Med fokus på kunskapsbyggande utanför skoltid etableras en efter-skolan-utbildning med fokus på återbruk och reparation. Genom årskursens projekt växte en bild av att frånvarande av kunskap och fritidsaktivitet bidrar till utanförskap och social segregation som tär på samhällets fogar. Till ungdomar i närheten, främst från Nickstahöjden men också Grönsdal som är socioekonomiskt utsatta anläggs ett “hus för folket” + en återbruksskola för att bidra till att bredda utbudet av utbildningsfaktorer samt stärka faktorn av samhörighet och värdeskapande för deltagarna. Utbildning och kunskaplyft i alla dess former är nyckeln till en bättre morgondag. / With a focus on knowledge building outside of school hours, an after-school education is established with a focus on reuse and repair. Through the year's project, an image grew that the absence of knowledge and leisure activity contributes to exclusion and social segregation, which eats away at the joints of society. For young people in the vicinity, mainly from Nickstahöjden but also Grönsdal who are socio-economically vulnerable, a "house for the people" + a recycling school will be built to help broaden the range of educational factors and strengthen the factor of togetherness and value creation for the participants. Education and knowledge raising in all its forms are the key to a better tomorrow.

Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product consisting of an odd number (three to seven) of lumber layers, which are glued in an orientation of each layer perpendicular to other. After its introduction, CLT has been widely adopted in Europe since 1990s and has quickly become popular in the US in the last decade as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to traditional building materials such as concrete and steel. The first version of PRG-320 was published in 2012 for the US and Canada to help designers and builders understand the properties of CLT and use it safely. The current version of PRG-320 only allows the use of softwood species for commercial production of cross-laminated timber (CLT) in the US. However, recent studies have investigated the possibility of using hardwood species for CLT and have shown promising results. In parallel to this, the next version of PRG-320 is being revised to include hardwood species. The inclusion of hardwood species is an effort to increase the value of underutilized wood species in the United States. This study presents the results from testing of three-layer and five-layer CLTs manufactured using yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) as hardwood and southern pine (Pinus spp.) as softwood in different layers, defined as hybrid CLT. The purpose of this project was to compare the bending and shear properties in the major axis direction of hybrid CLT panels obtained from five-point, four-point, and three-point bending tests with the current ANSI/APA PRG-320 values, and also to evaluate their resistance to shear by compression loading and delamination according to ANSI A190.1 and AITC T110 standards, respectively. The bending strength and bending stiffness, except for some individual groups, as well as the shear strength and shear stiffness values exceeded the Grade V3 from PRG-320. However, the wood failure in resistance to shear by compression loading and face delamination in resistance to delamination were lower than the required values in the standards. The test results demonstrated that CLT groups consisting of yellow-poplar has strength and stiffness properties comparable to those consisting of southern pine. This suggests that yellow-poplar could be a promising alternative species to softwood in the production of CLTs. / Master of Science / Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) is a wood composite material made of lumbers that are oriented perpendicular to each other and glued together. CLT has quickly gained popularity in Europe since its introduction in the early 1990s and has become an attractive material in the United States in the last decade due to its sustainability and cost-effectiveness compared to traditional building materials. As a standardization effort, the first standard for CLT, PRG-320, was published for both the US and Canada as a guide for designers and builders to understand the properties of CLT and has allowed only softwood for the commercial production of CLT in the US since its initial version. The promising results of research on the use of hardwoods in CLT production have enabled efforts to include hardwood species in the next version of the PRG-320. This study presents the results from testing of three-layer and five-layer CLTs manufactured using yellow-poplar as hardwood and southern pine as softwood in different layers, defined as hybrid CLT. The purpose of this project was to compare the bending and shear properties in the major axis direction of hybrid CLT beams obtained from five-point, four-point, and three-point bending tests with current industry guidelines, and also to evaluate their resistance to shear by compression loading and delamination. The test results indicated that yellow-poplar possesses similar strength and stiffness properties to southern pine, indicating that it has potential to be used as an alternative to softwood species in CLT production.

