Exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO) is one of many different causes for adolescents to experience dyspnoea during exercise. Objective exercise-testing with continuous video laryngoscopy is crucial for a correct diagnosis since it is difficult to differentiate EILO from other exercise related conditions in the airways only on the symptomatology. The main symptom in EILO is inspiratory stridor arising from an obstruction at the laryngeal level during ongoing exercise which quickly resolves after the exercise has stopped. EILO is often misdiagnosed as exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), which is obstruction in the peripheral airways that typically arises after cessation of exercise. From a previous survey investigating self-reported exercise-induced dyspnoea in all 12-13-year-old adolescents in Uppsala (n=3,838, response rate 60.2%) a subset of 150 randomly selected adolescents (103 with dyspnoea and 47 controls) performed standardized treadmill exercise-tests for EIB and EILO. During the exercise-test for EIB the subjects breathed dry air according to the current recommended guidelines. EIB was defined as a decrease in FEV1 ≥10% from baseline. EILO was diagnosed during a continuous laryngoscopy exercise (CLE) test by use of the CLE-score method and was defined as an obstruction of grade 2 at either glottic or/and supraglottic laryngeal level. The estimated prevalence of EIB in the general population was 19.2% and the estimated prevalence of EILO was 5.7%. No gender differences were detected. A diagnostic software program for EILO, EILOMEA, was compared with the CLE-score and the methods were found to be compatible. EILOMEA was used to map and compare laryngeal response patterns in adolescents with exercise-induced dyspnoea (EIB and/or EILO), in adolescents with dyspnoea but without a diagnosis of EIB or EILO, and in healthy controls, all of whom had performed the CLE-test. No differences were seen between the healthy controls and the adolescents with dyspnoea without a diagnosis. Only adolescents diagnosed with EILO showed a significant different laryngeal response pattern which strongly suggests that the diagnostic procedure is reliable. In a follow-up study of patients referred for investigation of exercise-induced dyspnoea, we investigated the outcome of surgical vs. conservative treatment of EILO-positive subjects and subjects tested negative for the diagnosis, regarding the level of exercise-induced dyspnoea and physical activity. Surgically treated patients had less breathing problems and were more physically active than both conservatively treated patients and patients who were tested negative.

Hallucination was always the ghost story's elephant in the room. Even before the vogue for psychical research and spiritualism began to influence writers at the end of the nineteenth century, tales of horror and the supernatural, of ghosts and demons, had been haunted by the possibility of some grand deception by the senses. Edgar Allan Poe's stories were full of mad narrators, conscience-stricken criminals and sinners, and protagonists who doubted their very eyes and ears. Writers such as Dickens and Le Fanu continued this idea of the cheat of the senses. But what is certainly true is that, towards the end of the century, hallucination took on a new force and significance in ghostly and horror fiction. Now, its presence was not the dominion of a handful of experimental thinkers but the province of popular authors writing very different kinds of stories. The approaches had become many and diverse, from Arthur Machen's ambivalent interest in occultism to Vernon Lee's passion for art and antiquity. Henry James's The Turn of the Screw (1898) is the most famous text to pose a question that was, in fact, being asked by many writers of the time: reality or delusion? Other writers, too, were forcing their readers to assess whether the ghostly had its origins in some supernatural phenomenon from beyond the grave, or from some deception within our own minds. This thesis explores the many factors which contributed to this rise in the interest in hallucination and visionary experience, during the period 1880-1914. From the time when psychical research became hugely popular, up until the First World War often considered a watershed in the history of the ghost story and literature in general something happened to the ghost story and related fiction. Through a close analysis of stories and novels written by Robert Louis Stevenson, Vernon Lee, Henry James, Arthur Machen, and Oliver Onions, I attempt to find out what happened, and even more importantly why it happened at all.

