is an important tool for deciphering novel cellular processes, such as resistance to treatment in cancer. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder characterised by the t(9;22) genetic abnormality, which encodes the driver of CML, the BCR-ABL1 fusion protein. Imatinib mesylate, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, specifically eliminates CML cells by targeting and blocking the kinase activity of this protein, yet, as for all targeted therapies in cancer, resistance to treatment exists. In order to discover alternative BCR-ABL1 independent mechanisms of imatinib resistance, we utilized the genome-scale CRISPR knock-out library GeCKO v2 to screen for imatinib sensitising genes in vitro on K562 cells. We revealed genes that seem essential for imatinib induced cell death, such as pro-apoptotic genes (BIM, BAX) or MAPK inhibitor SPRED2. Specifically re-establishing apoptotic capabilities in BIM knock-out (KO) cells with BH3-mimetics, or inhibiting MAP-kinase signalling in SPRED2 KO cells with MEK inhibitors restores sensitivity to imatinib, overcoming resistance phenotypes. In this work, we discovered previously identified pathways (apoptosis, MAP-kinase signalling) and novel pathways that modulate response to imatinib in CML cell lines, such as the implication of the Mediator complex, mRNA processing and protein ubiquitinylation. Targeting these specific genetic lesions with combinational therapy can overcome resistance phenotypes and paves the road for the use of precision oncology.

La leucémie myéloïde chronique (LMC) est un modèle d’évolution tumorale dans les cancers humains. Le processus d’évolution de la LMC de la phase chronique (PC) à la phase blastique (PB) est caractérisé par un arrêt de différenciation et l’acquisition de la capacité d’autorenouvellement incontrôlé d’une cellule souche ou d’un progéniteur hématopoïétique. La LMC en PB est associée à la présence d’anomalies génétiques additionnelles à la fusion BCR-ABL1 qui résulte de la translocation chromosomique t(9;22). Contrairement aux patients en PC, les patients en PB de la LMC n’obtiennent pas une réponse moléculaire complète à long terme avec 1’Imatinib mesylate, un inhibiteur de la tyrosine kinase (ITK) BCR-ABL1. De plus, les ITKs de deuxième et troisième générations sont moins efficaces en PB de la LMC lorsque les cellules leucémiques ont acquis une résistance au traitement indépendante des mutations de BCR-ABL1. Les mécanismes moléculaires des voies de signalisation impliquées dans la progression de la LMC en PB ne sont pas entièrement élucidés. Le but de notre travail est de caractériser de nouvelles anomalies génétiques dans la PB de la LMC. Nous avons identifié en cytogénétique, quatre nouvelles translocations chromosomiques : t(1;21)(p36;q22), t(7;17)(p15;q22), t(8;17)(q11;q22) et t(2;12)(q31;p13) dans les cellules leucémiques de patients en PB de la LMC résistants au traitement. En utilisant des techniques d'hybridation in situ en fluorescence, de RT-PCR et de séquençage, nous avons délimité les régions à investiguer au niveau des points de cassure et identifié un réarrangement de plusieurs gènes codant pour des facteurs de transcription importants lors de l’hématopoïèse tels que RUNX1, ETV6, PRDM16 et HOXA. L’altération de ces gènes pourrait expliquer l’arrêt de différenciation et/ou l’acquisition de la capacité d’autorenouvellement caractéristiques de la LMC en PB. Nous avons identifié les fusions RUNX1-PRDM16, MSI2-HOXA, MSI2-SOX17 et ETV6-HOXD11, respectivement associées aux translocations chromosomiques t(1;21), t(7;17), t(8;17) et t(2;12). Ces fusions génèrent différents transcrits alternatifs qui maintiennent et altèrent le cadre ouvert de lecture. L’analyse des séquences des transcrits chimériques identifiés dans ce projet, incluant RUNX1-PRDM16, MSI2-HOXA9, MSI2-HOXA10, MSI2-HOXA11 et ETV6-HOXD11, nous a permis de prédire les domaines fonctionnels potentiellement présents au niveau des protéines chimériques prédites. Les transcrits de fusion qui respectent le cadre ouvert de lecture peuvent générer des domaines fonctionnels des deux partenaires. C’est le cas des deux transcrits identifiés pour la fusion RUNX1-PRDM16 où le domaine de liaison à l’ADN RHD (Runt homology domain) de RUNX1 est fusionné avec la quasi-totalité des domaines de PRDM16. Les transcrits de fusion qui ne respectent pas le cadre ouvert de