I denna rapport redovisas fyra koncept för utveckling av en bromspedal, med målet att reducera godstjockleken från den befintliga pedalen som är 2mm till 1,5mm, men samtidigt behålla hållfastheten som den befintliga bromspedalen erhåller. Det ställs höga belastningskrav på bromspedaler, och att minska godstjockleken innebär högre påfrestningar på materialet.För att utveckla en ny konstruktion som skall leva upp till dessa krav har programvaran PTC Creo 3.0 använts, och för analysering av dessa koncept har verktyget Simulate använts.I resultatdelen simuleras och redovisas fyra koncept i 1,5mm plåt som jämförs i total förskjutning med originalpedalen i 2mm plåt. Slutsatsen är att de inte når upp till lika bra resultat som originalpedalen. Däremot med 1,9mm plåt når det resultatmässigt bästa konceptet (koncept 3) upp till ett bättre resultat än originalpedalen, och detta leder till en viss förbättring i minskning av material, med bibehållen hållfasthet. / This report describes four prototypes for the development of a brake pedal, with the goal of reducing material thickness from the the existing pedal from 2mm to 1.5mm, while maintaining the strength of the existing brake pedal. There are high load demands on the brake pedals, and to reduce the thickness means higher strain on the material.To develop a new design that will live up to these requirements, the design tool software PTC Creo 3.0 has been used, and the analysis of these structures has been performed using the tool Simulate in PTC Creo parametric.The result show four concepts presented and simulated in 1.5mm plate thickness, and the results are compared with the original pedal results in 2mm plate thickness regarding total displacement. The conclusion is that the concepts do not fulfill the load requirements.However with 1.9mm plate thickness, our best concept (concept 3) is fulfilling the loading requirements even better than the existing pedal, and that leads to an improvement regarding reducement of material, with retained strength.

Objetivo: aplicação do core set resumido genérico da CIFCJ para crianças e jovens de 0 a 18 anos com paralisia cerebral em um grupo de pacientes, através de um instrumento baseado no próprio core set, que operacionalize a coleta de dados funcionais. Métodos: Para algumas categorias, foi possível traçar uma relação entre o que se desejava avaliar e instrumentos escolhidos através de revisão da literatura. Nestes casos, as alternativas de resposta desses instrumentos foram agrupadas de forma que satisfizessem os critérios dos qualificadores da CIFCJ. Nos casos em que isso não fosse possível criou-se uma tabela de correspondência para cada item. Todos os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com o sistema de classificação da função motora grossa (GMFCS). Foram avaliados 33 pacientes dos ambulatórios e do Centro de Reabilitação de neurologia infantil do Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto, divididos em 3 grupos, de acordo com sua faixa etária, e desenvolvidas tabelas para descrever os qualificadores de cada componente. Os dados do questionário do core set resumido de 0 a 18 anos da CIFCJ-PC foram inseridos em bancos de dados, digitados em planilha do Excel, e a análise descritiva simples deu-se através do programa estatístico SPSS. Resultados: Para cinco categorias foi possível utilizar escalas sem necessidade de perguntas auxiliares. A avaliação realizada apenas por perguntas objetivas, ocorreu em um item de funções do corpo, em três domínios de atividades e participação, e em todos os oito descritores do componente Fatores ambientais. A idade dos participantes variou entre 4 meses e 18 anos, com maior frequência (33%) de pacientes GMFCS III. A frequência de alguma forma de problema nas funções intelectuais foi de 75%, variando entre 63-81% nos três grupos etários. A Sensação de dor (b280) obteve a menor prevalência de deficiências de algum grau, existindo em maior número no grupo de 0 a 6 anos. Encontramos 91% das crianças e jovens avaliados apresentando limitação em algum grau para deslocar-se por diferentes locais (d460). Os principais facilitadores foram Família imediata (e310) (91%), Produtos e tecnologias para uso pessoal na vida diária (e115) (85%) e Serviços, políticas e sistemas de saúde (e580) (82%). A maior barreira entre os fatores ambientais foram Produtos e tecnologias usados em projeto, arquitetura e construção de edifícios (e150). Conclusão: O core set resumido da CIFCJ para crianças e jovens com paralisia cerebral de 0 a 18 anos permite gerar um perfil funcional dos pacientes com esta condição de saúde e identifica as áreas a serem mais bem trabalhadas para cada indivíduo. Aponta ainda as influências, deficiências e barreiras comuns a maioria desses indivíduos, podendo ajudar a diagnosticar problemas na área de saúde, economia e serviço social. / Objective: To apply the common brief ICF-CY core set for children and youth with cerebral palsy in a group of patients, through instruments based on the core set itself, that operationalize the data collection in functioning. Methods: For some categories, it was possible to correlate the domains and an instrument selected through literature review. In these cases, the response alternatives were grouped to satisfy the criteria of the ICF-CY qualifiers. When this was not possible, we created a correlation for each item. All patients were classified according to GMFCS. Thirty-three patients from the outpatient clinics and the Children\'s Neurology Rehabilitation Center (CER) of the Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto (HCRP) were divided into three groups, according to their age group. Tables were developed to describe the qualifiers of each component. Data from the ICF-CY common brief core set for children and youth with CP were entered into databases, typed in an Excel spreadsheet, and the simple descriptive analysis was done through the SPSS statistical program. Results: For five categories, it was possible to use scales without the need for auxiliary questions. The evaluation performed with only objective questions, occurred in an item of the component functions of the body, in three domains of activities and participation, and in all eight descriptors of the Environmental factors component. The participants aged from 4 months to 18 years, with a greater frequency (33%) of GMFCS III patients. The prevalence of some sort of problem in intellectual functions was 75%, varying between 63-81% in the three age groups. Sensation of pain (b280) obtained the lowest prevalence of deficiencies, existing in a greater number in the group of 0 to 6 years. We found 91% of the children and young people evaluated, showing some degree of limitation for Moving around different locations (d460). The main facilitators were Immediate family (e310) (91%), Products and technology for personal use in daily living (e115) (85%) and Health services, systems and policies (e580) (82%). The biggest barrier in environmental factors was Design, construction and building products and technology of buildings for public use (e150). Conclusion: common brief ICF-CY core set for children and youth with cerebral palsy is very useful to generate a functional profile for patients with CP, and to identify the areas to be better worked for each individual. This core set also points out influences, deficiencies and barriers that are common for most of these children, and should help on identifying problems in health, economy and social services.

