De moduler som tillverkas i dagsläget baseras vanligtvis på traditionellträregelstomme. Det finns dock en möjlighet att istället tillverka moduler i KL-trä.Arbetets mål är att dimensionera infästningar för vertikal och horisontell lastverkanoch utforma infästningarna så att ett rationellt montage av KL-trämoduler möjliggörs.Infästningar som avses dimensioneras är från modul till grund samt från modul tillmodul. Litteraturstudie, platsbesök och intervju ligger till grund för val avinfästningsmetod. Förslaget resulterar i förband med stålplåt och dymlingar,skråskruvning samt förband med laskteknik. I framtida projekt med moduler i KL-träkan detta arbete ligga till grund för infästningsmetoder. / The modules currently manufactured are usually based on traditional wood frameconstruction. On the other hand, it is possible to manufacture modules in CLTinstead. The goal of the work is to design connections subjected to vertical andhorizontal load and design the connections so that a rational assembly of CLTmodulesis possible. Connections intended to be designed are from module tofoundation and from module to module. Literature survey, site visits and interviewsform the basis of the choice of attachment method. The proposal results in joints withsteel sheet and dowels, bevel screw, and single surface spline. In future projects withmodules in CLT, this work can be used as a basis for connection methods.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo geral verificar como uma empresa gerencia seus riscos trabalhistas com vistas a preveni-los. É um estudo de caso único, de natureza descritiva e qualitativa. Foi desenvolvido junto ao Grupo Eberle Mundial, através de entrevista do Gerente de Recursos Humanos, questionário auto-aplicado por sete membros do corpo executivo da organização, exame de documentos e análise de artigos de revistas e de jornais. Paralelamente, buscou experiências e opiniões de quatro especialistas da área trabalhista, também mediante questionário auto-aplicado. Em face dos resultados obtidos, o trabalho descreve a forma de gerenciamento de riscos trabalhistas adotada pelo Grupo Eberle Mundial e atende os objetivos específicos nos termos adiante sintetizados. Demonstra que o Grupo mantém rotinas para identificação de riscos trabalhistas, porém, não pratica a definição prévia do que sejam riscos relevantes e não relevantes. Identifica uma diversidade de riscos trabalhistas percebidos pelo Grupo e verifica que esses não abrangem riscos operacionais. Mostra que o Grupo criou métodos e instrumentos de trabalho próprios para o gerenciamento de seus riscos trabalhistas, atua de forma permanente na prevenção desses e faz a revisão anual de seus processos, buscando chegar à incorporação dessa filosofia à cultura da empresa, contudo, não mantém um sistema que integre seus procedimentos, na forma proposta pela literatura. Confirma que, através do projeto implantado pela nova administração, o Grupo que, em 1998, estava com sua sobrevivência comprometida, até 2003 já reduziu em mais de 50% as perdas financeiras que vinha sofrendo e restabeleceu sua credibilidade e imagem internas e externas. Constata que existe comprometimento da alta direção do Grupo com o gerenciamento de riscos trabalhistas, todavia, esse comprometimento não é do conhecimento de todos membros do corpo executivo da organização. Aponta que o Grupo não mantém área específica para gerenciamento de seus riscos trabalhistas, nem tem claro quem são os profissionais responsáveis por esses procedimentos. / This work has the general objective of verifying how a company manages its labor risks in order to prevent them. It is a one case study, with descriptive and qualitative nature. It was developed at "Grupo Eberle Mundial", through interview of the Manager of Human Resources, auto-applied questionnaire by seven members of the executive board of the company, document examination and analysis of articles of periodicals and newspapers. At the same time, it searched the experiences and opinions of four specialists in labor law, also by means of auto-applied questionnaire. In accordance with the obtained results, the work describes the form of labor risk management adopted by "Grupo Eberle Mundial" and answers the specific objectives in the terms ahead synthesized. It demonstrates that the enterprise keeps routines for identification of labor risks; however, it does not define previously what relevant and non relevant risks are. It identifies a diversity of labor risks perceived by the company and verifies that these do not enclose operational risks. It shows that the organization created its own methods and tools for the management of its labor risks; that it acts in a permanent way to prevent these risks and makes the annual revision of its processes, searching to achieve the internalization of this philosophy as part of its culture. Nevertheless, it crystallizes that the company does not keep a system that integrates its procedures, in the form proposed by the bibliography. It confirms that, through the project developed by the new administration, up to 2003 the "Grupo Eberle Mundial", which in 1998 was with its survival compromised, has reduced in more than 50% the financial losses that it has been suffering and reestablished its internal and external credibility and image. It evidences that there is compromise of the high management of the company with the labor risk management; however, this is not known by all members of the executive board. It points out that the company does not keep specific area for management of its labor risks, nor does it have clear who is responsible for these procedures.