lecture donnent des formes tronquées des transcrits RUNX1, MSI2 et ETV6. La juxtaposition des régions promotrices de ces derniers en 5’ de leurs partenaires entraîne l’activation de la forme courte oncogénique de PRDM16 dans la t(1;21) ou de différents gènes HOXA/D dans les t(7;17) et t(2;12), ainsi que l’expression aberrante d’un nouveau transcrit alternatif de SOX17 dans la t(8;17). Notre étude nous a permis d’identifier de nouveaux gènes de fusion et/ou une activation de gènes qui pourraient coopérer avec la fusion BCR-ABL1 dans la progression de la LMC et être impliqués dans la résistance au traitement de la LMC en phase avancée. La caractérisation des événements génétiques associés à la transformation blastique de la LMC est essentielle pour l’investigation des voies moléculaires impliquées dans cette phase de la maladie. Investiguer la résistance au traitement de ces patients pourrait aussi contribuer à identifier de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques dans cette leucémie. / Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a model of tumor evolution in human cancer. The evolution process of CML from the chronic phase (CP) to the blastic phase (BP) is characterized by a blockade of differentiation and acquisition of uncontrolled self-renewal capacity by hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells. CML-BP is associated with the presence of other genetic abnormalities in addition to the BCR-ABL1 fusion which results from chromosomal translocation t(9;22). Unlike patients in the CP, patients with CML-BP do not achieve a long-term complete molecular response to Imatinib mesylate, an inhibitor targeting the BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase (TK). Moreover, second and third generation TK inhibitors are less effective in CML-BP when leukemic cells have acquired a therapeutic resistance independent of BCR-ABL1 mutations. The molecular mechanisms of the signaling pathways responsible for CML progression from CP to BP are poorly understood. The aim of our project is to characterize novel genetic alterations in the BP of CML. We have identified by cytogenetics, four novel chromosomal translocations: t(1;21)(p36;q22), t(7;17)(p15;q22), t(8;17)(q11;q22) and t(2;12)(q31;p13) in leukemic cells of patients with CML-BP resistant to therapy. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, RT-PCR and sequencing techniques, we have mapped chromosomal translocation breakpoints and identified rearranged genes encoding transcription factors which are key regulators of hematopoiesis, such as RUNX1, ETV6, PRDM16 and HOXA. The disruption of these genes could explain the differentiation blockade and/or uncontrolled self-renewal associated with the CML-BP. We identified RUNX1-PRDM16, MSI2-HOXA, MSI2-SOX17 and ETV6-HOXD11 fusions created by chromosomal translocations t(1;21), t(7;17), t(8;17) and t(2;12) respectively. These fusions generate different alternative transcripts that both maintain and alter the open reading frame. Sequence analysis of chimeric transcripts identified in this project, including RUNX1-PRDM16, MSI2-HOXA9, MSI2-HOXA10, MSI2-HOXA11 and ETV6-HOXD11, allowed us to predict potential functional domains present in putative chimeric proteins. In-frame fusion transcripts can generate functional domains from both fusion partners. For example, in two RUNX1-PRDM16 transcripts, the RUNX1 DNA binding domain RHD (Runt homology domain) is fused to the majority of PRDM16 domains. Out-of-frame fusion transcripts resulted in truncated forms of RUNX1, MSI2 and ETV6. The juxtaposition of promoter regions of these genes to the 5’ part of their partners resulted in the activation of the oncogenic short form of PRDM16 in the t(1;21) or of different HOXA/D genes in t(7;17) and t(2;12), and in the aberrant expression of a novel alternative SOX17 transcript in the t(8;17). Our study allowed us to identify novel fusion genes and/or activation of genes that potentially cooperate with BCR-ABL1 fusion in the progression of CML and contribute to treatment resistance of this disease. The characterization of genetic events related to the blastic transformation of CML is an important step in the investigation of molecular pathways involved in this stage of the disease. Understanding treatment resistance of these patients might help to identify new therapeutic targets in this leukemia.

