As leucemias cromossomo Ph-positivas estão intimamente associadas à expressão da tirosina-quinase Bcr-Abl. Esta oncoproteína promove independência de fatores de crescimento, alterações na adesão e inibição da apoptose por mecanismos ainda não totalmente elucidados. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a contribuição da atividade quinase de Bcr-Abl para seu potencial anti-apoptótico e identificar alterações moleculares envolvidas na transformação celular induzida por essa proteína. Nossos resultados sugerem que a resistência à apoptose não depende da manutenção constante da atividade tirosina-quinase de Bcr-Abl, tampouco da presença de proteínas fosforiladas em tirosina. A comparação do proteoma de células HL-60.vetor e HL-60.Bcr-Abl revelou que a presença de Bcr-Abl causa alterações profundas no padrão de expressão protéica. As proteínas afetadas estão associadas a diversos processos celulares, como adesão, transdução de sinais, proliferação e morte celular. Esses achados devem contribuir para a identificação de novos marcadores de prognóstico e alvos terapêuticos. / Ph chromosome-positive leukemias are closely associated with the expression of Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase. This oncoprotein promotes growth factor independence, alters cell adhesion and confers resistance to apoptosis by mechanisms that are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of Bcr-Abl kinase activity for its antiapoptotic potential and identify molecular alterations involved in Bcr-Abl-induced cell malignant transformation. Our results suggest that Bcr-Abl is not required to be constantly active to maintain the resistance to apoptosis and pY-containing proteins may not be responsible for the antiapoptotic effect of Bcr-Abl. The comparison between the proteome of HL-60.vector and HL-60.Bcr-Abl cells revealed that the presence of Bcr-Abl alters the expression of a great variety of proteins. The affected molecules are associated with several cellular processes, including cell adhesion, signal transduction, proliferation and cell death. Our findings might help the identification of new prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.

A galectina-1 (LGALS1) participa em diferentes etapas da neoplasia, mas sua função na leucemia mielóide crônica (LMC) é desconhecida. Neste trabalho, a expressão etópica de BCR-ABL selvagem, mas não de BCR-ABL quinase deficiente, em linhagens celulares hematopoéticas, resultou em aumento de LGALS1. O efeito foi revertido com a inibição da tirosina quinase pelo mesilato de imatinibe. Este resultado indicou que a galectina-1 é modulada pela atividade tirosina-quinase de BCR-ABL. Em pacientes com LMC, a maior expressão de LGALS1 foi correlacionada a altos níveis de BCR-ABL, progressão da doença e a um tempo de sobrevida menor. Adicionalmente, as células K562 com LGALS1 inibida por RNA de interferência exibiram crescimento mais lento do que as células K562 com LGALS1 intacta, em camundongos nude. Portanto, o pior prognóstico de pacientes com altos níveis de galectina-1 sugere um efeito cooperativo de galectina-1 na tumorigênese de BCR-ABL reforçando o conceito de que a galectina-1 é um forte candidato para intervenção terapêutica na LMC. / Galectin-1 (LGALS1) participates in different steps of neoplasia but its role in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is unknown. In this work, ectopic expression of wild-type but not kinase-deficient BCR-ABL in different hematopoietic cells resulted in LGALS1 upregulation. Tyrosine-kinase inhibition by imatinib mesylate reversed this effect. This result indicate that galectin-1 is modulated by tyrosine kinase activity. In CML patients, the elevated expression of LGALS1 was correlated with high BCR-ABL levels, disease progression and shorter survival time. Additionally, in nude mice, LGALS1-deficient K562 cells obtained by RNA interference were less efficient in tumor formation than control K562 cells. Therefore, the worst prognosis in patients bearing high LGALS1 levels suggests a cooperative role for galectin-1 in BCR-ABL-positive leukemia and support the concept that galectin-1 is a strong candidate for CML therapeutic intervention.

Bcr-Abl é a tirosina quinase (TK) responsável por causar a Leucemia Mielóide Crônica (LMC). Os últimos estudos de follow-up mostram que apenas 50% dos pacientes tratados com a segunda geração de inibidores de TK atinge a remissão completa, o que significa que metade desses pacientes necessita de um algo melhor do que está disponível. Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP) é um gene essencial para o bom desenvolvimento e função das células hematopoiéticas. Ante esse contexto, decidimos investigar se WASP poderia ter algum papel ou relevância na LMC. Em conclusão, Bcr-Abl suprime a expressão WASP por um mecanismo epigenético. A re-expressão de WASP torna as células mais suscetíveis à apoptose em resposta ao Imatinib. Sugerimos que a recuperação da expressão WASP deve ser discutida como estratégia para a terapia da LMC. / Bcr-Abl is the tyrosine kinase (TK) responsible for causing Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML). This fusion protein up- and down-regulates several genes and pathways, producing a strong resistance to apoptosis and a blockage of cell maturation in the hematopoietic compartment. The last follow-up studies provided that only 50% of the patients treated with second generation achieve complete remission, what means that one-half of these patients needs something better. Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP) is an essential gene for the proper development and function of the hematopoietic cells. In the light of this background, we decided to investigate if WASP could have some role or relevance in the CML context. In conclusion, Bcr-Abl suppresses WASP expression by an epigenetic mechanism. The re-expression of WASP makes the CML cells more susceptible to apoptosis and contribute to respond to Imatinib. We suggest that recovery of WASP expression should be discussed as a new and additional strategy for CML therapy.

