The Auroral Large Imaging System (ALIS) was proposed in 1989 by Åke Steen as a joint Scandinavian ground-based nework of automated auroral imaging stations. The primary scientic objective was in the field of auroral physics, but it was soon realised that ALIS could be used in other fields, for example, studies of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC), meteors, as well as other atmospheric phenomena. This report describes the design, operation and scientic results from a Swedish prototype of ALIS consisting of six unmanned remote-controlled stations located in a grid of about 50 km in northern Sweden. Each station is equipped with a sensitive high-resolution (1024 x 1024 pixels) unintensified monochromatic CCDimager. A six-position filter-wheel for narrow-band interference filters facilitates absolute spectroscopic measurements of, for example, auroral and airglow emissions. Overlapping fields-of-view resulting from the station baseline of about 50 km combined with the station field-of-view of 50° to 60°, enable triangulation as well as tomographic methods to be employed for obtaining altitude information of the observed phenomena. ALIS was probably one of the first instruments to take advantage of unintensi- fied (i.e. no image-intensifier) scientific-grade CCDs as detectors for spectroscopic imaging studies with multiple stations of faint phenomena such as aurora, airglow, etc. This makes absolute calibration a task that is as important as it is dificult. Although ALIS was primarily designed for auroral studies, the majority of the scientific results so far have, quite unexpectedly, been obtained from observations of HF pump-enhanced airglow (recently renamed Radio-Induced Aurora). ALIS made the first unambiguous observation of this phenomena at high-latitudes and the first tomography-like inversion of height profiles of the airglow regions. The scientific results so far include tomographic estimates of the auroral electron spectra, coordinated observations with satellite and radar, as well as studies of polar stratospheric clouds. An ALIS imager also participated in a joint project that produced the first ground-based daytime auroral images. Recently ALIS made spectroscopic observations of a Leonid meteor-trail and preliminary analysis indicates the possible detection of water in the Leonid.

This work is motivated by the question: how much complexity is appropriate for a cloud parameterization used in general circulation models (GCM). To approach this question, cloud parameterizations across the complexity range are explored using general circulation models and theoretical Monte-Carlo simulations. Their results are compared with high-resolution satellite observations and simulations that resolve the GCM subgrid-scale variability explicitly. A process-orientated evaluation is facilitated by GCM forecast simulations which reproduce the synoptic state. For this purpose novel methods were develop to a) conceptually relate the underlying saturation deficit probability density function (PDF) with its saturated cloudy part, b) analytically compute the vertical integrated liquid water path (LWP) variability, c) diagnose the relevant PDF-moments from cloud parameterizations, d) derive high-resolution LWP from satellite observations and e) deduce the LWP statistics by aggregating the LWP onto boxes equivalent to the GCM grid size. On this basis, this work shows that it is possible to evaluate the sub-grid scale variability of cloud parameterizations in terms of cloud variables. Differences among the PDF types increase with complexity, in particular the more advanced cloud parameterizations can make use of their double Gaussian PDF in conditions, where cumulus convection forms a separate mode with respect to the remainder of the grid-box. Therefore, it is concluded that the difference between unimodal and bimodal PDFs is more important, than the shape within each mode. However, the simulations and their evaluation reveals that the advanced parameterizations do not take full advantage of their abilities and their statistical relationships are broadly similar to less complex PDF shapes, while the results from observations and cloud resolving simulations indicate even more complex distributions. Therefore, this work suggests that the use of less complex PDF shapes might yield a better trade-off. With increasing model resolution initial weaknesses of simpler, e.g. unimodal PDFs, will be diminished. While cloud schemes for coarse-resolved models need to parameterize multiple cloud regimes per grid-box, higher spatial resolution of future GCMs will separate them better, so that the unimodal approximation improves.

This thesis analyses image of Czechoslovakian pilots in local film production. It focuses on films about pilots from Second World War and pilots from Czechoslovak people's army. The aim of thesis is to define main characteristics of military pilots in selected films and compare their transformation through time. Analytic part will use visual, semiotic, discursive and narrative analysis concept as theoretical framework. Thesis works on the presumption that image transformation was highly influenced by historical and political development of country. It assumes that pilots from Second World War were portrayed positively in late 1960s and after year 1989 and pilots from Czechoslovak people's army were favored in era of normalization, particularly in 1970s and 1980s.