This degree project shows how four language teachers teach foreign languages with focus oncommunicative competence, and how their vision of teaching correspond to their reality in the classroom. How do they motivate the students in class and are the conditions good enough tohelp the teachers reach the national goals? A teacher’s vision is formed by his or her education and experiences. However, there are a number of factors which can help or hinder a teacher to reach his or her ideal teaching. Among these factors are the curriculum, the preknowledgeof the students and available technical resources. The method used in this thesis is qualitative interviews with two Australian and two Swedish foreign language teachers. This method was chosen in order to give the interviewees the possibility to speak more freely about their vision compared to their reality. The results show that there are more similarities than differences between Sweden and Australia when we look at the teachers’ ideals. There are anumber of factors why the teachers do not reach their ideals. The findings show that it is necessary with adequate teacher training to uphold qualitative language teaching corresponding to continuously changing curriculums. Moreover, the curriculum mentions communicative language teaching more and more today, but the teachers experience difficulties when teaching and evaluating communicative competence. Another important issue is the lack of money and time for starting and maintaining international exchanges.

This thesis studies the static and fatigue failure of carbon fibre-epoxy composite for marine use. The primary objective is to investigate the effects of sea water ingress on the static and cyclic performance of laminated composites, by using the combination of experimental, numerical and analytical approaches. Experiments were carried out to collect evidence, including data and images, for further analysis. Samples were made from autoclave-cured carbon fibre-epoxy pre-preg for the static, moisture diffusion and fatigue tests. Three chambers were used in the diffusion test, containing fresh water (tap water), sea water and sea water at 70 bar hydrostatic pressure respectively. And the chambers were placed in an oven at a constant temperature 50 °C in order to accelerate the water absorption. Optical and scanning electron microscopies (SEM) were employed to inspect for manufacturing defects and to identify the failure modes. Some formulae were derived to predict the material properties of laminated composites, to validate the mechanical tests, and to explain the failure criteria of composites. Finite element analysis (FEA) was employed to study the phenomena that were observed in the experiments. FEA has the aim to simulate the static, diffusion and fatigue behaviour involving multiphysics and multiscale effects. The FEA modelling has revealed details of the stress and moisture distributions, which have helped to understand the failure mechanisms of laminated composites. Classical laminate theory (CLT) was employed to develop an analytical model. The basic principles of CLT were extended to three-dimensions, and the analytical solution was critically compared with the FEA results. Some MATLAB tools based on CLT were developed to predict the properties of laminated composites and to analyse the experimental data. These MATLAB codes are shown in the appendix. This thesis has contributed to an improved knowledge of the failure mechanisms of composite materials in both normal and marine environments, and to optimize structural design of FRP composites.

Multi-storey wooden buildings become more and more popular. As the new housing solutions are more accessible, acoustical inconveniences of wooden buildings become actual as never before. Wood, thanks to its high stiffness and low mass, allows to erect buildings at impressive pace, albeit cannot damp low frequency noises efficiently. This thesis is a part of the AkuTimber project run at Luleå University of Technology and partially covers one of the aspects considered within that project – attenuation of flexural wave in cross-laminated timber (CLT) at low frequencies by using a damping layer. In this thesis modal parameters of 3 different cases were taken into account – bare CLT panel, and 2 CLT panels with constrained layers – high density viscoelastic material and polyethene foil. The CLT panels were subjected to modal analysis with focus on bending modes below 50 Hz. Results were analyzed to observe the ability of the structures to attenuate flexural waves. / AkuTimber