Kronisk myeloisk leukemi (KML) är en livslång sjukdom som innebär att patientens liv förändras. Sjuksköterskan kommer därmed vara involverad i patientens vård under en lång tid. Det är därför betydelsefullt att sjuksköterskan får förståelse för patienters erfarenheter av att leva med KML för att kunna ge en god omvårdnad. Syftet var att belysa patienters erfarenheter av att leva med kronisk myeloisk leukemi. Studien var en allmän litteraturstudie som baserades på tio kvalitativa och kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Innehållsanalys användes för databearbetningen där kategorierna hot mot livet, olust, välmående och framtidstro framkom. Resultatet visade att stöd var betydelsefullt och att behandlingen var en avgörande faktor för hur det är att leva med KML. Vårdpersonal har en betydande roll för hur patienterna erfar sin sjukdom. Ytterligare forskning om hur det är att leva med KML är centralt för att sjuksköterskan ska kunna ge god omvårdnad till patienten. / Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a lifelong disease that changes patients’ lives. Nurses will therefore be involved in caring for patients with CML over the long term. Thus, it is crucial that nurses understand patients’ experiences of living with this condition in order to provide appropriate care. The purpose of this study is to highlight patients’ experiences living with chronic myeloid leukemia. It is a general literature study based on ten qualitative and quantitative scientific articles. Content analysis was used for data processing, and the categories of threats to life, unrest, prosperity and future confidence emerged. The result shows that support is significant and treatment is a crucial factor in determining quality of life for patients with CML. Healthcare professionals play a significant role in how patients experience their illness. Further research on how it is to live with CML is essential in order for nurses to provide good care.

Background Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a relatively rare hematological malignancy with a constant incidence of approximately 90 new cases each year in Sweden (0.9 cases/100 000 inhabitants). The etiology is largely unknown but high doses of ionizing radiation are a known but rare risk factor. The treatment options were for a long time limited to chemotherapies i.e. hydroxyurea and busulfan, interferon’s and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the median survival were only about four years. Since the beginning of the 21st century a new way of treating CML has been introduced, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), leading to a rapid decrease in leukemic cells and symptoms. Due to the TKIs, the overall 5-year survival is nowadays approximately 85 % and CML patients have time to develop other diseases, including other malignancies. The aims of this thesis was to investigate the present and future prevalence of CML and the prevalence of other malignancies prior and subsequent to the diagnosis of CML, malignancies among first-degree relatives of persons with CML. In addition, the incidence of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases among patients with CML was also investigated.   Methods From the Swedish CML register, data over nearly all Swedish CML patients from 2002 and forward were obtained for paper II-IV. For paper I, the Swedish cancer register was used to identify all Swedish CML patients since 1970 and the Swedish cause of death register was used to identify an eventual date of death for these patients. With a constant incidence and the relative survival rates for CML patients between 2006 and 2012 as a model, the present and future prevalence was calculated. For paper II-IV, data from the Swedish cancer register was used to identify other malignancies than CML. For paper II, information about autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases was retrieved from the Swedish national patient register. For paper II and IV, five controls matched for year of birth, gender and county of residence were randomly selected from the Swedish register of the total population. To calculate odds ratio (OR), conditional logistic regression was used. To calculate the risk of a second malignancy for paper III, Standardized incidence ratio (SIR) was used. In paper IV, first-degree relatives (parents, siblings and offsprings) for both cases and controls were retrieved from the Swedish multi-Generation Register, where persons born later than 1932 and registered in Sweden at some time since 1961 are registered.   Results Prevalence and survival As shown in paper I, the 5-year overall survival for CML patients increased remarkably from 0.18 to 0.82 between 1970 and 2012. The prevalence increased from 3.9 to 11.9 per 100 000 inhabitants in Sweden between 1985 and 2012. By assuming no further improvements in relative survival as compared to the survival rates between 2006 and 2012, the prevalence by 2060 is expected to increase to 22.0 per 100 000 inhabitants. This corresponds to 2 587 CML patients as compared to 1 137 CML patients in 2012.   