The messages in the imagery on Byzantine coins, although often neglected by scholars, were a key means of projecting imperial power. Emperors could project power via dress, ceremonial, and displays, but these methods would not have reached all subjects. Byzantine coins had the advantage of reaching all subjects, as the Byzantine economy was fundamentally monetized. Military symbols (figures, dress, and weapons), whose study has been rather overlooked, formed an important part of this imagery. Whilst military symbols disappeared from Byzantine coins in the early eighth century, and were absent for some three centuries, they were reintroduced in the mid-eleventh century and appeared until 1394/5. Their importance is indicated by the fact that military types comprised over half the overall total of types for some emperors. This study examines military symbols on Byzantine coins from the eleventh to the fourteenth centuries, and notes also imperial representations in other media. The numismatic sources for this study are the collections in the Barber Institute of Fine Arts, and Dumbarton Oaks. The general conclusions are that military symbols were used most frequently from 1204 to 1261, less frequently from 1261 to 1394/5, and least frequently from 1042 to 1204. The variety of military saints portrayed increased at first, but declined in the fourteenth century, until only St Demetrios remained, but in the highest status: riding with the emperor.

In the eleventh century the arrival of the Turks from Central Asia resulted in complex socio-economic and political changes in Upper Mesopotamia (al-Jazīra), Diyār Rūm (Asia Minor) and part of Syria (Diyār Shām). The social, cultural, military and economic life of the Turks intertwined with the native culture and heritage of Greeks, Armenians and Syrians living in those territories. Having as starting point the multifaceted encounters some of the important issues I am addressing in my thesis are the important trade routes that crossed Turkmen-dominated areas in the late middle ages; monetary traffic; mines and mints in operation under the Turkmen rule. As the history of that multicultural environment can best be understood and explained through the coin evidence, a big part of my project will cover numismatic evidence. In this context, my study will focus on the socio-economic and cultural relations and interactions between the Byzantines, old inhabitants, the Turkish newcomers and the western powers in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries in the light of the coins and investigate some questions: Why did the Turkmens issue the Greek and bilingual (Greek-Arabic) coins and seals? Why did the Turkmens borrow images (particularly Byzantine style imagery) from the cultural heritage of the areas they ruled?