La vigueur de la réponse immunitaire générée par les cellules dendritiques (DC) a positionné ces cellules comme médiatrices centrales dans l’activation des lymphocytes T. La vulnérabilité des cellules cancéreuses de leucémie myéloïde chronique (LMC) à l’intervention immunitaire résulte apparemment de la capacité des cellules leucémiques de se différencier en DC. Ces DC ont alors la capacité de présenter des peptides provenant des cellules souches leucémiques aux lymphocytes T. Dans ce travail, nous démontrons que la plupart des patients atteints d’une LMC présentent un déficit important en DC au niveau du sang et de la moelle osseuse avant la greffe de cellules souches allogéniques. Les faibles niveaux de DC circulantes résultent en grande partie d’une perte de la diversité au niveau des cellules progénitrices CD34+ leucémiques au niveau de la moelle osseuse. Ces cellules progénitrices CD34+ présentent d’ailleurs une capacité réduite à se différencier en DC in vitro. Nous avons trouvé qu’un décompte faible de DC avant une greffe allogénique était associé à une diminution significative de la survie et une augmentation considérable du risque de développer une des complications mortelles. Puisque la reconstitution des DC suite à la greffe est absente, notre étude appuie aussi la thèse que ce sont les cellules DC pré greffe qui sont primordiales dans l'effet du greffon contre leucémie (GVL). Dans ce contexte, notre étude suggère que le compte des DC avant la greffe allogénique pourrait servir de marqueur pronostique pour identifier les patients LMC à risque de développer certaines complications suite à une greffe allogénique. / The intensity of the immune response that is generated by the dendritic cells (DCs) has established these cells as central mediators in the activation of T lymphocytes. The vulnerability of leukemic cells present in chronic myeloid leukemia is mostly attributable to the ability of the leukemic stems cell to differentiate themselves into potent DCs. The latter are then able to present peptides which come from endogenous origin and from leukemic stem cells to the T lymphocytes. In this thesis, we demonstrate that, before allogeneic stem cell transplant, the majority of patients afflicted by CML have a considerable lack of DCs in their peripheral blood as well as in their bone marrow. The low levels of circulating DCs result to a great extent from a loss of diversity in the CD34+ leukemic progenitor cells located in the bone marrow. Moreover, these CD34+ leukemic progenitor cells display a reduced capacity to differentiate themselves into DCs in vitro. Our findings show that having a low level of DCs prior to an allogeneic transplant is associated with a significant decline in survival rates as well as with increased risks of developing life threatening complications. Since the DCs’ reconstitution following an allogeneic bone marrow transplant is missing, our study supports the thesis that pre graft DCs are essential in the Graft versus leukemia effect (GVL).Therefore, our research suggests that tallying DC before proceeding with an allogeneic transplant could act as a prognostic marker to identify LMC patients who present risks of complications after an allogeneic transplant.

A Leucemia Mielóide Crônica (LMC) é uma neoplasia mieloproliferativa resultante da expansão clonal de células mielóides positivas para o cromossomo Philadelphia. A patogênese da LMC está associada à expressão do oncogene BCR-ABL1, que codifica a proteína Bcr-Abl com constitutiva atividade da tirosina quinase, promovendo a mieloproliferação exacerbada e a resistência à apoptose das células leucêmicas. Os pacientes com LMC são tratados principalmente com inibidores de tirosina quinase (TKI), mas a resistência aos inibidores e a refratariedade tem sido relatada em alguns pacientes na fase crônica e na maioria dos pacientes em fases avançadas da doença. Assim sendo, continua a ser de suma importância a elucidação da patogênese da LMC e a busca de novos alvos terapêuticos, como os membros da via de sinalização Hippo e reguladores do ciclo celular, da família Aurora quinase. O presente estudo quantificou o nível de expressão de genes que codificam componentes da via de sinalização Hippo (MST1, MOB1B, MOBKL1B, LATS1, LATS2, YAP e TAZ) e Aurora quinases A e B em: 1) pacientes com LMC em diferentes fases da doença, resistentes ou sensíveis à