Analysis and design of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) walls under gravity loads have been outlined in the Canadian timber design standard with an adequate amount of details. The methods for designing shearwalls to resist lateral loads have not yet been fully developed, with only concepts being adopted, based on generalized capacity-based design concepts and definitions of yielding and non-yielding components. Several studies have focused on developing analytical expressions and design approaches for multi-panel CLT shearwalls, assuming angle brackets only behave in shear to prevent sliding, while ignoring compression zone effects in CLT panels. These assumptions may simplify the analysis, but they are not practical, especially since contemporary angle brackets are available on the market with uplift capacities comparable to those of hold-down connections. This study aimed to investigate the lateral behaviour of multi-panel CLT shearwalls and provided practical and comprehensive analytical expressions and design procedures for this type of structure. The analysis aimed to integrate the effects of all boundary connections, including hold-downs, angle brackets, panel-to-panel connections, and compression zones, into the analysis. On the basis of the developed analytical expressions, a capacity-based design procedure was proposed, which promoted rocking behaviour and optimized energy dissipation in the shearwall system. A novel yield hierarchy among various connections was introduced, and expressions for associated over-strength factors are proposed. For multi-storey applications, an approach which ensures uniform energy dissipation along the structure height and limits soft-storey failures was also presented. Experimental tests were conducted at the connection level to study the performance of conventional connections used in CLT shearwalls and to obtain their associated mechanical properties. Furthermore, the performance of multi-panel CLT shearwalls was investigated by conducting wall-level experimental tests to investigate the kinematic modes and establish levels of resistance and deflection. Numerical models were developed to verify the mathematical accuracy of the proposed analytical and design expressions. Also, to validate the proposed analytical expressions, they were compared against the numerical models, as well as the wall-level experimental tests. The results showed a reasonable match between the different approaches in terms of the general shape of the curves and kinematic behaviour.

An investigation how a structural system can become flexible to fit different lifestyles.

This report presents an overview into cross laminated timber (CLT) as a construction material and how it compares to traditional methods of construction. CLT is also examined in the context of a move to off-site manufacturing (OSM) and a greater emphasis on sustainability in the construction sector. In this context it is found to perform well with mass timber products such as CLT being the only carbon negative building materials capable of building mid and high-rise buildings.  The barriers and opportunities for CLT are explored looking at literature, industry reports and case studies. The main barriers to wider use of CLT still come from uncertainties around the material. Although they have been proven to not be a problem, worries over issues such as how it performs during fires and the lifetime of buildings persist. A lack of standardisation may be the primary cause for this as a range of products and specifications across different manufactures and countries creates confusion and means that each building needs to be individually specified. The opportunities identified for CLT include its carbon saving properties which could benefit governments wanting to reach their carbon reduction targets. In addition, the ability to use CLT on a wider range of sites such as unstable brownfield land and over service tunnels lends to its strength in aiding with urban densification.  In terms of costs, these are found to be comparable to those of traditional construction methods with high material costs being offset by reduced foundations and construction time. CLT buildings do, however, face a premium in insurance costs. Transport costs, resulting from a concentrated production base in central Europe, also add a considerable amount to the overall cost of the finished product. This in turn encourages domestic production in countries outside of Europe.  The possibilities for CLT in the UK residential construction market are investigated with a focus on mid-rise and high-rise flat construction as that is what the economics and material properties of CLT most lend itself to. Although CLT currently has a low market share of less than 0.1% of homes in this sector there is the potential for this to increase to 20-60% over time. The lower range of this estimate is not predicted to be reached before 2035 and this is also dependant on rising CLT production levels. The volume of timber that is needed to manufacture enough CLT to reach these increased construction volumes can be sourced sustainably from existing forests production in Europe and North America. In addition, the UK has enough excess timber harvesting capacity to provide for the entirety of CLT buildings in the UK, however, large scale domestic CLT production is required to make this a reality.