Malignancies, autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases prior to CML In study II, more than 45 000 person-years of follow-up were evaluated in 984 CML patients diagnosed between 2002 and 2012. With an OR of 1.47 (95 % CI 1.20–1.82) and 1.55 (95 % CI 1.21–1.98), respectively, the prevalence of prior malignancies and autoimmune diseases were significantly increased as compared to matched controls. On the other hand, no association between CML and chronic inflammatory diseases was shown.   Second malignancies In 868 CML patients, diagnosed between 2002 and 2011, 52 malignancies were observed in the Swedish cancer register, as shown in paper III. When compared to expected rates in the background population, a significantly increased risk of second malignancies with a SIR of 1.52 (95 % CI 1.13–1.99) was shown. When looking at specific cancer types, gastrointestinal as well as nose and throat cancer were significantly increased.   Familial aggregation of malignancies 984 CML patients were identified in paper IV. However, 184 had a birth date prior to 1932, subsequently only 800 patients were analyzed. Among them, 4 287 first-degree relatives were identified, compared to 20 930 first-degree relatives of the matched controls. 611 malignancies were retrieved; no significant increase of malignancies in first-degree relatives of CML patients was shown (OR 1.06; 95 % CI: 0.96–1.16).   Conclusion Since CML patients nowadays have a high survival rate, the calculations in this thesis shows that the prevalence of CML will almost double by 2060. CML patients have an increased risk of developing malignancies prior and subsequent to the diagnosis of CML, suggesting a hereditary or acquired predisposition to develop cancer. Since there is no familial aggregation of malignancies in CML patients, a hereditary predisposition to develop cancer is unlikely to be part of the pathogenesis of CML, leaving an acquired predisposition more likely.

La leucémie myéloïde chronique (LMC) est une pathologie de la cellule souche hématopoïétique caractérisée par la présence de la translocation chromosomique t(9 :22) conduisant à l’expression de la kinase BCR-ABL responsable de la maladie. Un inhibiteur de l’activité de BCR-ABL a été identifié, l’Imatinib (IM). L’IM a révolutionné la prise en charge de la LMC en bloquant sélectivement la croissance des cellules tumorales, conduisant à la rémission des patients. Cependant, une majorité d’entre eux subissent des récidives en cas d’arrêt du traitement, et environ 15% développent des résistances à l’inhibiteur. BCR-ABL active de multiples voies de signalisation parmi lesquelles figurent les facteurs de signalisation STAT5. Nous avons analysé les rôles respectives des deux facteurs STAT5, STAT5A et STAT5B, dans les cellules souches hématopoïétiques normales et de LMC, par une approche d’ARN interférence. Nos observations indiquent que l’activité des deux facteurs STAT5 permet la survie et le maintien à long terme des cellules souches de patients LMC au diagnostic. Nous avons de plus montré qu’indépendamment de son activité transcriptionnelle, STAT5A aide les cellules normales et leucémiques à limiter leur stress oxydatif. Nous avons aussi pu observer que les cellules de patients présentant des résistances secondaires à l’IM, sans mutations ni surexpression de BCR-ABL, manifestent une dépendance caractéristique vis-à-vis de l’activité STAT5A. Pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes d’action des facteurs STAT5, nous avons recherché les gènes cibles de STAT5 par une approche transcriptomique et avons identifié le récepteur tyrosine kinase Axl dont l’expression est augmentée par STAT5A. L’inhibition d’Axl dans les cellules LMC sensibles à l’IM n’a aucun effet sur leur survie, alors qu’elle diminue fortement la survie des cellules LMC résistantes à l’IM. De plus, Axl contrôle le niveau des réactifs oxygénés dans les cellules de patients LMC. Nous avons analysé l’expression d’un des activateurs d’Axl, le ligand Gas6, et avons observé que son expression diminue fortement dans les cellules primaires de LMC par rapport aux contrôles sains. Ces résultats suggèrent que le tandem Gas6/Axl pourrait participer au processus leucémique de la LMC à différents niveaux. De manière globale, nos travaux montrent que les facteurs STAT5 favorisent le maintien des cellules souches de LMC, leur résistance au stress oxydatif et aux traitements thérapeutiques Ces deux dernières activités sont au moins en partie liées à l’activité d’une nouvelle cible de STAT5, le récepteur Axl, par ailleurs déjà impliqué dans la résistance aux traitements thérapeutiques. Les facteurs STAT5 représentent donc des nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques potentielles dans l’éradication de la maladie résiduelle. / The Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by the t(9:22) genetic translocation and expression of the oncogenic tyrosine kinase BCR-ABL . A first BCR-ABL Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI), Imatinib (IM), was identified that inhibits proliferation of BCR-ABL expressing hematopoietic cells and