Of the many waveforms the bowed string can assume, theso-called "Helmholtz motion" (Helmholtz 1862) gives the fullestsound in terms of power and overtone richness. The developmentof this steady-state oscillation pattern can take manydifferent paths, most of which would include noise caused bystick-slip irregularities of the bow-string contact. Of thefive papers included in the thesis, the first one shows, notsurprisingly, that tone onsets are considered superior when theattack noise has a very limited duration. It was found,however, that in this judgment thecharacterof the noise plays an important part, as thelistener’s tolerance of noise in terms of duration isalmost twice as great for "slipping noise" as for "creaks" or"raucousness" during the tone onsets. The three followingpapers contain analyses focusing on how irregular slip-sticktriggering may be avoided, as is quite often the case inpractical playing by professionals. The fifth paper describesthe triggering mechanism of a peculiar tone production referredto as "Anomalous Low Frequencies" (ALF). If properly skilled, aplayer can achieve pitches below the normal range of theinstrument. This phenomenon is related to triggering wavestaking "an extra turn" on the string before causing thestring’s release from the bow-hair grip. Since transverseand torsional propagation speeds are both involved, twodifferent sets of "sub-ranged" notes can be produced this way.In the four last papers wave patterns are analysed andexplained through the use of computer simulations. Key words: Key words: Bowed string, violin, musicalacoustics, musical transient, anomalous low frequencies,Helmholtz motion

<p>Of the many waveforms the bowed string can assume, theso-called "Helmholtz motion" (Helmholtz 1862) gives the fullestsound in terms of power and overtone richness. The developmentof this steady-state oscillation pattern can take manydifferent paths, most of which would include noise caused bystick-slip irregularities of the bow-string contact. Of thefive papers included in the thesis, the first one shows, notsurprisingly, that tone onsets are considered superior when theattack noise has a very limited duration. It was found,however, that in this judgment the<i>character</i>of the noise plays an important part, as thelistener’s tolerance of noise in terms of duration isalmost twice as great for "slipping noise" as for "creaks" or"raucousness" during the tone onsets. The three followingpapers contain analyses focusing on how irregular slip-sticktriggering may be avoided, as is quite often the case inpractical playing by professionals. The fifth paper describesthe triggering mechanism of a peculiar tone production referredto as "Anomalous Low Frequencies" (ALF). If properly skilled, aplayer can achieve pitches below the normal range of theinstrument. This phenomenon is related to triggering wavestaking "an extra turn" on the string before causing thestring’s release from the bow-hair grip. Since transverseand torsional propagation speeds are both involved, twodifferent sets of "sub-ranged" notes can be produced this way.In the four last papers wave patterns are analysed andexplained through the use of computer simulations.</p><p>Key words:</p><p>Key words:</p><p>Bowed string, violin, musicalacoustics, musical transient, anomalous low frequencies,Helmholtz motion</p>

Multi-storey wooden buildings become more and more popular. As the new housing solutions are more accessible, acoustical inconveniences of wooden buildings become actual as never before. Wood, thanks to its high stiffness and low mass, allows to erect buildings at impressive pace, albeit cannot damp low frequency noises efficiently. This thesis is a part of the AkuTimber project run at Luleå University of Technology and partially covers one of the aspects considered within that project – attenuation of flexural wave in cross-laminated timber (CLT) at low frequencies by using a damping layer. In this thesis modal parameters of 3 different cases were taken into account – bare CLT panel, and 2 CLT panels with constrained layers – high density viscoelastic material and polyethene foil. The CLT panels were subjected to modal analysis with focus on bending modes below 50 Hz. Results were analyzed to observe the ability of the structures to attenuate flexural waves. / AkuTimber