Comment les frontières sont-elles redéfinies par les territorialités qui les traversent ? Par qui les territorialités transfrontalières sont-elles investies ? Quelle est la place laissée à l’Etat, lorsque des autorités frontalières mobilisent une culture indigène, préexistante à la nation, pour (re)construire un territoire ? Les dynamiques récentes de coopération transfrontalière aymara entre le Chili, le Pérou et la Bolivie interrogent les reconfigurations politiques et territoriales qui affectent une institution étatique élémentaire : la frontière. Ce travail de thèse analyse l’action publique transfrontalière des maires ruraux aymaras depuis la perspective de long terme de construction de l’Etat chilien. En abordant l’Etat par ses périphéries, politiques, sociales et territoriales, il questionne les jeux d’acteurs qui contribuent aux transformations du gouvernement du territoire. Les continuités dans les pratiques politiques et administratives sur la frontière et les usages de rôles institutionnels hérités, dans un contexte de reconnaissance des droits des populations indigènes, démontrent que l’Etat, au-delà de son prétendu affaiblissement, connait un redéploiement paradoxal prenant la forme d’un processus complexe de sécurisation d’un espace transfrontalier diplomatiquement disputé. / How are the borders redefined by the “territorialities” which cross them? Which actors use these cross-border territorialities? What room is left to the state, when the local authorities living on the border refer to an indigenous culture, which preexisted to the nation, to (re)build a territory? The recent dynamics of the Aymara cross-border co-operation between Chile, Peru and Bolivia question the political and territorial reconfigurations which affect a fundamental state institution: the border. This doctoral thesis analyzes the cross-border public policies led by Aymaras rural mayors, according to a long-term approach of the construction of the Chilean state. By comprehending the state through its political, social and territorial peripheries, we study the networks of actors who take part in the transformations of the governance of the territory. The permanence of political and administrative actions on the border on one hand, the uses of inherited institutional roles on the other, show that beyond its alleged weakening, the state is paradoxically strengthened, through a complex securitization process of a diplomatically disputed cross-border area.

This thesis examines the representation of glass in French and Belgian poetry associated with the Symbolist and Decadent movements. It incorporates a number of authors, particularly focussing on Baudelaire, Mallarmé, Laforgue, Rodenbach, and Maeterlinck, but also encompassing more minor writers where appropriate, as well as some writers on the periphery of Symbolism and Decadence. The thesis investigates how the growing use of glass in architecture, technology, and visual art influenced late-nineteenth-century poets, providing these writers with a means by which to understand their social context as well as a multi-faceted metaphor through which to interrogate their own poetic mechanisms. Glass, in its various manifestations - windows, lenses, hothouses, aquariums, Exhibition halls, Art Nouveau glasswork, and stained glass - prompts meditation on such questions as: the interaction between subject and object; the relationship between fiction and reality; the infinite; poetic form; nature and artifice; and aesthetic identity. Ultimately, I combat the traditional understanding of this poetry as being solely concerned with the pure realm of dreams, the soul, and the 'Idée'. Instead, I insist on the material world as a starting point for this poetry, demonstrating that it is not immune to environmental factors, but rather that it uses its environment as a route towards the elusive 'Idée'. Glass is key to this process because its very ambiguity makes it a suitable embodiment of the tension between the material and the unknown, invisible, or ideal.

By their very nature, physical classrooms limit the external resources that are readily available to teachers and students. However, many educators desire to expand the student's learning environment to include outside resources (Partnership for 21st Century Skills, 2009; NCSS, 2010; U.S. Dept. of Education, 2004). Much of this desire is due to the influence of constructivism; however, many teachers are without the knowledge and resources to implement a Constructivist Learning Environment (CLE) (Diem, 1999; Mason et al., 2000; Swan and Hofer, 2008). Therefore, how to create a suitable community-driven learning environment that allows classroom teachers to utilize resources outside their immediate location is a problem faced by many of today's educators. Past research has identified five key attributes any CLE must incorporate: embedded within realistic and authentic environments, allow for communication and collaboration among and between students, teachers and mentors, allow for multiple perspectives and views to be seen and shared, promote a student's self-awareness and self-reflection, and allow the learner to be autonomous (Jonassen, 1994; Driscoll, 2005). When considering this list against technological affordances, the one technology that appears capable of fulfilling these requirements is virtual worlds (Kemp and Haycock, 2008). Designed as a developmental research study, this research validates the use of virtual worlds as a development tool when building a CLE within the K-12 environment. / Ph. D.