terapia com mesilato de imatinibe (MI), em indivíduos saudáveis e 2) linhagens celulares HL-60, HL-60.Bcr- Abl tratadas com TKI (imatinibe, dasatinibe e nilotinibe), KCL22 e LAMA84 resistentes e sensíveis ao MI. Os níveis de expressão dos genes alvo foram correlacionados com o índice de prognóstico de Sokal. Os principais resultados revelaram que há alteração nos genes MST1, MOB1B, MOBKL1B, LATS1, LATS2, TAZ, AURKA e AURKB em pacientes com LMC em relação aos controles. Não houve correlação entre o índice de Sokal e a expressão gênica dos genes da via Hippo, MST1, MOB1B, MOBKL1B, LATS1, LATS2 e TAZ, assim como os genes Aurora quinases A e B. Pacientes com LMC em fases avançadas apresentaram maiores valores de expressão dos genes TAZ e AURKB, comparado aos pacientes na fase crônica. Os pacientes resistentes ao TKI apresentaram as expressões dos genes MST1, TAZ e AURKB, significativamente mais elevadas, comparado aos pacientes sensíveis ao MI. Os resultados dos estudos em linhagens celulares indicaram principalmente que a expressão do gene LATS1 pode ser modulada pela atividade de tirosina quinase Bcr-abl e que o oncogene BCR-ABL1 induz a expressão de AURKA, AURKB, LATS1 e TAZ. Em conjunto os dados obtidos revelam que a alteração da expressão dos genes da família Aurora quinase, A e B, e dos genes que codificam proteínas da via Hippo contribui para a patogênese e progressão da LMC. O desenvolvimento de fármacos e/ou a identificação de marcadores tumorais para a via de sinalização Hippo e família Aurora quinase, podem otimizar o tratamento da LMC, aumentando a susceptibilidade das células leucêmicas a apoptose e levando a um melhor prognóstico da doença / Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm resulting from clonal expansion of myeloid cells positive for the Philadelphia chromosome. The CML pathogenesis is associated with BCR-ABL1 oncogene expression, which encodes the Bcr-Abl protein with a constitutive tyrosine kinase activity, leading to leukemic cell high proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. CML patients are mainly treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), but some of CML patients in chronic phase are resistant and in advanced phases are refractory to TKI. Thus, it is still relevant to elucidate the CML pathogenesis and seek to new therapeutic targets, including the Hippo signaling pathway members and cell cycle regulatory genes such as those encoding the Aurora kinase family. The present study quantified the RNA expression level of genes encoding components from the Hippo cell signaling pathway (MST1, MOB1B, MOBKL1B, LATS1, LATS2, YAP, and TAZ) and Aurora kinase A and B in: 1) CML patients at different stages of the disease, in CML patients resistant or sensitive to imatinib mesylate therapy, healthy individuals and 2) in cell lines HL-60, HL-60.Bcr-Abl treated with TKI (imatinib mesylate, dasatinib and nilotinib), KCL22 and LAMA84 resistant and sensitive to IM. The RNA expression levels of the target genes were also correlated to the CML Sokal\'s prognostic score values. The main results revealed that there are alterations in the genes MST1, MOB1B, MOBKL1B, LATS1, LATS2, TAZ, AURKA and AURKB in patients with CML in relation to the controls. There was no correlation between the Sokal index and the gene expression of the Hippo, MST1, MOB1B, MOBKL1B, LATS1, LATS2 and TAZ genes, as well as the Aurora kinase genes A and B. Patients with advanced phase CML had higher values of expression of the TAZ and AURKB genes, compared to the patients in the chronic phase. Patients resistant to TKI had significantly higher MST1, TAZ and AURKB gene expression compared to MI-sensitive patients. The results of the studies in cell lines indicated primarily that the expression of the LATS1 gene can be modulated by the Bcr-abl tyrosine kinase activity and the BCR-ABL1 oncogene induces the expression of AURKA, AURKB, LATS1 and TAZ. Together, the data show that altered expression of Aurora kinase family genes, A and B, and genes coding for Hippo pathway proteins contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of CML. The development of drugs and/or identification of tumor markers for the Hippo signaling pathway and the Aurora kinase family can optimize CML treatment by enhancing the susceptibility of leukemic cells to apoptosis and leading to a better disease prognosis