Billsta Kulturhus är ett hus för skapande och gemenskap, en nod precis utanför tätorten Järna på en plats där Moraån både har skapat en barriär mot staden och samtidigt bevarat en karaktäristiskt landsbygdsmiljö alldeles runt hörnet. De nya bostadsområden vi planerade i området är inriktade mot odling, antingen som en hobby eller som hel- eller deltidssysselsättning. Huset riktar ett speciellt fokus mot de ungdomar vars föräldrar flyttat till området för odla, men som kanske inte delar sina föräldrars intressen. Här finns utrymme att utforska kreativitet och kulturell verksamhet, både på egen hand eller genom att delta i kurser i allt från teckning, måleri, skulptur, musik, foto, digitalt skapande, dans, teater och så vidare. I och med platsens närhet till Järna, knappt tre kilometer cykelväg till pendeltågstationen, är det lätt även för ungdomar inne i Järna eller andra delar av Södertälje kommun att ta sig till huset och dess verksamheter. Den rumsliga organisationen bygger på att hela tiden röra sig från rum till rum med en varierad upplevelse i skala och ljus, samt långa siktlinjer genom hela huset. Den långa volymen skivas upp med en jämn rytm vilket bildar de stora samlande rummen som ligger i fil och relaterar till åkern och utblickarna. Trots den jämna rytmen skiljer sig upplevelsen av rummen åt tack vare varierad takhöjd och utbredning in i huset. De mindre rummen och rum för skapande och reflektion relaterar istället till skogen och det slutna. / Billsta Culture Centre is a house for creative production and socializing which establish a node just outside the city of Järna on a location where Moraån creates a barrier between the city and the countryside. The all new city plan we proposed during the previous course had a special focus on agriculture. Although Billsta Culture Centre is first and foremost a house for the teenagers moving to the new area it also accommodates co-working spaces and different type of rooms to rent for various occasions. The plan is based on the idea of rooms enfilades and long lines of sight. Although the plan follows a strict grid the section varies from room to room with different height and width. All of the public areas are looking out over the fields while the smaller private rooms are looking out in the forrest.

No description available.

The increased popularity of timber buildings has heightened the demand for more knowledge on how tomake these buildings safer. In many cases, parts of wooden constructions are prebuilt in factories that later are delivered to the building site. Transportation by road limits the sizes of the parts. When the structural timber parts arrive on site, they are ultimately assembled into the building. Some of these smaller parts, specifically cross-laminated timber (CLT) floor boards, create joints when connected together. The EI criteria of these joints will be examined in this bachelor thesis.  The purpose is to show the requirements to satisfy the EI criteria for CLT joints and evaluate different types of joints with the help of screening tests using the fire furnace at Luleå tekniska universitet (LTU). While doing so also collect more information and become more familiar with the material and engineering methods used.  Previous evaluations of joints have shown that it is essential that they are fully airtight for them to meet the EI criterion. However, this was with different types of structural timber, combined with different core joints and thicknesses of floor boards. Results have shown various viable CLT joints, airtight and semi-airtight, that met the EI-90 criteria and other non-viable joints that explored non-airtight solutions with a twist. The method, results and other observations during testing were analysed and discussed to assess their feasibility and the impact some error sources may have had. The conclusion is that all joints met the EI-criteria. While straight joints have a lot of smoke emissions, the temperature at the top of the joint do not exceed critical temperatures for the gap sizes in this thesis.

“The right to one’s home” is a project that raises the issue of affordable housing, challenging this broad concept both in universal terms and later applied to specific condition of a site located in Warsaw, Poland. Beside the obviously economic dimension, affordability stretches out to urban politics by proposing new power relations and redefining neoliberal cities of today. By reclaiming centrally located, infrastructurally connected and potentially attractive sites it is a tool to counteract gentrification. Within the thesis, affordability is achieved with both organizational and spatial strategies – meaning that architectural solutions are accompanied by a simple administrative model that introduces different actors (municipality, private investors, housing cooperatives, non-profit organisations). Seeing the opportunity of reducing building cost in prefabrication, three panel systems were designed and placed on the site. Deriving from the history of concrete panels and shifting to more sustainable material – cross laminated timber – the author tried to reach harmonious balance between quantity, quality and affordability. The proposal was not radicalized with micro-apartments nor was intended to save on architectural values – on the contrary, individual and careful design of the outer skin that covers structural core was an important goal of the project. Standardised architectural solutions and organizational strategies on the municipal level were combined to enable socially sustainable housing environment.

This research study investigates the effect of micronized copper azole type C (MCA-C) preservative system on the rolling shear (RS) properties of CLT. In the first part of research, bonding performance of CLT panels treated at two retention levels, 0.96 kg/m3 and 2.5 kg/m3, were evaluated. Three structural adhesive systems, melamine formaldehyde (MF), resorcinol formaldehyde (RF) and one-component polyurethane (1C-PUR) were used to assemble visually graded No. 2 2×6 southern yellow pine (SYP) lumber while manufacturing CLT panels. For treated CLT panels, 1C-PUR provides better bonding performance test results. The RS properties of MCA-C treated CLT panels were studied in the second part of the research. The CLT panels were subjected to out-of-plane loading according to the EN 16351 standard. The mean values of RS strength and modulus of treated CLT were 1.89 MPa and 289.4 MPa respectively.