Cette thèse porte sur les relations entre les processus SLE, les ensembles CLE et le champ libre Gaussien. Dans le chapitre 2, nous donnons une construction des processus SLE(k,r) à partir des boucles des CLE(k) et d'échantillons de restriction chordale. Sheffield et Werner ont prouvé que les CLE(k) peuvent être construits à partir des processus d'exploration symétriques des SLE(k,r).Nous montrons dans le chapitre 3 que la configuration des boucles construites à partir du processus d'exploration asymétrique des SLE(k,k-6) donne la même loi CLE(k). Le processus SLE(4) peut être considéré comme les lignes de niveau du champ libre Gaussien et l'ensemble CLE(4) correspond à la collection des lignes de niveau de ce champ libre Gaussien. Dans la deuxième partie du chapitre 3, nous définissons un paramètre de temps invariant conforme pour chaque boucle appartenant à CLE(4) et nous donnons ensuite dans le chapitre 4 un couplage entre le champ libre Gaussien et l'ensemble CLE(4) à l'aide du paramètre de temps. Les processus SLE(k) peuvent être considérés comme les lignes de flot du champ libre Gaussien. Nous explicitons la dimension de Hausdorff de l'intersection de deux lignes de flot du champ libre Gaussien. Cela nous permet d'obtenir la dimension de l'ensemble des points de coupure et des points doubles de la courbe SLE, voir le chapitre 5. Dans le chapitre 6, nous définissons la mesure de restriction radiale, prouvons la caractérisation de ces mesures, et montrons la condition nécessaire et suffisante de l'existence des mesures de restriction radiale. / This thesis focuses on various relations between SLE, CLE and GFF. In Chapter 2, we give a construction of SLE(k,r) processes from CLE(k) loop configuration and chordal restriction samples. Sheffield and Werner has proved that CLE(k) can be constructed from symmetric SLE(k,k-6) exploration processes. We prove in Chapter 3 that the loop configuration constructed from the asymmetric SLE(k,k-6) exploration processes also give the same law CLE(k). SLE(4) can be viewed as level lines of GFF and CLE(4) can be viewed as the collection of level lines of GFF. We define a conformally invariant time parameter for each loop in CLE(4) in the second part of Chapter 3 and then give a coupling between GFF and CLE(4) with time parameter in Chapter 4. SLE(k,r) can be viewed as flow lines of GFF. We derive the Hausdorff dimension of the intersection of two flow lines in GFF. Then, from there, we obtain the dimension of the cut and double point set of SLE curve in Chapter 5. In Chapter 6, we define the radial restriction measure, prove the characterization of these measures, and show the if and only if condition for the existence of radial restriction measure.

La symbiose mycorhizienne à arbuscules (MA) est une association bénéfique établie entre les membres d'un ancien sous-phylum de champignons, les Gloméromycètes, et les racines de la majorité des plantes terrestres. Les champignons MA procurent de l'eau et des minéraux (azote et phosphore principalement) à leur plante hôte et obtiennent de cette dernière des molécules carbonées sous forme d'hexoses et de lipides. Des études récentes ont montré que certaines protéines sécrétées par les champignons MA peuvent être des régulateurs importants de l'association (Kloppholz et al., 2011 ; Tsuzuki et al., 2016). Notre objectif était d'identifier de nouvelles protéines fongiques contribuant à la mise en place de la symbiose. Des protéines prédites pour être préférentiellement sécrétées par le champignon MA Rhizophagus irregularis dans les racines ont été identifiées au début de ma thèse (Kamel et al., 2017). Certaines d'entre-elles présentaient une structure ressemblant aux précurseurs de phéromones sexuelles d'Ascomycètes. Ces protéines sont connues pour être maturées dans les voies de sécrétion en petits peptides qui sont ensuite sécrétés. Leur reconnaissance par un récepteur couplé à la protéine G (GPCR) aboutit à la fusion cellulaire de deux types sexuels opposés. Dans le cas de R. irregularis, seule la reproduction clonale a été décrite, mais des données génomiques récentes remettent en question son statut d'organisme asexué (Ropars et al., 2016). Une grande partie de ma thèse a été dédiée à la caractérisation fonctionnelle de ce type de peptides chez R. irregularis. Nous avons montré que deux peptides étaient effectivement produits et sécrétés par R. irregularis. L'utilisation de peptides synthétiques nous a permis de mettre en évidence que l'un d'eux stimulait la colonisation de M. truncatula mais était également perçu par le champignon lui-même, induisant la transcription de son propre gène précurseur et d'un GPCR. Ce peptide stimulateur de la symbiose est composé de seulement trois acides aminés et il peut être produit à partir de trois précurseurs protéiques. Par des approches de génétique inverse (HIGS et VIGS), nous avons confirmé l'importance de ces précurseurs dans l'établissement de la symbiose.[...] / Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a beneficial association established between members of an ancient subphylum of fungi, the Glomeromycotina, and the roots of the majority of terrestrial plants. AM fungi provide water and minerals (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus) to their host plant in exchange for organic carbon in the form of hexoses and lipids. Recent studies have shown that certain proteins secreted by AM fungi are important symbiosis regulators (Kloppholz et al., 2011, Tsuzuki et al., 2016). Our aim was to identify new fungal proteins involved in the establishment of symbiosis. Proteins predicted to be preferentially secreted by the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis in the roots were identified at the beginning of my thesis (Kamel et al., 2017). We noticed that some of them had a structure resembling the sex pheromone precursors of Ascomycota. These proteins are known to be processed in the secretory pathway into small peptides which are then secreted. Their recognition by a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) leads to cell fusion of two opposite sex types. In the case of R. irregularis, only clonal reproduction has been described. However, recent genomic data question its status as an asexual organism (Ropars et al., 2016). A large part of my thesis was dedicated to the functional characterization of this type of processed peptides in R. irregularis. We show that two of them are actually produced and secreted by R. irregularis. Treatments with synthetic forms of these peptides revealed that one of them stimulated the colonization of M. truncatula but was also perceived by the fungus itself, inducing the transcription of its own precursor gene and of a GPCR gene. This symbiosis-stimulating peptide is composed of only three amino acids and can be produced from three different protein precursors. Using reverse genetics (HIGS and VIGS), we confirmed the importance of these precursors in the symbiosis establishment. [...]