Leucemia mieloide crônica (LMC) é uma neoplasia hematológica maligna associada à atividade tirosinoquinase da oncoproteína BCR-ABL1. A maioria dos casos de LMC é tratada com sucesso com inibidores tirosinoquinase de BCR-ABL1, mas uma porcentagem significativa de pacientes desenvolve resistência ao fármaco. Estudos recentes indicam que a célula-tronco leucêmica é resistente ao tratamento com imatinibe. A identificação de outras proteínas que cooperam com as vias de sinalização BCR-ABL1 podem indicar novos alvos terapêuticos. Os substratos do receptor de insulina (IRS) têm emergido como proteínas importantes na fisiopatologia de neoplasias sólidas e hematológicas. Um inibidor farmacológico de IGF1R-IRS1/2, NT157, foi desenvolvido e mostrou resultados promissores em estudos pré-clínicos com tumores sólidos. A associação constitutiva de IRS1 com BCRABL1 e o efeito antineoplásico resultante do silenciamento espefício de IRS1 em células K562 BCR-ABL1+ suportam a hipótese deste trabalho. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito da inibição farmacológica de IGF1R-IRS1/2 no fenótipo de células hematopoéticas leucêmicas BCR-ABL1+ utilizando células primárias, células K562 e modelos murinos. IRS1, mas não IRS2, apresentou-se menos expresso em amostras de medula óssea de pacientes com diagnóstico de LMC quando comparadas às amostras de células hematopoéticas normais (p<0,0001). NT157 reduziu a formação de colônias de células primárias de pacientes com LMC, mas não de células hematopoéticas de indivíduos saudáveis. Em células K562, o tratamento com o inibidor farmacológico de IGF1R-IRS1/2, NT157, reduziu a viabilidade e proliferação celular e induziu apoptose (p<0,05), inibiu a fosforilação de IGF1R, STAT3, STAT5, 4EBP1, P70S6K e ERK1/2, aumentou a expressão dos genes supressores de tumor CDKN1A, FOS e JUN e reduziu a expressão dos oncogenes MYC e BCL2 (p<0,05); a inibição específica de IRS1 através de lentivírus, mas não de IRS2, reduziu a viabilidade celular (p<0,05). Em células murinas Ba/F3 BCR-ABL1 e BCRABL1T315I, o inibidor farmacológico de IGF1R-IRS1/2, NT157, induziu apoptose e reduziu ativação de ERK1/2 in vitro. Na dose de 50mg/kg/dia, NT157 intraperitoneal e/ou imatinibe por gavagem falharam em reduzir o crescimento tumoral in vivo em modelo de tumor alográfico induzido por células Ba/F3 BCR-ABL1 e BCR-ABL1T315I. Em modelo animal de leucemia induzido por transplante de células hematopoéticas transduzidas com BCR-ABL1: (i) o tratamento com NT157 100mg/kg intraperitoneal, 3 vezes por semana, combinado com imatinibe 100mg/kg/dia por gavagem, reduziu significativamente o peso do baço, e preveniu a perda de peso comparado com veículo (p<0,05); apenas a monoterapia com imatinibe prolongou a sobrevida dos animais, (ii) o tratamento com NT157 70mg/kg intraperitoneal, 3 vezes por semana, e/ou imatinibe 70mg/kg/dia por gavagem não teve impacto no peso do baço e na variação do peso corporal; o tratamento com imatinibe em monoterapia ou combinado com NT157 prolongou a sobrevida dos animais (p<0,05). Em conclusão, o inibidor farmacológico de IGF1R-IRS1/2 representa uma droga potencialmente eficaz no tratamento da LMC, especialmente em casos de resistência com mutação BCR-ABL1 T315I. A avaliação da eficácia do inibidor farmacológico NT157 em modelos animais de LMC exige ajustes nos modelos murinos utilizados no presente estudo, melhor entendimento da farmacodinâmica e farmacocinética do composto e ajustes no esquema terapêutico utilizado. / Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a hematological malignancy associated with the tyrosine kinase activity of the BCR-ABL1 oncoprotein. Most cases of CML are successfully treated with BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors, but a significant percentage of patients develop resistance. Recent studies indicate that leukemic stem cell is resistant to imatinib treatment. The identification of other proteins that cooperate with the BCR-ABL1 signaling pathway may indicate novel therapeutic targets. Insulin receptor substrates (IRS) have emerged as important proteins in the pathophysiology of solid and hematological neoplasms. A pharmacological inhibitor of IGF1R-IRS1/2, NT157, has been developed and shown promising results in preclinical studies with solid tumors. The constitutive association of IRS1 with BCR-ABL1, and the antineoplastic effects resulting from IRS1-specific silencing in K562 BCR-ABL1+ cells, support the hypothesis of this work. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of pharmacological inhibition of IGF1R-IRS1/2 on the phenotype of BCR-ABL1+ leukemia cells, using primary cells, K562 cell line and murine models. IRS1, but not IRS2, was downregulated in bone marrow samples from CML patients compared to bone marrow cells from healthy donors (p<0.0001). NT157 reduced colony formation of primary cells from CML patients but not from healthy donors. In K562 cells, treatment with the pharmacological inhibitor IGF1R-IRS1/2, NT157, reduced cell viability and proliferation, induced apoptosis (p<0.05), inhibited the phosphorylation of IGF1R, STAT3, STAT5, 4EBP1, P70S6K and ERK1/2, increased expression of tumor suppressor genes CDKN1A, FOS and JUN, and reduced expression of oncogenes MYC and BCL2 (p<0.05); IRS1 silencing mediated by lentivirus, but not IRS2, reduced cell viability (p<0.05). In murine Ba/F3 BCRABL1 and Ba/F3 BCR-ABL1T315I cells, the pharmacological inhibitor of IGF1R-IRS1/2, NT157, induced apoptosis and reduced ERK1/2 activation in vitro. At 50mg/kg/day, NT157 intraperitoneally and/or imatinib orally, failed to reduce tumor burden in vivo in an allographic tumor model induced by Ba/F3 BCR-ABL1 and Ba/F3 BCR-ABL1T315I cells . In an animal leukemia model induced by transplantation of BCR-ABL1-transduced hematopoietic cells : (i) treatment with NT157 100mg/kg intraperitoneally, 3 times per week, combined with imatinib 100mg/kg/day per gavage, significantly reduced spleen weight, and prevented weight loss compared to vehicle (p<0.05); only imatinib monotherapy prolonged survival (p<0.05), (ii) treatment with NT157 70 mg/kg intraperitoneally, 3 times per week, and/or imatinib 70 mg/kg/day per gavage had no impact on spleen weight and body weight; treatment with imatinib alone or combined with NT157 prolonged survival (p<0.05). In conclusion, the pharmacological inhibitor of IGF1R-IRS1/2 represents a potential effective drug in CML therapy, especially in cases of resistant BCR-ABL1 T315I mutation. The evaluation of the NT157 pharmacological efficacy in CML animal models requires adjustments in the murine models used in the present study, better understanding of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the compound and adjustments in the therapeutic scheme used.

Fosfoetanolamina sintética (Pho-s) é um monoéster análogo à fosfoetanolamina da membrana celular fosforilada artificialmente, com propriedades antiinflamatórias e apoptóticas para vários tipos de células tumorais humanas e murinas. Neste projeto foram avaliados os efeitos antitumorais in vitro da Pho-s e da formulação lipossomal DODAC/Pho-s na linhagem tumoral de leucemia mielóide crônica humana (K-562), em comparação ao modelo resistente a múltiplas drogas K-562 Lucena (MDR+). Os efeitos de citotoxicidade da Pho-s na linhagem tumoral K-562 e K-562 Lucena (MDR+) foram avaliados pela viabilidade celular utilizando o teste da Sulforodamina B, e os valores da IC50% obtidos foram de 43.1 mM e 145.9 mM, respectivamente após 24 horas de tratamento. O tratamento com o carreador DODAC vazio nas células K-562 e K-562 Lucena (MDR+) a IC50% foi de 0,0003mM e 0,008mM respectivamente, e com o tratamento com a formulação lipossomal DODAC/Pho-s a IC50% obtida respectivamente de, 0,56 mM e 0,31 mM. A viabilidade celular foi determinada a exclusão pelo azul de tripan 0,2%, em sistema automatizado Vi-Cell e foram significativas as diminuições da viabilidade celular em comparação ao grupo controle não tratado nas diversas concentrações e em diferentes períodos de tempo de tratamento. As alterações nas distribuições nas populações celulares nas fases do ciclo celular determinadas por citometria de fluxo mostraram aumento do DNA fragmentado (Sub/G1) em 12 e 24 horas de tratamento. Atividade apoptótica das células tumorais pela expressão da Anexina V/PI, no estágio de apoptose inicial, apoptose tardia e necrose foram quantificadas em citometria de fluxo, o tratamento com Pho-s, quando comparado ao grupo controle K-562 (40 e 80 mM) e K-562 Lucena (MDR+) (146 e 292 mM) ocorreu aumento significativo do número de células apoptóticas e em menor percentual o número de células necróticas. O tratamento com a Pho-s em célula leucêmica K-562 e K-562 Lucena (MDR+) tratadas, respectivamente com 40 e 80 mM e 146 e 292 mM mostraram que independente