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study is to evaluate the sound pressure level generated by different kinds of sound impact sources in buildings at frequencies between 80 - 400 Hz using different combinations of flooring and resilient material inside floating floors. Although there exists international and national standards and researches, the researchers have not been able to minimize the problem caused at low frequencies (kids jumping, falling objects, dragging furniture). Thus, it is the assessment of impact noise at low frequencies an interesting subject. Whereas different noise sources generate different impact excitation spectra which, in turn, are more or less representative of the real situation, measurements were made in the laboratory of acoustics UFSM with three sources of noise impact (two standard: tapping machine and modified tapping machine and non-standard: pear 5 kg) three types of floor (slab "bone", ceramic and laminated), two resilient materials (glass wool and EVA) and four sound source positions. The measurement task was divided into two stages with 12 or 4 microphone positions. However for question of analysis the data were divided into 12, 4 and 16 microphone positions. After data analysis it was concluded that the standard sources perform differently depending on the type of resilient material used, but the non-standard source s results differ by the type of flooring used without resilient material. The measurements with both 12 and 16 points microphone, following the same results configuration, but have significant differences with 4. It is evident, then, that the possibility of waiving the additional procedure of Annex A of ISO 10140-4:2010 is true. Another important consideration is that the data has a non-normal distribution, what proves that mean calculations should not be used, contrary to what being done to data in calculations of Ln, Li,Fmax and Ln,global. However when analyzing the data according to the calculated median for standard sources, it was observed that the values have no expressive difference compared to calculated on the average, not being necessary for this kind of excitation using the median. On the other hand, to the source non-standard values showed no persuasive value, which shows that for this type of acoustic excitation is necessary to use the median. But there relevant differences in the results obtained from the measurements with 12 and 16 microphone positions calculated according to the median. / O objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar o nível de pressão sonora gerado por diferentes tipos de fontes sonoras de impacto em edificações, nas frequências compreendidas entre 80 Hz e 400 Hz, utilizando diferentes combinações de piso e material resiliente nos pisos flutuantes. Embora existam normas e pesquisas - internacionais e nacional - os pesquisadores ainda não conseguiram minimizar o problema causado nas baixas frequências (crianças pulando, queda de objetos, arrastar de móveis). Dessa forma, considera-se a avaliação do ruído de impacto em baixas frequências um assunto interessante. Considerando que diferentes fontes de ruído de impacto geram diferentes espectros de excitação que, por sua vez, são mais ou menos representativos para a situação real, foram feitas medições no laboratório de acústica da UFSM com três fontes geradoras de ruído de impacto (duas normalizadas: a máquina de impacto normalizada e a máquina de impacto modificada e uma não normalizada: pera de 5 kg), três tipos de piso (laje em osso , cerâmico e laminado), dois materiais resilientes (lã de vidro e EVA) e quatro posições de fonte de ruído. As medições foram divididas em duas etapas com 12 e 4 pontos de microfone. Todavia para questão de análise os dados foram separados em 12, 4 e 16 posições de microfone. Após a análise dos dados, concluiu-se que as fontes padronizadas apresentam resultados diferentes conforme o tipo de material resiliente utilizado, mas quanto a fonte não padronizada os resultados diferenciam-se pelo tipo de piso usado sem material resiliente. As medições, tanto com 12 como com 16 pontos de microfone, seguem a mesma configuração dos resultados, mas as com 4 possuem diferenças expressivas. Evidencia-se, então, que a possibilidade de dispensa do procedimento adicional do Anexo A da ISO 10140-4:2010 é verdadeira. Outra consideração importante é que os dados não tem uma distribuição normal, provando assim que não se deve usar a média nos cálculos, contrariando o que vem sendo feito até hoje, nos cálculos de Ln, de Li,Fmax e de Ln,global. Todavia ao analisar os dados calculados em função da mediana paras fontes padronizadas, observou-se que os valores não possuem diferença expressiva em relação aos calculados em função da média, não sendo necessário para este tipo de excitação o uso da mediana. Por outro lado, para a fonte não padronizada os valores apresentaram valores persuasivos, o que mostra que para este tipo de excitação acústica é necessário o uso da mediana. Mas não há diferenças relevantes nos resultados obtidos com as medições com 12 e 16 posições de microfone calculadas em função da mediana.