leads to disease remission. However, BCR-ABL mRNA remains detectable in the most immature HSCs and discontinuation of IM results in clinical relapse. STAT5 factors play a crucial role in the CML pathogenesis of human primary CML cells. However, the contribution of the two related STAT5 genes, STAT5A and STAT5B, was unknown. We used an RNAinterference based strategy to analyze STAT5A or STAT5B roles in normal and CML cells. We showed that STAT5A/5B double knock-down (KD) triggers normal and CML cell apoptosis and suppressed long-term clonogenic potential of immature hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells known to be resistant to TKI treatment and responsible for residual disease. STAT5A loss alone was ineffective at impairing growth of both normal and CML cells under standard conditions. In contrast, STAT5A loss was sufficient to enhance Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which correlated with enhanced DNA damages in both normal and leukemic cells. We reported that STAT5A regulates oxidative stress through unconventional mechanisms, in a non-transcriptional-dependent manner. We further showed that, in contrast to primary cells at diagnosis, IM-resistant cells exhibited enhanced STAT5A dependence, by being sensitive to STAT5A single KD. To investigate the molecular basis of STAT5A activity in TKI-resistance and oxidative stress, we performed a transcriptomic analysis of STAT5 regulated genes. We identified Axl, which encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase, recently shown to be crucial in TKI-resistant CML cells. Specifically, Axl expression is enhanced by STAT5A. We investigated the role of Axl and we found that Axl KD did not affect survival of IM-sensitive CML cells. However, Axl KD decreased survival of IM-resistant cells, miming the activity of STAT5A. Moreover, Axl loss increased ROS levels in CML cells, promoting STAT5A anti-oxidant activity. We further sought to determine the expression of the Axl ligand, Gas6. Gas6 expression is dramatically reduced in CML primary cells at diagnosis compared to healthy cells. The strong and consistent down-regulation of Gas6 in CML cells suggested a possible role in the pathophysiology. Collectively, our findings highlight the pro-survival, stress protection and drug resistance roles of STAT5 factors, providing new understanding for medical treatment of CML patients. We suggest that STAT5A acts in synergy with Axl to face exogenous insults and propose a new mechanism by which CML cells increase their proliferation and reduce their motility by down-regulating Gas6 expression.

STAT5A et B sont des facteurs de transcription qui constituent le point de convergence de nombreux signaux extracellulaires. Parmi leurs fonctions biologiques, ils sont connus pour leur rôle dans le développement et la différentiation des cellules hématopoïétiques. Cependant, un taux d’activation et/ou d’expression élevé de ces protéines aboutit à une prolifération incontrôlée des cellules aboutissant ainsi à une leucémogenèse. Ce présent travail vise à caractériser des aptamères ADN (Apta1 et Apta2) sélectionnés préalablement au sein de notre laboratoire contre STAT5B afin de réguler son activité dans le contexte leucémique. Les aptamères ADN sont des oligonucléotides simple brin qui adoptent une structure 3D et interagissent de manière spécifique avec leurs cibles. Contrairement aux anticorps, ils sont peu immunogènes ; ils possèdent alors un potentiel thérapeutique intéressant. La première partie de ce projet se focalise sur l’étude de la capacité d’Apta1 et Apta2 à interagir avec la forme cellulaire et recombinante de STAT5B par pull down et calorimétrie à titrage isotherme. La seconde partie concerne l’évaluation de l’activité d’Apta2 par l’étude de son effet sur la viabilité d’un modèle de leucémie myéloïde chronique et sur sa capacité à perturber la voie de signalisation impliquant STAT5. / STAT5A and B are common transcription factors that constitute a convergent point for many cellular pathways. Among their multiple biological functions, they are well known in promoting immune cell development and differentiation. When some oncogenic mutations occur, STAT5A and B are highly activated leading to uncontrolled proliferation and then to leukemia. Thus, they constitute a prime target to therapeutic intervention. In this work, we characterize new DNA aptamers (Apta1 and Apta2) selected previously by our laboratory against STAT5B. DNA aptamers are single stranded DNA molecules that can adopt 3D structures and recognize specific targets. Unlike antibodies, they fail to induce the immune response: they emerge as potentiel therapeutic molecules. In the first part of this work, the selected aptamers were assessed on their ability to interact with the cellular and recombinant form of STAT5B by using pull down assay and Isothermal Titration Calorimetry. In the second part, we focused on evaluating the effect of Apta2 on chronic myeloid leukemia cell line. For this purpose, cell viability, apoptosis process and JAK-STAT5 signaling pathway were depicted when cells are treated with Apta2.