da expressão do fenótipo de resistência há uma redução significativa no potencial elétrico mitocondrial, analisado pelo o ensaio da rodamina-123. Os marcadores de controle e progressão do ciclo celular e da apoptose, mostraram efeitos moduladores da Pho-s dependentes da p53 na expressão da moléculas pró-apoptóticas. Esse conjunto de informações demonstrou os efeitos apoptóticos da Pho-s e da formulação lipossomal nas células tumorais independentemente do perfil molecular de resistência (MDR+), o que possibilita dizer que esse composto possui significativo potencial terapêutico nesse grupo de leucemias / Synthetic phosphoethanolamine (Pho-s) is a monoester analogous to the phosphoethanolamine which composes the membrane of an artificially phosphorylated cell, with anti-inflammatory and apoptotic properties for various types of human and murine tumor cells. In this project, we evaluated in vitro antitumor effects of Pho-s and the DODAC/Pho-s liposomal formulation in the human chronic myeloid leukemia (K-562) tumor line in comparison with the K-562 Lucena (MDR+). The effects of cytotoxicity of Pho-s on K-562 and K-562 Lucena (MDR +) tumor cells lines were evaluated by cell viability using the Sulforhodamine B test, and the IC50% values obtained were 43.1 mM and 145.9 mM after 24 hours of treatment, respectively. Treatment with the empty DODAC carrier on the K-562 and K-562 Lucena (MDR+) at IC50% cells was 0.0003 mM and 0.008 mM, and the treatment with the DODAC/Pho-s liposomal formulation obtained results of 0.56 mM and 0.31 mM, respectively. Cell viability was determined by 0.2% trypan blue exclusion in automated Vi-Cell system and the decreases in cell viability were significant in comparison to the untreated control group at various concentrations and different treatment time periods. Alterations in the distributions of cell populations in the cell cycle phases determined by flow cytometry showed increment of fragmented DNA (Sub/G1) in 12 and 24 hours of treatment. Apoptotic activity of tumor cells by the expression of Annexin V/PI, in the early apoptosis, late apoptosis phase and necrosis stage were quantified in flow cytometry, the treatment with Pho-s, when compared to the control group K-562 (40 and 80 mM) and K-562 Lucena (MDR +) (146 and 292 mM) demonstrated that there was a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells and, in a lower percentage, the number of necrotic cells. Treatments with Pho-s in leukemic cell K-56 with 40 and 80 mM and in K-562 Lucena (MDR+) with 146 and 292 mM showed that independent of the expression of the resistance phenotype there is a significant reduction in the electrical potential of the mitochondrial membrane, analyzed with the rhodamine-123 assay. Control and progression markers of cell cycle and apoptosis showed p53-dependent modulating effects on the expression of pro-apoptotic molecules. This set of information demonstrated the apoptotic effects of Pho-s and liposomal formulation on tumor cells independently of the molecular resistance profile (MDR+), which makes it possible to say that this compound has significant therapeutic potential in this group of leukemias

INTRODUÇÃO: O impacto do aumento de expressão do fator de crescimento endotelial no curso da Leucemia Mielóide Crônica (LMC) ainda é desconhecido, porém há relatos de que estes pacientes apresentam maior densidade vascular em medula óssea do que em indivíduos saudáveis, principalmente em crise blástica. Outro fator recentemente associado ao aumento da angiogênese é a expressão anormal da proteína hsecurina, que, por sua vez, inibi uma protease denominada separase, responsável pela separação das cromátides irmãs durante a anáfase da mitose. Por esses motivos, quantificamos células endoteliais circulantes e VEGF em portadores de LMC como marcador de angiogênese e expressão do gene hsecurina. MÉTODOS: Realizamos análise prospectiva e consecutiva de uma coorte de 31 pacientes com LMC em fase crônica ao diagnóstico, 23 em crise blástica, 30 em fase acelerada, atendidos no ambulatório de Hematologia da FMUSP e 50 indivíduos saudáveis, doadores de plaquetas por aférese, para quantificação da porcentagem de células endoteliais circulantes e subtipos pelo método de citometria de fluxo no laboratório de Imunopatologia HC/FMUSP. Desta coorte 25 pacientes em fase crônica, 14 em crise blástica, 26 em fase acelerada e 32 