Intresset för byggnader med trä som bärande stomme har ökat. Det byggs allt från höga bostadshus till sportarenor där trä är det dominerande materialet. Utvecklingen har gått fort inom träkonstruktion, vilket har lett till att man idag kan använda träregelstomme och skivmaterial för att uppfylla motsvarande säkerhets- och brandkrav som tidigare endast var möjligt vid byggnation med betong och stål. Högre och större byggnader medför också högre laster där tryck vinkelrätt fibrerna är något som behöver beaktas. Detta medför vissa utmaningar vid projektering av rena träkonstruktioner då upplagsareorna blir väldigt stora för att klara de dimensioneringskrav som idag ställs enligt svenska byggregler. Denna problematik grundar sig i att trä som material har olika egenskaper i olika riktningar och att materialet är relativt svagt vid belastning vinkelrätt fiberriktningen. Problematiken blir ofta koncentrerat till zoner där pelare möter balk där balken lätt deformeras. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka om korslimmat trä kan fungera som förstärkningsåtgärd vid upplaget i en limträbalk. För att ta reda på detta trycktestades 25 st provkroppar där de är förstärkta med en, två eller tre lameller av korslimmat trä. Resultatet jämförs sedan mot tryckkraftskapaciteten för en oförstärkt balk. Dimensionerna på provkropparna är 86x315 mm där limträet är av typen GL30C och där hållfasthetsklassen hos de korslimmade lamellerna är C24. Idén är att uppnå ett globalt starkare förband. Vid de experimentella försöken används en hydraulisk press som mäter kraft och förskjutning samt ett beröringsfritt mätsystem som mäter töjningar. Resultaten visar att tryckkraftskapaciteten ökar med ökat antal korslimmade lameller. Jämförelse mellan ett oförstärkt förband och ett förband förstärkt med 3 KL-lameller visar en ökning av tryckkraftskapacitet med 130 % vid en förskjutning på 10 mm. Lastspridningen i materialet är svår att definiera exakt, men det tyder på att någon form av lastspridning sker. Den effektiva arean vid limträet ökar då töjningar uppstår under hela KL-lamellens längd. Slutsatsen är att korslimmat trä som förstärkningsåtgärd kan öka tryckkraftskapaciteten i ett förband. / Interest in buildings with wood as a load-bearing frame has increased. Everything is built from tall residential buildings to sports arenas where wood is the dominant material. The development has been rapid in wood construction, this has led to the fact that today it is possible to use wooden frame and board material to meet the corresponding safety and fire requirements that were previously only possible for construction with concrete and steel. Higher and larger buildings also carry higher loads where pressure perpendicular to the fibers is something that needs to be considered. This entails certain challenges when designing clean wooden structures where the effective areas will be very large in order to meet the dimensioning requirements that are currently set according to Swedish building regulations. This problem is based on the fact that wood as a material has different properties in different directions and that the material is relatively weak when loaded perpendicular to the fiber direction. The problem is often concentrated in zones where pillars meet beams where the beam is easily deformed.  The purpose of this study is to investigate whether cross-laminated timber can function as a reinforcement measure between pillars and beams. To investigate this, 25 glulam timber beams with various modifications were pressure tested and reinforced with one, two or three slats of cross-laminated timber. The result is then compared with the compressive force capacity of an unreinforced beam. The dimensions of the specimens are 86x315 mm where the glulam is of the GL30C type and where the strength class of the cross-glued slats is C24. The idea is to achieve a globally stronger unit. The experimental experiments use a hydraulic press that measures force and displacement and a non-contact measuring system that measures strains. The results show that the compressive force capacity increases with an increased number of cross-laminated timber slats. Comparison between an unreinforced joint and a joint reinforced with 3 KL slats shows an increase in compressive force capacity of 130% at a displacement of 10 mm. The load spreading in the material is difficult to define exactly, but it indicates that some form of load spreading takes place. The effective area at the glulam increases as strains occur during the entire length of the KL slat. The conclusion of the study is that cross-laminated timber as a reinforcing measure can increase the compressive capacity of a joint.

The main aim of this diploma´s thesis is a design of documentation for construction of the object wooden multipurpose building in Brno. This new building is in cadastre unit Bohunice, is three-storey with a basement. The construction system is designed as a wall (structural) system of CLT panels conducted with cast-in-place reinforced concrete. The project is devised to fit in to the neighborhood.