New technology in the automotive industry is the key to success. Therefore, it is appreciated when people come with new design ways to solve problems. This leads to innovation in the automotive industry that will lead to better and more environmentally friendly cars. This report presents a concept on a pushing counter lever spring which provides the same characteristics of force curve as a diaphragm spring in a pressure plate of a car has. The mechanism is to be used for long-term testing and evaluating clutch pedals. The work describes the development process and the manufacture of a prototype. The program Creo (CAD / 3D) is largely used to construct the components. As are the subprograms Mechanism Design and Simulate to simulate the movement and loads. Excel is a great help at the theoretical calculation of the mechanism and to evaluate the theory behind the concept. The result shows how to simulate a diaphragm spring in the pressure plate in a car for long-term testing of clutch pedals. The goal is to accurately mimic the force curve of a diaphragm spring, in order to design better pedals, and thus reduce the weight on the pedals to in turn reduce fuel consumption to protect the environment is one of the most important factors of all in the automotive industry.

Stress is known to alter immune function, both in positive and negative ways. The disparate effects of stress on immune function remains an active area of investigation. This thesis investigates how the application of social disruption stress either prior to or concurrent with infection alters the neuropathogenesis of Theiler's murine encephalitis virus. Experiment 1 verified that social disruption prior to infection exacerbated the course of infection. Experiment 2 examined application of social disruption concurrent with infection, and found that this may produce a delay in symptom onset, and possibly a protective effect. Experiment 3 directly compared the two schedules to each other. The previous findings were replicated and expanded with additional measures (both behavioral and physiological) that further verified the earlier findings. Social disruption applied prior to infection resulted in greater behavioral and physiological exacerbation of the disease. Concurrently applied stress remained protective or inhibitory in the disease progression. Timing of stress is one of several quantitative aspects of stress that has been found to impact the stress-immune interaction and should be further investigated.

Stress is known to alter immune function, both in positive and negative ways. The disparate effects of stress on immune function remains an active area of investigation. This thesis investigates how the application of social disruption stress either prior to or concurrent with infection alters the neuropathogenesis of Theiler's murine encephalitis virus. Experiment 1 verified that social disruption prior to infection exacerbated the course of infection. Experiment 2 examined application of social disruption concurrent with infection, and found that this may produce a delay in symptom onset, and possibly a protective effect. Experiment 3 directly compared the two schedules to each other. The previous findings were replicated and expanded with additional measures (both behavioral and physiological) that further verified the earlier findings. Social disruption applied prior to infection resulted in greater behavioral and physiological exacerbation of the disease. Concurrently applied stress remained protective or inhibitory in the disease progression. Timing of stress is one of several quantitative aspects of stress that has been found to impact the stress-immune interaction and should be further investigated.