indivíduos saudáveis foram analisados para os genes hsecurina e VEGF por PCR quantitativo em tempo real. RESULTADOS: A mediana da porcentagem das células endoteliais circulantes foi de 0, 0146% em LMC em crise blástica e 0,0059% no grupo controle, p < 0,01 às custas das células endoteliais maduras (p < 0,01). A mediana de células endoteliais circulantes em crise blástica foi de 0, 0146%, superior à da fase acelerada (0,0059%), p < 0,01 com predomínio de células endoteliais maduras (p < 0,01). Em relação à expressão do gene VEGF observamos aumento estatisticamente significativo nas fases crônica (p < 0,01), acelerada (p < 0,01) e crise blástica (p = 0,04). Encontramos aumento significativo da expressão do gene hsecurina na crise blástica da doença, com mediana de 0,390 em relação aos grupos controle com mediana de 0,125 (p < 0,01) e fase acelerada, com mediana de 0,230 (p = 0,04). Os pacientes na fase crônica da doença apresentaram mediana de 0,260 e p = 0,03 quando comparados com o grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO: Observamos neste estudo que a quantificação de CEC é uma ferramenta útil para predizer e identificar precocemente a progressão da LMC para fase blástica, diferentemente da variável VEGF que foi elevado em todas as fases da doença. A expressão do gene hSecurina na fase crônica da doença foi significantemente alta, demonstrando provável relação com a elevação da taxa de proliferação celular. Entretanto, estudos complementares do gene hSecurina deverão ser realizados na crise blástica da LMC, para entendermos com precisão o real significado nesta fase da doença. / INTRODUCTION: The impact of the increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in the course of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is still unknown, but there are reports that those patients have higher vascular density in bone marrow than healthy individuals, particularly in blast crisis. Another factor recently associated with increased angiogenesis is the abnormal expression of protein hSecurin, which, in turn, inhibits a protease called separase, responsible for the separation of sister chromatids during the anaphase of mitosis. For these reasons, we quantified circulating endothelial cells and VEGF in patients with CML as a marker of angiogenesis and hSecurin gene expression. METHODS: We performed a prospective analysis of consecutive cases in a cohort of 31 patients with CML in chronic phase at diagnosis, 23 in blast crisis, 30 in accelerated phase who attended the outpatient Hematology FMUSP ward, and 50 healthy subjects, platelet apheresis donors, for quantification of the percentage of circulating endothelial cells and subtypes through the flow cytometry method, at HC/FMUSP Immunopathology laboratory. In this cohort, 25 patients in chronic phase, 14 in blast crisis, 26 in accelerated phase, and 32 healthy subjects were tested for the genes VEGF and hSecurin by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS: The median percentage of circulating endothelial cells was 0.0146% in CML in blast crisis and 0.0059% in the control group, p <0.01 at the expense of mature endothelial cells (p <0.01). The median circulating endothelial cells in blast crisis was 0.0146% higher than in accelerated phase (0.0059%), p <0.01 with predominance of mature endothelial cells (p <0.01). Regarding the expression of the VEGF gene, a statistically significant increase was observed in chronic phase (p <0.01), accelerated (p <0.01) and blast crisis (p = 0.04). We found a significant increase in hSecurin gene expression in blast crisis disease, with a median of 0.390 compared to control groups, with a median of 0.125 (p <0.01) and accelerated phase, with a median of 0.230 (p = 0.04). Patients with chronic disease had a median of 0.260 and p = 0.03 compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: In this study, we observed that the quantification of CPB is a useful tool to predict and identify the early progression of CML to blast phase, unlike the VEGF variable, which was elevated in all stages of the disease. The expression of hSecurin gene in chronic phase was significantly higher, demonstrating a likely relationship with the increased cell proliferation rate. However, further studies of hSecurin gene should be made in the blastic crisis of CML to understand precisely the real meaning at this stage of the disease.