Les Systèmes Mobiles de Cartographie basés LIDAR permettent d’obtenir des cartes 3D de l’environnement, qui sont géo-référencées grâce à d’autres capteurs embarqués sur le véhicule : GPS, centrale inertielle, ou encore odomètre sont de tels capteurs qui permettent de localiser le véhicule mobile pendant la campagne d’acquisition. Toutefois, ces cartes manquent de précisions et un affinage des cartes est essentiel dans de nombreux cas d’applications où une précision fine est requise sur les cartes 3D, comme pour des applications de classifications par exemple.Lors de la création de cartes 3D géoréférencées,les données sont tout d’abord acquises par le capteur LIDAR et référencées dans le repère cartésien du laser à l’aide d’un calibrage intrinsèque du capteur d’acquisition. Ensuite, un calibrage extrinsèque du capteur permet de caractériser la transformation entre le capteur et le véhicule, et permet de référencer les données dans le repère « body», lié au véhicule d’acquisition. Enfin, avec la trajectoire du véhicule obtenue en fusionnant les données issues des GPS, centrale inertielle et odomètre, il est possible de géoréférencer les données lasers.Nous proposons dans cette thèse d’affiner les relevés laser issus d’acquisitions effectuées à l’aide d’un véhicule mobile de cartographie, en optimisant plusieurs paramètres différents qui entrent en compte dans le géoréférencement des données. Nous nous sommes intéressés à l’affinement des nuages de points par optimisation des paramètres decalibrage extrinsèque dans un premier temps, puis par optimisation des paramètres de calibrage intrinsèque, et enfin par optimisation des paramètres de translations liés à la trajectoire du véhicule mobile. / LIDAR based Mobile Mapping Systems allowto get 3D maps of the environment, which are globally referenced with the help of others sensors embedded on the vehicle: GPS,Inertial Measurement Unit, or odometer are such sensors which allow localizing the vehicle during the acquisition process. However, these maps lack of precision, and are finement of the maps is necessary for manywork where a good precision is needed on the 3D maps, like classification applications for example.When creating the globally referenced 3D maps, the data are firstly acquired by the LIDAR sensor and referenced in the Cartesian reference frame of the sensor withan intrinsic calibration of the sensor. Then, anextrinsic calibration gives the transformation between the sensor and the vehicle, and gives data referenced in the « body »reference frame, linked to the vehicle. Finally, with the fusion of the data coming from the GPS, the Inertial Measurement Unit and theodometer, the laser data can be globally referenced.In this thesis, we propose to refine the point clouds coming from acquisitions done with a mobile mapping system, by optimizing some parameters which are used in the georeferencing process of the data. Firstly, we were interested in the refinement of point clouds by optimizing the extrinsic calibration parameters, and then we were interested in the refinement of point clouds by optimizing the intrinsic calibration parameters; finally by optimizing the translation parameters of the mobile vehicle trajectory.

A análise de dados multidimensionais tem sido por muitos anos tópico de contínua investigação e uma das razões se deve ao fato desse tipo de dados ser encontrado em diversas áreas da ciência. Uma tarefa comum ao se analisar esse tipo de dados é a investigação de padrões pela interação em projeções multidimensionais dos dados para o espaço visual. O entendimento da relação entre as características do conjunto de dados (dataset) e a técnica utilizada para se obter uma representação visual desse dataset é de fundamental importância uma vez que esse entendimento pode fornecer uma melhor intuição a respeito do que se esperar da projeção. Por isso motivado, no presente trabalho investiga-se alguns aspectos de centralidade dos dados em dois cenários distintos: coleções de documentos com grafos de coautoria; dados multidimensionais mais gerais. No primeiro cenário, o dado multidimensional que representa os documentos possui informações mais específicas, o que possibilita a combinação de diferentes aspectos para analisá-los de forma sumarizada, bem como a noção de centralidade e relevância dentro da coleção. Isso é levado em consideração para propor uma metáfora visual combinada que possibilite a exploração de toda a coleção, bem como de documentos individuais. No segundo cenário, de dados multidimensionais gerais, assume-se que tais informações não estão disponíveis. Ainda assim, utilizando um conceito de estatística não-paramétrica, deno- minado funções de profundidade de dados (data-depth functions), é feita a avaliação da ação de técnicas de projeção multidimensionais sobre os dados, possibilitando entender como suas medidas de profundidade (centralidade) foram alteradas ao longo do processo, definindo uma também medida de qualidade para projeções. / Analysis of multidimensional data has been for many years a topic of continuous research and one of the reasons is such kind of data can be found on several different areas of science. A common task analyzing such data is to investigate patterns by interacting with spatializations of the data onto the visual space. Understanding the relation between underlying dataset characteristics and the technique used to provide a visual representation of such dataset is of fundamental importance since it can provide a better intuition on what to expect from the spatialization. Motivated by this, in this work we investigate some aspects of centrality on the data in two different scenarios: document collection with co-authorship graphs; general multidimensional data. In the first scenario, the multidimensional data which encodes the documents is much more information specific, meaning it makes possible to combine different aspects such as a summarized analysis, as well as the centrality and relevance notions among the documents in the collection. In order to propose a combined visual metaphor, this is taken into account make possible the visual exploration of the whole document collection as well as individual document analysis. In the second case, of general multidimensional data, there is an assumption that such additional information is not available. Nevertheless, using the concept of data-depth functions from non-parametric statistics it is analyzed the action of multidimensional projection techniques on the data, during the projection process, in order to make possible to understand how depth measures computed in the data have been modified along the process, which also defines a quality measure for multidimensional projections.