The majority of research on high strain-rate effects in timber structures has been limited to the study of the load-bearing members in isolation. Limited work has been conducted on timber connections and full-scale timber assemblies under blast loading, and these have generally been constrained to qualitative observations. In North America, the increasing prevalence of mid- and high-rise timber structures makes them susceptible to blast effects. In addition, questions remain on how to design and optimize these timber assemblies, including the connections, against blast loads, due in part to the limitations on comprehensive design provisions. The effects of far-field blast explosions were simulated using the University of Ottawa shock tube. A total of fifty-eight dynamic tests were conducted on connection-level and full-scale specimens. The research program aimed to investigate the behaviour of heavy-timber connections when subjected to simulated blast loads. The experimental results showed that connections with a main failure mechanism consisting of wood crushing experienced significant increases in dynamic peak load when compared to the static peak load. In contrast, connections where steel yielding and rupturing occurred experienced no statistically significant increase in dynamic peak load. Full-scale glulam specimens with bolted connections designed to yield via wood crushing and bolt bending performed better than those with overdesigned connections. Bolted connections which failed in splitting led to premature failure of the glulam assembly. Reinforcement with self-tapping screws allowed these bolted joints to fail in a combination of bolt yielding and wood crushing, and provided more ductility when compared to unreinforced specimens. Specially designed energy-absorbing connections significantly increased the energy dissipation capabilities of the timber assemblies. The basis of these connections was to allow for connection yielding while delaying failure of the wood member. This was achieved via elastoplastic connection behaviour, which effectively limited the load imparted onto the wood member. Based on the experimental results, limitations in the current Canadian blast provisions were highlighted and discussed. A two-degree-of-freedom blast analysis software was developed and validated using full-scale and connection-level experimental results and was found to adequately capture the system response with reasonable accuracy. Sensitivity analyses regarding the applicability of using single-degree-of-freedom analysis were presented and discussed.

I detta examensarbete studeras vad som styr valet att använda väderskydd under produktion av träbyggnader som innehåller KL-trä. Rapporten tar upp teori om hur trä beter sig i olika klimat, en fallstudie bestående av fuktmätningar som används för att beräkna uttorkningstiden och mögeltillväxten med datorprogrammet WUFI. Studien består av en litteraturstudie där effekten av mikrobiell tillväxt på trä kontrolleras och hur träets egenskaper påverkas av fukt diskuteras. Litteraturundersökningen följs av intervjuer som genomförs med entreprenörer och byggherre. Intervjufrågorna fokuserar på att få en uppfattning om vad som styr valet till att bygga med väderskydd eller inte. Därefter analyserades två fallstudier, nämligen Projekt A och Projekt C. Projekt A erhölls med väderskydd och av Projekt C var utan väderskydd. Studien avrundas med beräkningar av klimatdata som erhölls inom Projekt A och Projekt C. För Projekt A beräknades fuktkvoten i bjälkarna. För Projekt C beräknades fuktkvoten i bjälklag och yttervägg. Beräkningarna omfattade en period från tidpunkten när mätning gjordes och tre år framåt. Resultatet användes för att bestämma om bildandet av mögel skulle vara ett problem. Konstruktioner som använder väderskydd har mindre fuktvariation och lägre fuktkvot. Det finns också mindre risk för hälsoproblem på grund av att mögel försämrar hälsan. Det syns att användningen av väderskydd fortfarande är i tidigt stadie. Det är inte obligatoriskt och användningen är mycket beroende av den beslutande byggherrens kunskap. Användning av väderskydd rekommenderas emellertid ur ett tekniskt perspektiv för att undvika onödiga hälsoproblem, skador och eventuellt strukturella komplikationer.

Intresset för användning av KL-trä som byggnadsmaterial har ökat kraftigt sedan tekniken introducerades i Sverige under 1990-talet. Med ökande användning av KL-trä i konstruktioner finns behov av att undersöka hur materialet beter sig under längre tid. Förband är generellt sett en svag punkt i en konstruktion, och det är därför viktigt att närmare undersöka långtidsbeteendet hos förband i KL-trä. Syftet med arbetet är att utveckla metoder som kan användas för att ge större insikt i hur effekterna av belastning under lång tid påverkar konstruktioner i KL-trä. I den här studien undersöks vilka tidigare utförda studier som behandlat långtidsbeteende hos trä i allmänhet och hos KL-trä i synnerhet. Utifrån dessa studier har två förslag på testmetoder tagits fram: ett test för förband utsatt i skjuvning, och ett utdragstest. / The interest for the use of CLT as a building material has increased dramatically since the technology was first introduced in Sweden during the 1990s. With increasing use of CLT in constructions there is a need to investigate the material’s long-term behaviour. Connections are generally a weak point in a construction, and it is therefore important to investigate the long-term behaviour of connections in CLT. The purpose of this project is to develop methods that can be used to provide greater insight into how the effects of long-term loading affect the behaviour of CLT designs. This study examines previously conducted studies involving long-term behaviour of wood in general and CLT in particular. Following this investigation, two proposals of test set-ups have been developed: one test for joints subjected to loading in shear, and one withdrawal test.