<p>Multiple myeloma (MM) is a neoplasm involving plasma cells in the bone marrow. Drug resistance and progression are common, underscoring the need for new drug combinations. Utilizing a high-throughput screen of tool compounds to limit gro­­­­wth of human MM cell lines and <i>i</i><i>n silico</i> robust regression analysis of drug responses, potential synergistic combinations were identified. Further selection of effective combinations that reduce oncogenic MYC expression and enhance tumor suppressor p16 activity was based on earlier genetic and drug studies that identified MYC and p16 as appropriate targets in MM. Furthermore, the top three combinations synergistically reduced drug sensitive and resistant cell viability <i>in vitro</i> and the were effective in <i>ex vivo</i> treated patient cells Combination-associated survival was also prolonged in a transplantable Ras-driven allograft model of advanced MM that closely recapitulates MM in humans. One top drug combination was selected for further preclinical development. Targets, mechanism of action, and efficacy of the combination were evaluated through several <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo </i>models, as well as <i>ex vivo</i> in myeloma patient cells. Effective targeting of the combination resulted in synergistic inhibition of proteasome inhibitor (PI) sensitive MM cells, as well as cell with induced PI resistance. Additionally, the combination was effective at delaying L363 MM xenograft growth in NSG mice and prolonging survival compared to single agent therapy. Finally, a cooperative signature of combined targeting was elucidated via RNA sequencing. These data identify potentially useful drug combinations for preclinical evaluation in drug-resistant MM and may ultimately reveal novel mechanisms of combined drug sensitivity.</p>

Die Chronisch Myeloische Leukämie (CML) ist eine maligne, hämatologische Erkrankung, welche auf der unregulierten Proliferation von leukämischen myeloischen Zellen im Knochenmark beruht. Die Folge ist eine Verdrängung der normalen Hämatopoese durch leukämische Zellen mit einem unbehandelt letalen Verlauf. Die Einführung einer spezifischen Therapie der CML durch Tyrosinkinase-Inhibitoren (TKIs) hat die Behandlung der CML maßgeblich beeinflusst und stellt aktuell die Standardtherapie für betroffene Patienten dar. Mehrere klinische Studien zeigten, dass bei einem Teil der Patienten mit gutem Therapieansprechen im Verlauf die Therapie beendet werden kann, ohne dass es dabei zu einem Rückfall der Patienten kommt. Eine sichere Identifikation dieser Patienten ist aktuell nicht möglich. Weiterhin sind die Mechanismen, welche einer therapiefreien Remission zugrunde liegen, nicht endgültig geklärt. Allerdings ergaben mehrere aktuelle Studien Hinweise auf eine immunologische Komponente, der in diesem Zusammenhang eine entscheidende Rolle zukommen könnte. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein auf gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen basierendes, mathematisches Modell der CML um eine immunologische Komponente erweitert, um eine bessere Beschreibung des Verhaltens von CML-Patienten unter TKI-Therapie und nach Beendigung dieser zu ermöglichen. Es wurde im Sinne eines konzeptionellen Modellierungsansatzes untersucht, welche Mechanismen dem Rezidivverhalten innerhalb eines solchen Modells zugrunde liegen und ob anhand des verwendeten Modells das Auftreten eines Rezidivs zuverlässig vorhergesagt werden kann. Grundlage dieser Arbeit stellen BCR-ABL Verlaufsmessungen von 21 CML-Patienten dar, welche mit einem TKI behandelt wurden und bei denen dieser im Rahmen einer klinischen Intervention abgesetzt wurde. Während die Anpassung eines mathematischen Modells ohne immunologische Komponente bereits eine gute Beschreibung des BCR-ABL/ABL Abfall unter Therapie ermöglichte, versagte dieses Modell bei der Beschreibung einer therapiefreien Remission. Nur durch die Erweiterung des Modells um eine individuelle immunologische Komponente konnte der BCR-ABL/ABL Verlauf während und nach Stopp der TKI-Therapie korrekt wiedergegeben werden. Dabei zeigte sich, dass zur Bestimmung der Modellparameter allerdings eine Einbeziehung der BCR-ABL Messwerte nach Absetzen der Therapie notwendig war. Deutliche Unterschiede der auf diese Weise ermittelten immunologischen Modellparameter zwischen Patienten mit und ohne Rezidiv signalisierten einen entscheidenden Einfluss der immunologischen Komponente auf das Rezidivverhalten. Die weitere Untersuchung der Attraktorlandschaften für das Rezidivverhalten zeigte, dass Patienten darüber hinaus anhand ihrer Immunantwort in drei verschiedene Klassen eingeteilt werden können: Einige Patienten zeigten eine insuffiziente Immunantwort (Klasse A) und somit nach Therapiestopp immer ein Rezidiv, da ihr Immunsystem nicht in der Lage ist, die erneute Proliferation residualer leukämischer Zellen nach Absetzen der Therapie zu verhindern. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigten einige Patienten eine suffiziente Immunantwort. Während Patienten mit einer suffizienten und starken Immunantwort (Klasse B) nur eine minimale Therapiedauer in den Simulationen zur Aufrechterhaltung einer Remission nach Therapiestopp benötigten, war die Verhinderung eines Rezidivs für Patienten mit einer suffizienten und schwachen Immunantwort (Klasse C) nur bei Erreichen eines optimalen Gleichgewicht zwischen der Zahl leukämischer Zellen und der Aktivität des Immunsystems möglich. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass dies theoretisch durch eine individuelle, fein abgestimmte Anpassung von Therapiedauer und Therapieintensität erreicht werden kann. Da eine Bestimmung der Modellparameter nur unter Einbeziehung der BCR-ABL Messungen nach Stopp der TKI-Therapie möglich war, erlaubte dieses Vorgehen entsprechend keine Vorhersage des Rezidivverhaltens. Daher erfolgte die Simulation einer 12-monatigen TKI-Dosisreduktion für jeden Patienten mit einer anschließenden Betrachtung der BCR-ABL/ABL Verläufe während der Dosisreduktion. Eine Korrelation zwischen dem BCR-ABL/ABL Anstieg innerhalb dieses Zeitraums und dem klinischen Rezidivverhalten zeigte, dass die aus einer solchen Systemstörung resultierenden Veränderungen der BCR-ABL/ABL Verläufe die notwendigen Informationen zur Vorhersage des Rezidivverhaltens liefern könnten. Dabei sind diese Modellvorhersagen in qualitativer und quantitativer Übereinstimmung mit klinischen Daten der DESTINY-Studie (NCT01804985). Es konnte somit gezeigt werden, dass ein mathematisches Modell der CML durch Erweiterung um eine immunologische Kontrollkomponente in der Lage ist, den Krankheitsverlauf von CML Patienten während und nach Absetzen der TKI-Therapie korrekt zu beschreiben. Damit unterstützt diese Arbeit die Ergebnisse aktueller klinischer Studien, welche einer anti-leukämischen Immunantwort eine Bedeutung in der Aufrechterhaltung einer therapiefreien Remission zuschreiben. Da eine Vorhersage des individuellen Rezidivverhaltens allein anhand der BCR-ABL Messungen vor Therapieabsetzen nicht möglich war, unterstreicht diese Arbeit die Notwendigkeit weiterer Studien auf diesem Gebiet. Dabei legen die Ergebnisse diese Arbeit nahe, dass Studien mit klinischen Interventionen, wie z.B. einer temporären TKI-Dosisreduktion, die notwendigen Informationen für solche Vorhersagen enthalten könnten.:1. Einleitung und Zielstellung 1.1. Einleitung 1.2. Fragestellung und Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit 2. Medizinischer Hintergrund 2.1. Hämatopoese 2.2. Chronische Myeloische Leukämie 2.2.1. Epidemiologie 2.2.2. Ätiologie und Pathogenese 2.2.3. Klinik und Verlauf 2.2.4. Diagnostik 2.2.5. Therapie 2.2.6. Immunologische Einflussfaktoren auf das Rezidivverhalten 3. Systembiologischer Hintergrund 3.1. Statistische Modelle der TKI-Therapie 3.2. Mechanistische Modelle der TKI-Therapie 3.3. Modellierung von Therapie und Absetzverhalten 3.4. Modelle der CML mit einer immunologischen Komponente 4. Material und Methoden 4.1. Klinische Daten 4.1.1. Herkunft der klinischen Daten 4.1.2. Selektion geeigneter Patienten 4.2. Statistische Beschreibung 4.2.1. Bi-exponentielles Modell 4.2.2. Modellanpassung 4.2.3. Statistische Tests 4.3. Mechanistisches Modell 4.3.1. CML-Modell ohne immunologische Komponente 4.3.2. CML-Modell mit immunologischer Komponente (Immunmodell) 4.3.3. Allgemeines Vorgehen zur Modellanpassung 4.3.4. Berechnung der Anfangsbedingungen 4.3.5. Anpassungsstrategien 4.3.6. Sensitivitätsanalysen 4.3.7. Phasenportaits 4.3.8. Regressionsmodelle 4.3.9. Statistische Tests 5. Ergebnisse 5.1. Patientencharakteristika 5.2. Struktureller Vergleich der Patienten mit und ohne Rezidiv 5.3. CML-Modell ohne immunologische Komponente 5.3.1. Aufbau des Modells 5.3.2. Sensitivitätsanalyse 5.3.3. Anpassung an die klinischen Daten 5.4. CML-Modell mit immunologischer Komponente (Immunmodell) 5.4.1. Aufbau des Modells 5.4.2. Anpassung an die klinischen Daten 5.4.3. Klassifizierung der Patienten anhand ihrer Immunantwort 5.4.4. Sensitivitätsanalyse 5.4.5. Einfluss der Therapie auf das Rezidivverhalten 5.4.6. Informationsgewinn durch Simulation einer Dosisreduktion 6. Diskussion 6.1. Diskussion der initial formulierten Fragestellungen 6.2. Kritische Betrachtung der Herangehensweise 6.2.1. Patientenselektion 6.2.2. Modellierung der CMLII 6.3. Ausblick 6.3.1. Erweiterungsmöglichkeiten des verwendeten mathematischen Modells 6.3.2. Unterstützung des Designs klinischer Studien 7. Zusammenfassung 8. Summary A. Anhang A.1. Berechnung des Immunfensters A.2. Berechnung der Attraktoren A.2.1. Heilungs-Attraktor A.2.2. Remissions- und Rezidiv-Attraktor A.3. Abbildungen und Tabellen Literaturverzeichnis / Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a hematological cancer characterized by the unregulated proliferation of immature myeloid cells in the bone marrow. This leads to a displacement of the normal hematopoiesis with a lethal course if untreated. The introduction of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) as a specific therapy has significantly influenced