Cette th??se se consacre ?? l???analyse de l???image de la prison dans la litt??rature fran??aise et qu??b??coise du 20e si??cle et du d??but du 21e si??cle. Elle examine un corpus vaste et vari?? constitu?? d???ouvrages de fiction et de t??moignage traitant de la prison et de l???exp??rience carc??rale ??crits entre 1910 et 2010. L???objectif de cette th??se est de d??finir la conceptualisation et les repr??sentations litt??raires de la prison et de l???enfermement dans la p??riode analys??e. Elle essaie de montrer que l???exp??rience carc??rale suscite un type particulier de r??flexion qui s???exprime par l???interm??diaire d???un genre litt??raire mixte, o?? l???autobiographie et la fiction s???entrecroisent. L???analyse se situe dans la perspective des ??tudes litt??raires et culturelles. La m??thodologie r??unit plusieurs approches : les th??ories sur le genre litt??raire des ouvrages carc??raux (Andrew Sobanet), les th??ories sur le t??moignage et sur la m??moire (Paul Ric??ur et Gis??le Mathieu-Castellani), les th??ories sur l???espace et le temps (Gaston Bachelard, Maurice Blanchot, Georges Mator?? et Pierre Bourdieu), et l???approche historique et sociologique (Michel Foucault, Gilles Chantraine, Marion Vacheret et Guy Lemire, Jacques Laplante). L???originalit?? de cette th??se r??side dans l???image d???ensemble qu???elle cherche ?? fournir de la repr??sentation de la prison de 1910 ?? 2010. La sp??cificit?? des ??crits de prison sera cern??e ?? partir d???un corpus complexe et d???une s??rie de questions bien d??limit??es : la mani??re dont les r??formes du syst??me p??nitentiaire sont refl??t??es dans la litt??rature carc??rale, la sp??cificit?? du t??moignage comme genre litt??raire issu de cette exp??rience d???enfermement dans les prisons fran??aises et canadiennes du 20e si??cle et les strat??gies fictionnelles de la litt??rature sur la prison.

This work deals with the analysis of selected works by the famous Austrian writer Arthur Schnitzler. For the purpose of zeitgeist illustration the dramas Anatole and Reigen were used. The analysis of the works is preceded by theoretical section with a closer description of the socio-historical situation in Vienna at the turn of the 19th and 20 century. A part of the main section is a short treatise on the importance of one-act plays cycle in the development of the author´s works, dramas analysis and characterization of the characters, on the basis of which the conclusions are drawn about the image of Victorian society, which the author deals with in his works . The last part concludes the analysis and provides an outline description of the image and the zeitgeist as it can be deduced on the basis of both Schnitzler´s dramas compared to socio-historical knowledge of that time.

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