Objetivo: aplicação do core set resumido genérico da CIFCJ para crianças e jovens de 0 a 18 anos com paralisia cerebral em um grupo de pacientes, através de um instrumento baseado no próprio core set, que operacionalize a coleta de dados funcionais. Métodos: Para algumas categorias, foi possível traçar uma relação entre o que se desejava avaliar e instrumentos escolhidos através de revisão da literatura. Nestes casos, as alternativas de resposta desses instrumentos foram agrupadas de forma que satisfizessem os critérios dos qualificadores da CIFCJ. Nos casos em que isso não fosse possível criou-se uma tabela de correspondência para cada item. Todos os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com o sistema de classificação da função motora grossa (GMFCS). Foram avaliados 33 pacientes dos ambulatórios e do Centro de Reabilitação de neurologia infantil do Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto, divididos em 3 grupos, de acordo com sua faixa etária, e desenvolvidas tabelas para descrever os qualificadores de cada componente. Os dados do questionário do core set resumido de 0 a 18 anos da CIFCJ-PC foram inseridos em bancos de dados, digitados em planilha do Excel, e a análise descritiva simples deu-se através do programa estatístico SPSS. Resultados: Para cinco categorias foi possível utilizar escalas sem necessidade de perguntas auxiliares. A avaliação realizada apenas por perguntas objetivas, ocorreu em um item de funções do corpo, em três domínios de atividades e participação, e em todos os oito descritores do componente Fatores ambientais. A idade dos participantes variou entre 4 meses e 18 anos, com maior frequência (33%) de pacientes GMFCS III. A frequência de alguma forma de problema nas funções intelectuais foi de 75%, variando entre 63-81% nos três grupos etários. A Sensação de dor (b280) obteve a menor prevalência de deficiências de algum grau, existindo em maior número no grupo de 0 a 6 anos. Encontramos 91% das crianças e jovens avaliados apresentando limitação em algum grau para deslocar-se por diferentes locais (d460). Os principais facilitadores foram Família imediata (e310) (91%), Produtos e tecnologias para uso pessoal na vida diária (e115) (85%) e Serviços, políticas e sistemas de saúde (e580) (82%). A maior barreira entre os fatores ambientais foram Produtos e tecnologias usados em projeto, arquitetura e construção de edifícios (e150). Conclusão: O core set resumido da CIFCJ para crianças e jovens com paralisia cerebral de 0 a 18 anos permite gerar um perfil funcional dos pacientes com esta condição de saúde e identifica as áreas a serem mais bem trabalhadas para cada indivíduo. Aponta ainda as influências, deficiências e barreiras comuns a maioria desses indivíduos, podendo ajudar a diagnosticar problemas na área de saúde, economia e serviço social. / Objective: To apply the common brief ICF-CY core set for children and youth with cerebral palsy in a group of patients, through instruments based on the core set itself, that operationalize the data collection in functioning. Methods: For some categories, it was possible to correlate the domains and an instrument selected through literature review. In these cases, the response alternatives were grouped to satisfy the criteria of the ICF-CY qualifiers. When this was not possible, we created a correlation for each item. All patients were classified according to GMFCS. Thirty-three patients from the outpatient clinics and the Children\'s Neurology Rehabilitation Center (CER) of the Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto (HCRP) were divided into three groups, according to their age group. Tables were developed to describe the qualifiers of each component. Data from the ICF-CY common brief core set for children and youth with CP were entered into databases, typed in an Excel spreadsheet, and the simple descriptive analysis was done through the SPSS statistical program. Results: For five categories, it was possible to use scales without the need for auxiliary questions. The evaluation performed with only objective questions, occurred in an item of the component functions of the body, in three domains of activities and participation, and in all eight descriptors of the Environmental factors component. The participants aged from 4 months to 18 years, with a greater frequency (33%) of GMFCS III patients. The prevalence of some sort of problem in intellectual functions was 75%, varying between 63-81% in the three age groups. Sensation of pain (b280) obtained the lowest prevalence of deficiencies, existing in a greater number in the group of 0 to 6 years. We found 91% of the children and young people evaluated, showing some degree of limitation for Moving around different locations (d460). The main facilitators were Immediate family (e310) (91%), Products and technology for personal use in daily living (e115) (85%) and Health services, systems and policies (e580) (82%). The biggest barrier in environmental factors was Design, construction and building products and technology of buildings for public use (e150). Conclusion: common brief ICF-CY core set for children and youth with cerebral palsy is very useful to generate a functional profile for patients with CP, and to identify the areas to be better worked for each individual. This core set also points out influences, deficiencies and barriers that are common for most of these children, and should help on identifying problems in health, economy and social services.

ABSTRACT DIFFERENTIATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTERFEIT AND REAL COINS BY APPLYING STATISTICAL METHODS Tansel, I&ccedil / ten M.Sc, Archaeometry Graduate Program Supervisor : Assist. Prof. Dr. Zeynep Isil Kalaylioglu Co-Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Sahinde Demirci June 2012, 105 pages In this study, forty coins which were obtained from Museum of Anatolian Civilizations (MAC) in Ankara were investigated. Some of those coins were real (twenty two coins) and the remaining ones (eighteen coins) were fake coins. Forty coins were Greek coins which were dated back to middle of the fifth century BCE and reign of Alexander the Great (323 &ndash / 336 BCE). The major aims of this study can be summarized as follow

The purpose of this study is to explore a potentially more practical approach to direct writing assessment using computer algorithms. Traditional rubric rating (RR) is a common yet highly resource-intensive evaluation practice when performed reliably. This study compared the traditional rubric model of ESL writing assessment and many-facet Rasch modeling (MFRM) to comparative judgment (CJ), the new approach, which shows promising results in terms of reliability and validity. We employed two groups of raters”novice and experienced”and used essays that had been previously double-rated, analyzed with MFRM, and selected with fit statistics. We compared the results of the novice and experienced groups against the initial ratings using raw scores, MFRM, and a modern form of CJ”randomly distributed comparative judgment (RDCJ). Results showed that the CJ approach, though not appropriate for all contexts, can be valid and as reliable as RR while requiring less time to generate procedures, train and norm raters, and rate the essays. Additionally, the CJ approach is more easily transferable to novel assessment tasks while still providing context-specific scores. Results from this study will not only inform future studies but can help guide ESL programs to determine which rating model best suits their specific needs.