the CML treatment and represents the current first line treatment option for affected patients. Several clinical trials confirmed that TKI treatment can be stopped for some well responding patients without the occurrence of a relapse. It is not yet possible to prospectively identify those patients. Also, the mechanisms leading to a relapse or a treatment-free remission still remain unclear. However, recent clinical trials suggest that an immunological component plays an important role in the long-term disease control. Aim of this work was the expansion of a mathematical CML model by an anti-leukemic immune component to improve the description of the disease behavior of CML patients while treated with TKI and after stopping treatment. A mathematical proof of concept analysis of the model mechanisms leading to relapse or treatment-free remission was performed. Also, it was examined whether such a model can reliably predict the occurrence of a relapse. The BCR-ABL time courses of 21 TKI-treated CML patients, for whom TKI-therapy had been stopped as a clinical intervention, were used in this work. While the adaption of a simplified ODE-model without the immune component could describe the BCR-ABL/ABL decrease during therapy, the model failed to describe a treatment-free remission. Only by expanding the model with an individual immune component, it was possible to correctly reproduce the BCR-ABL/ABL time courses during TKI-treatment and after treatment cessation. Also, an estimation of the individual parameters was only possible by fitting the model to the complete BCR-ABL/ABL time course (including measurements after treatment cessation). Significant differences of the immune parameters determined in this way between relapsing and non-relapsing patients signaled an important influence of the immune component on the relapse behavior. A detailed mathematical analysis of the identified relapse behavior attractor landscapes also suggested that the available patients can be grouped in three general classes (A–C) corresponding to their individual immune response. Certain patients presented an insufficient immune response (class A) and thus, consistently relapsed after stopping treatment as they were unable to prevent a renewed proliferation of residual leukemic cells after treatment cessation. In contrast, some patients showed a sufficient immune response. While patients with a sufficient and strong immune response (class B) required only a minimal treatment duration in the simulations to retain a remission after stopping treatment, the prevention of a relapse for patients with a sufficient and weak immune response (class C) was only possible if an optimal balance between leukemia abundance and immunological activation was achieved before treatment cessation. It could be shown that this balance can theoretically be achieved by an individual titrated and narrowly adapted treatment duration and intensity. Since estimations of the model parameters could only be obtained if the complete data (including post-cessation measurements) were available, it was not possible to predict the individual relapse behavior. Therefore, a 12-months TKI dose reduction simulation was performed for each patient and the resulting BCR-ABL/ABL changes within this period were analyzed. A correlation between the BCR-ABL/ABL increase and the clinical relapse behavior suggested that the BCR-ABL/ABL changes from such system perturbation yields the required information for predictions of the relapse behavior. These simulation results are in qualitative and quantitative agreement with clinical data of the DESTINY trial (NCT01804985). It could be shown that a mathematical CML model is capable of describing the treatment response and relapse behavior of CML patients by incorporation of an immunological control component. Thus, this work supports the results of recent clinical trials which suggest an important role of immune cells for the maintenance of a treatment-free remission. Since a prediction of the individual relapse behavior cannot be obtained from BCR-ABL measurements before stopping treatment, this work highlights the need for further research in this clinical field. Moreover, the results of this work suggest that clinical trials with treatment interventions like a TKI-dose reduction could provide the information required for those predictions.:1. Einleitung und Zielstellung 1.1. Einleitung 1.2. Fragestellung und Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit 2. Medizinischer Hintergrund 2.1. Hämatopoese 2.2. Chronische Myeloische Leukämie 2.2.1. Epidemiologie 2.2.2. Ätiologie und Pathogenese 2.2.3. Klinik und Verlauf 2.2.4. Diagnostik 2.2.5. Therapie 2.2.6. Immunologische Einflussfaktoren auf das Rezidivverhalten 3. Systembiologischer Hintergrund 3.1. Statistische Modelle der TKI-Therapie 3.2. Mechanistische Modelle der TKI-Therapie 3.3. Modellierung von Therapie und Absetzverhalten 3.4. Modelle der CML mit einer immunologischen Komponente 4. Material und Methoden 4.1. Klinische