HESS J1741−302 ist eine nicht identifizierte Quelle sehr hochenergetischer Gammastrahlen, welche circa 1,7 Grad vom Zentrum der Milchstraße entfernt liegt. Diese Quelle ist eines der schwächsten Objekte im TeV-Bereich mit einem Photonfluss von Φ(>1 TeV) = (1.65 ± 0.28stat ± 0.33sys) × 10^−13 cm^−2 s^−1, was ~1% des Krebsnebelflusses im gleichen Energiebereich entspricht. Die Analyse des aktuellen H.E.S.S. Datensatzes von 145 Stunden Beobachtungen mit hoher Qualität gibt Einblicke in die Morphologie von HESS J1741−302. Das Energiespektrum von HESS J1741−302 geht über 10 TeV hinaus, ohne dabei ein klares Anzeichen für einen spektralen Abbruch zu zeigen. Das Spektrum kann durch ein Potenzgesetz mit einem spektralen Index von Γ = 2.28 ± 0.16stat ± 0.20sys und einer Normierung bei 1 TeV von Φ0 = (2.12 ± 0.42stat ± 0.42sys) × 10^−13 cm^−2 s^−1 TeV^−1 beschrieben werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden verschiedene Szenarien für die beobachtete Gammastrahlung und deren Entstehung in Betracht gezogen. Diese beinhalten die Wechselwirkung von Protonen der kosmischen Strahlung mit Molekülwolken entlang der Sichtlinie, IC Streuung an Infrarot-Photonen eines nahe gelegenen OH/IR Sterns und die Präsenz eines Pulsarwindnebels, welcher möglicherweise zu PSR B1737−30 gehört. / HESS J1741−302 is an unidentified very-high-energy (VHE) γ-ray source located in the Galactic Plane at about 1.7° away from the Galactic Center. It is one of the faintest TeV objects detected so far, with a flux Φ(>1 TeV) = (1.65 ± 0.28stat ± 0.33sys) × 10^−13 cm^−2 s^−1 corresponding to ~ 1% of the Crab Nebula flux at the same energies. The data analysis of an updated high-quality dataset of ~145 hours of VHE H.E.S.S. data taken between 2004 and 2013 has revealed the morphology of HESS J1741−302. The γ-ray spectrum of HESS J1741−302 extends beyond 10 TeV without showing any clear evidence of a cut-off. The source spectrum is well described by a power-law model with a spectral index of Γ = 2.28 ± 0.16stat ± 0.20sys and a normalization at 1 TeV of Φ0 = (2.12 ± 0.42stat ± 0.42sys) × 10^−13 cm^−2 s^−1 TeV^−1. Different scenarios will be considered in this thesis, including the interaction of cosmic-ray protons with molecular clouds found along the line of sight, inverse Compton scattering of infra-red photons provided by a nearby OH/IR star and the presence of a nearby pulsar wind nebula possibly related to PSR B1737−30, in order to explain the observed VHE gamma-ray emission.