The aim of this thesis was to make a practical tool for low frequency analysis in room acoustics.The need arises from Acad’s experience that their results from simulations using raytracing software deviate in the lower frequencies when compared to field measurements inrooms. The tool was programmed in Matlab and utilizes the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method, which is a form of rapid finite element analysis in the time domain.A number of tests have been made to investigate the practical limitations of the FDTD method, such as numerical errors caused by sound sources, discretization and simulation time. Boundary conditions, with and without frequency dependence, have been analysed bycomparing results from simulations of a virtual impedance tube and reverberation room to analytical solutions. These tests show that the use of the FDTD method appears well suited for the purpose of the tool.A field test was made to verify that the tool enables easy and relatively quick simulations of real rooms, with results well in line with measured acoustic parameters. Comparisons of the results from using the FDTD method, ray-tracing and finite elements (FEM) showed goodcorrelation. This indicates that the deviations Acad experience between simulated results and field measurements are most likely caused by uncertainties in the sound absorption data used for low frequencies rather than by limitations in the ray-tracing software. The FDTDtool might still come in handy for more complex models, where edge diffraction is a more important factor, or simply as a means for a “second opinion” to ray-tracing - in general FEM is too time consuming a method to be used on a daily basis.Auxiliary tools made for importing models, providing output data in the of room acoustic parameters, graphs and audio files are not covered in detail here, as these lay outside the scope of this thesis. / Målet för detta examensarbete var att undersöka möjligheten att programmera ett praktisktanvändbart verktyg för lågfrekvensanalys inom rumsakustik. Behovet uppstår från Acadserfarenhet att resultat från simuleringar med hjälp av strålgångsmjukvara avviker i lågfrekvensområdeti jämförelse med fältmätningar i färdigställda rum. Verktyget är programmerati Matlab och använder Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) metoden, vilket är en typav snabb finita elementanalys i tidsdomänen.En rad tester har genomförts för att se metodens praktiska begräsningar orsakade av numeriskafel vid val av ljudkälla, diskretisering och simuleringstid. Randvillkor, med och utanfrekvensberoende, har analyserats genom jämförelser av simulerade resultat i virtuella impedansröroch efterklangsrum mot analytiska beräkningar. Testerna visar att FDTD-metodentycks fungerar väl för verktygets tilltänkta användningsområde.Ett fälttest genomfördes för att verifiera att det med verktyget är möjligt att enkelt och relativtsnabbt simulera resultat som väl matcher uppmätta rumsakustiska parametrar. Jämförelsermellan FDTD-metoden och resultat beräknade med strålgångsanalys och finita elementmetoden(FEM) visade även på god korrelation. Detta indikerar att de avvikelser Acaderfar mellan simulerade resultat och fältmätningar troligen orsakas av osäkerheter i den ingåendeljudabsorptionsdata som används för låga frekvenser, snarare än av begränsningar istrålgångsmjukvaran. Verktyget kan fortfarande komma till användning för mer komplexamodeller, där kantdiffraktion är en viktigare faktor, eller helt enkelt som ett sätt att få ett”andra utlåtande” till resultaten från strålgångsmjukvaran då FEM-analys generellt är en förtidskrävande metod för att användas på daglig basis.Kringverktyg skapade för t.ex. import av modeller, utdata i form av rumsakustiska parametrar,grafer och ljudfiler redovisas inte i detalj i denna rapport eftersom dessa ligger utanförexamensarbetet.

This dissertation presents novel Harmonic Rejection (HR) Mixer architectures to obtain a high level of harmonic rejection. This is achieved by reducing the sensitivity to mismatches in devices operating at high frequencies. Consequently, the HR performance for this mixer architecture is primarily determined by resistor and capacitor matching at low intermediate frequencies (IF). Since large resistor areas can be used at relatively less power penalty in the low frequency IF section, superior HR performance is realized. A design fabricated in 110 nm CMOS process, rejects up to the fi rst 14 local oscillator (LO) harmonics and achieves 3rd, 5th and 7th HR ratios in excess of 52, 54 and 55 dB respectively, without any calibration or trimming. This mixer architecture also rejects flicker noise, has improved image rejection (IR) and second-order input-intercept-point (IIP2) performance. By using a clock N times the desired LO frequency, this scheme rejects the (N-1)th LO harmonic only by an amount of 20log(N-1) dB. A new technique is presented that enables better HR for the (N-1)th harmonic while preserving the level of rejection for other harmonics. This mixer fabricated in 55 nm standard CMOS process has a programmable number of 8, 10, 12 or 14 mixer phases and achieves an improvement of 29 dB for the (N-1)th harmonic while achieving 52 dB of rejection for the 3rd harmonic. It also rejects flicker noise and has an IIP2 performance of 68 dBm. The mixers presented in this dissertation set the state-of-the-art in HR performance for single-stage mixers with configurable number of phases without using any calibration or trimming. / text