Daten 4.1.1. Herkunft der klinischen Daten 4.1.2. Selektion geeigneter Patienten 4.2. Statistische Beschreibung 4.2.1. Bi-exponentielles Modell 4.2.2. Modellanpassung 4.2.3. Statistische Tests 4.3. Mechanistisches Modell 4.3.1. CML-Modell ohne immunologische Komponente 4.3.2. CML-Modell mit immunologischer Komponente (Immunmodell) 4.3.3. Allgemeines Vorgehen zur Modellanpassung 4.3.4. Berechnung der Anfangsbedingungen 4.3.5. Anpassungsstrategien 4.3.6. Sensitivitätsanalysen 4.3.7. Phasenportaits 4.3.8. Regressionsmodelle 4.3.9. Statistische Tests 5. Ergebnisse 5.1. Patientencharakteristika 5.2. Struktureller Vergleich der Patienten mit und ohne Rezidiv 5.3. CML-Modell ohne immunologische Komponente 5.3.1. Aufbau des Modells 5.3.2. Sensitivitätsanalyse 5.3.3. Anpassung an die klinischen Daten 5.4. CML-Modell mit immunologischer Komponente (Immunmodell) 5.4.1. Aufbau des Modells 5.4.2. Anpassung an die klinischen Daten 5.4.3. Klassifizierung der Patienten anhand ihrer Immunantwort 5.4.4. Sensitivitätsanalyse 5.4.5. Einfluss der Therapie auf das Rezidivverhalten 5.4.6. Informationsgewinn durch Simulation einer Dosisreduktion 6. Diskussion 6.1. Diskussion der initial formulierten Fragestellungen 6.2. Kritische Betrachtung der Herangehensweise 6.2.1. Patientenselektion 6.2.2. Modellierung der CMLII 6.3. Ausblick 6.3.1. Erweiterungsmöglichkeiten des verwendeten mathematischen Modells 6.3.2. Unterstützung des Designs klinischer Studien 7. Zusammenfassung 8. Summary A. Anhang A.1. Berechnung des Immunfensters A.2. Berechnung der Attraktoren A.2.1. Heilungs-Attraktor A.2.2. Remissions- und Rezidiv-Attraktor A.3. Abbildungen und Tabellen Literaturverzeichnis

Le traitement de la leucémie myéloïde chronique (LMC) par imatinib est un succès de thérapie ciblée en oncologie. Le principe de cette thérapie est de bloquer les processus biochimiques à l'origine du développement de la maladie, et de permettre à une majorité de patients de réduire leurs risques de progression mais aussi d'éviter des traitements lourds et risqués comme la greffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques.Cependant, même si l'efficacité de l'imatinib à été prouvée dans un contexte clinique, il n'en demeure pas moins qu'une proportion non négligeable de patients n'obtient par de niveaux de réponse moléculaire jugés optimale. Le but de cette thèse est de tester l'hypothèse d'un lien entre des polymorphismes de gènes impliqués dans l'absorption des médicaments et de leurs métabolisme, et la réponse moléculaire dans la leucémie myéloïde chronique en phase chronique traitée par imatinib.Dans le but d'évaluer la réponse moléculaire des patients, des prélèvements sanguins sont réalisés tout les 3 mois afin de pratiquer le dosage d'un biomarqueur. Ce type particulier de suivi produit des données censurées par intervalles. Comme par ailleurs, les patients demeurent à risque de progression ou sont susceptible d'interrompre leurs traitements pour cause d'intolérance, il est possible que la réponse d'intérêt ne soit plus observable sous le traitement étudié. Les données ainsi produites sont censurées par intervalles dans un contexte de compétition (risques compétitifs).Afin de tenir compte de la nature particulière des données collectées, une méthode basée sur l'imputation multiple est proposée. L'idée est de transformer les données censurées par intervalles en de multiples jeux de données potentiellement censurées à droite et d'utiliser les méthodes disponibles pour l'analyser de ces données. Finalement les résultats sont assemblés en suivant les règles de l'imputation multiple. / Imatinib in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia is a success of targeted therapy in oncology. The aim of this therapy is to block the biochemical processes leading to disease development. This strategy results in a reduction of the risk of disease progression and allows patients to avoid extensive and hazardous treatments such as hematologic stem cell transplantation.However, even if imatinib efficacy has been demonstrated in a clinical setting, a significant part of patients do not achieve suitable levels of molecular response. The objective of this thesis, is to test the hypothesis of a correlation between polymorphisms of genes implied in drug absorption an metabolism and the molecular response in chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase treated by imatinib.In order to evaluate patients molecular response, blood biomarker assessments are performed every 3 months. This type of follow up produces interval censored data. As patients remain at risk of disease progression, or may interrupt their treatments due to poor tolerance, the response of interest may not be observable in a given setting. This situation produces interval censored competing risks data.To properly handle such data, we propose a multiple imputation based method.The main idea is to convert interval censored data into multiple sets of potentially right censored data that are then analysed using multiple imputation rules.