A análise de dados multidimensionais tem sido por muitos anos tópico de contínua investigação e uma das razões se deve ao fato desse tipo de dados ser encontrado em diversas áreas da ciência. Uma tarefa comum ao se analisar esse tipo de dados é a investigação de padrões pela interação em projeções multidimensionais dos dados para o espaço visual. O entendimento da relação entre as características do conjunto de dados (dataset) e a técnica utilizada para se obter uma representação visual desse dataset é de fundamental importância uma vez que esse entendimento pode fornecer uma melhor intuição a respeito do que se esperar da projeção. Por isso motivado, no presente trabalho investiga-se alguns aspectos de centralidade dos dados em dois cenários distintos: coleções de documentos com grafos de coautoria; dados multidimensionais mais gerais. No primeiro cenário, o dado multidimensional que representa os documentos possui informações mais específicas, o que possibilita a combinação de diferentes aspectos para analisá-los de forma sumarizada, bem como a noção de centralidade e relevância dentro da coleção. Isso é levado em consideração para propor uma metáfora visual combinada que possibilite a exploração de toda a coleção, bem como de documentos individuais. No segundo cenário, de dados multidimensionais gerais, assume-se que tais informações não estão disponíveis. Ainda assim, utilizando um conceito de estatística não-paramétrica, deno- minado funções de profundidade de dados (data-depth functions), é feita a avaliação da ação de técnicas de projeção multidimensionais sobre os dados, possibilitando entender como suas medidas de profundidade (centralidade) foram alteradas ao longo do processo, definindo uma também medida de qualidade para projeções. / Analysis of multidimensional data has been for many years a topic of continuous research and one of the reasons is such kind of data can be found on several different areas of science. A common task analyzing such data is to investigate patterns by interacting with spatializations of the data onto the visual space. Understanding the relation between underlying dataset characteristics and the technique used to provide a visual representation of such dataset is of fundamental importance since it can provide a better intuition on what to expect from the spatialization. Motivated by this, in this work we investigate some aspects of centrality on the data in two different scenarios: document collection with co-authorship graphs; general multidimensional data. In the first scenario, the multidimensional data which encodes the documents is much more information specific, meaning it makes possible to combine different aspects such as a summarized analysis, as well as the centrality and relevance notions among the documents in the collection. In order to propose a combined visual metaphor, this is taken into account make possible the visual exploration of the whole document collection as well as individual document analysis. In the second case, of general multidimensional data, there is an assumption that such additional information is not available. Nevertheless, using the concept of data-depth functions from non-parametric statistics it is analyzed the action of multidimensional projection techniques on the data, during the projection process, in order to make possible to understand how depth measures computed in the data have been modified along the process, which also defines a quality measure for multidimensional projections.

Cloud Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) is a form of utility computing which has emerged with the recent innovations in the service computing and data communication technologies. Regardless of the fact that IaaS is attractive for application service providers, satisfying user requests while ensuring cloud operational objectives is a complicated task that raises several resource management challenges. Among these challenges, limited controllability over network services delivered to cloud consumers is prominent in single datacenter cloud environments. In addition, the lack of seamless service migration and optimization, poor infrastructure utilization, and unavailability of efficient fault tolerant techniques are noteworthy challenges in geographically distributed datacenter clouds. Initially in this thesis, a datacenter resource management framework is presented to address the challenge of limited controllability over cloud network traffic. The proposed framework integrates network virtualization functionalities offered by software defined networking (SDN) into cloud ecosystem. To provide rich traffic control features to IaaS consumers, control plane virtualization capabilities offered by SDN have been employed. Secondly, a quality of service (QoS) aware seamless service migration and optimization framework has been proposed in the context of geo-distributed datacenters. Focus has been given to a mobile end-user scenario where frequent cloud service migrations are required to mitigate QoS violations. Finally, an SDN-based dynamic fault restoration scheme and a shared backup-based fault protection scheme have been proposed. The fault restoration has been achieved by introducing QoS-aware reactive and shared risk link group-aware proactive path computation algorithms. Shared backup protection has been achieved by optimizing virtual and backup link embedding through a novel integer linear programming approach. The proposed solutions significantly improve bandwidth utilization in inter-datacenter networks while recovering from substrate link failures.

<div>LiDAR units onboard airborne and terrestrial platforms have been established as a proven technology for the acquisition of dense point clouds for a wide range of applications, such as digital building model generation, transportation corridor monitoring, precision agriculture, and infrastructure monitoring. Furthermore, integrating such systems with one or more cameras would allow forward and backward projection between imagery and LiDAR data, thus facilitating several high-level data processing activities such as reliable feature extraction and colorization of point clouds. However, the attainment of the full 3D point positioning potential of such systems is contingent on an accurate calibration of the mobile mapping unit as a whole. </div><div> </div><div> This research aims at proposing a calibration procedure for terrestrial multi-unit LiDAR systems to directly estimate the mounting parameters relating several spinning multi-beam laser scanners to the onboard GNSS/INS unit in order to derive point clouds with high positional accuracy. To ensure the accuracy of the estimated mounting parameters, an optimal configuration of target primitives and drive-runs is determined by analyzing the potential impact of bias in mounting parameters of a LiDAR unit on the resultant point cloud for different orientations of target primitives and different drive-run scenarios. This impact is also verified experimentally by simulating a bias in each mounting parameter separately. Next, the optimal configuration is used within an experimental setup to evaluate the performance of the proposed calibration procedure. Then, this proposed multi-unit LiDAR system calibration strategy is extended for multi-LiDAR multi-camera systems in order to allow a simultaneous estimation of the mounting parameters relating the different laser scanners as well as cameras to the onboard GNSS/INS unit. Such a calibration improves the registration accuracy of point clouds derived from LiDAR data and imagery, along with their accuracy with respect to the ground truth. Finally, in order to qualitatively evaluate the calibration results for a generic mobile mapping system and allow the visualization of point clouds, imagery data, and their registration quality, an interface denoted as Image-LiDAR Interactive Visualization Environment (I-LIVE) is developed. Apart from its visualization functions (such as 3D point cloud manipulation and image display/navigation), I-LIVE mainly serves as a tool for the quality control of GNSS/INS-derived trajectory and LiDAR-camera system calibration. </div><div> </div><div> The proposed multi-sensor system calibration procedures are experimentally evaluated by calibrating several mobile mapping platforms with varying number of LiDAR units and cameras. For all cases, the system calibration is seen to attain accuracies better than the ones expected based on the specifications of the involved hardware components, i.e., the LiDAR units, cameras, and GNSS/INS units.</div>

L'eau joue un rôle fondamental dans la photochimie du milieu interstellaire (MIS), à travers la formation d'espèces très réactives comme OH. Les radicaux OH peuvent par la suite interagir avec d'autres molécules hydrogénées pour reformer H2O par abstraction d'hydrogène: R-H + OH → R* + H2O. Dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse, nous avons étudié l'influence des photons VUV sur des analogues de glace interstellaire. Nous montrons que l'incorporation d'une petite quantité d'eau dans NH3 et CH4 glaces augmente considérablement la formation de radicaux réactifs comme NH2 et CH3 pendant le processus de photolyse et que le chauffage des glaces binaires irradiées telles que NH3-H2O et CH4-H2O conduit à la formation de NH2OH et d'espèces alcooliques plus complexes comme le propanol et le métoxyméthanol. Nous avons également entamé d'autres études en parallèle sur le l'évolution thermique des glaces de NH2OH d'une part et la formation de propanol par voies énergétiques (irradiation VUV) et non énergétique (réaction d'addition H) d'autre part afin de tenter d'expliquer la non-détection des ces espèces organiques dans le milieu interstellaire. L'étude des glaces mixtes irradiées NH3-CH4-H2O a montré la formation à basse température d'espèces plus exotiques en combinant les spectrométries IR et de masse. Nous avons réussi à identifier des composés organiques très complexes déjà détectés ou activement recherchés dans le MIS. / Water plays a fundamental role in the photochemistry of the interstellar medium (ISM), through OH radical formation. OH radicals can interact with other H-containing species to form H2O through a hydrogen abstraction reaction: R-H + OH → R* + H2O. In this work, we have investigated the VUV processing on different interstellar ice analogs. We show that the incorporation of small amount of water in NH3 and CH4 ices greatly increases the formation of reactive NH2 and CH3 radicals during the photolysis processing. Thermal treatments of irradiated NH3-H2O and CH4-H2O ices lead to the formation of NH2OH and larger alcoholic species such as propanol and metoxymethanol. Further studies of thermal processing of NH2OH ice and formation of propanol through energetic (VUV irradiation) and non-energetic (surface H-addition reaction) processing were carried out in the context of this thesis in order to try explaining their non-detection in the interstellar medium. The study of the irradiated mixed NH3-CH4-H2O ices showed the formation of more exotic species by combining the IR and mass spectrometries. We managed to identify very large complex organic compounds already detected or tensively sought in the ISM.