Painéis de Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) consistem em um elemento construtivo relativamente novo no cenário da construção civil internacional. No Brasil, a fabricação desta tecnologia iniciou-se há cerca de seis anos. Em razão de sua incipiente utilização em território nacional, não se formou ainda bibliografia consistente a seu respeito, suscitando questionamentos sobre o desempenho dos painéis ao longo da vida útil da edificação. Deve-se ressaltar também que o elemento construtivo estudado consiste em uma inovação, associada à pré-fabricação e a técnicas de fabricação digital, diferenciando-se das tecnologias convencionais com as quais arquitetos e projetistas estão acostumados a projetar. Consequentemente, observam-se frequentes dúvidas não apenas sobre o desempenho dos painéis, mas também associadas a como projetar, de forma eficaz e apropriada, um edifício em CLT. Logo, surge o interesse em aprofundar os estudos acerca da tecnologia, com o intuito de propor, ao final da pesquisa, recomendações para projetos arquitetônicos que visem incorporar painéis de CLT de produção brasileira. Dessa forma, estudou-se tanto o desempenho do elemento construtivo, no que diz respeito à segurança estrutural e à durabilidade, conforme a ABNT NBR 15575:2013, quanto o processo construtivo de edificações em CLT. Para a análise de desempenho mencionada foram realizados os seguintes ensaios laboratoriais: retenção e penetração do produto preservativo na matéria-prima utilizada para a fabricação dos painéis nacionais; impacto de corpo mole, impacto de corpo duro e determinação da resistência do painel às solicitações de peças suspensas; estanqueidade à água; verificação do comportamento do painel exposto à ação de calor e choque térmico; ensaios de delaminação. Ao final, em vista de inconformidades apontadas em alguns ensaios, constatou-se a necessidade de assegurar a qualidade no tratamento da matéria-prima e na colagem das lamelas, de modo a garantir a devida vida útil da edificação. Concluiu-se, também, que o CLT se apresenta, de fato, como uma alternativa extremamente promissora na construção civil. Contudo, seu emprego, deve ser planejado de maneira a se compreender e respeitar a intrínseca relação existente entre suas etapas construtivas e as soluções técnicas e arquitetônicas, para que se garanta adequado desempenho da edificação em uso. / Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) panels are a relatively new building component to the international construction sector. Their production in Brazil started around six years ago. Since its use is still scarce in the country, academic and technical references are still rare and there are uncertainties about the performance of the panels during the life of the building. In addition, CLT can be considered as an innovation, which is associated to pre-fabrication and digital technologies, being consequently different from usual building techniques. Therefore, the doubts concern not only the panels performance but also the appropriate design of the CLT building. In order to provide recommendations for architectural designs which will use Brazilian CLT panels, this research aims to extend the investigation of CLT in Brazil. The study focuses on structural performance and durability of CLT panels, according to the Brazilian regulation ABNT NBR 15575, and on the construction process of CLT buildings. The performance analysis is based on the following laboratory tests: retention and penetration of the wood preservatives used in the panels manufacture; soft body impact and hard body impact tests and suspended pieces loading tests; water tightness; heat and thermal shock test; delamination tests. Some of the tests results showed nonconformities. This indicates the importance of a quality control process of the wood preservation treatment and bonding of CLT layers, to ensure the proper performance of the building. In conclusion, CLT panels are indeed a promising alternative to the construction sector. However, its use must respect the intrinsic relation between construction steps, as well as technical and architectural solutions, in order to guarantee adequate performance of the CLT building.

KL-träelement används som stommaterial i allt fler flerbostadshusprojekt i Sverige, då det fortfarande är en relativt ny metod är det intressant att undersöka den närmare. Vid val av stomme är byggtiden ofta en viktig faktor och därför ligger montagetiden till grund för jämförelsen i studien. Denna rapports syfte är att ge mer information inför valet genom att jämföra en KL-trästomme med en platsgjuten betongstomme utförd med plattbärlag och skalväggar med hänsyn till tidsåtgång av montage. En litteraturundersökning har genomförts för att analysera vilka faktorer som påverkar tidsåtgången vid resning av de två stomalternativen. Planeringsverktyget Powerproject har använts för att ta fram en tidsplanering för vardera stomme. Tidsplaneringarna har sedan jämförts för att se vilket stomalternativ som ger minst tidsåtgång. För att stommarna ska bli så jämförbara som möjligt har gemensamma egenskapskrav ställts på bärighet, brandmotstånd och ljudisolering samt U-värde. När stommen uppfyller dessa krav, betongen torkats till 90 % relativ fuktighet och efterföljande aktiviteter kan påbörjas bedöms stomarbetet klart. Simuleringarna av tidplanerna har gjorts för kvarteret Norrstjärnan i Örebro som har använts som referensobjekt. Tiderna i rapporten är baserade på underlag tillhandahållet av NCC. Utifrån tidsplaneringarna för referensobjektet konstateras att den totala tidsåtgången för en KL-trästomme är 125 arbetsdagar och 169 arbetsdagar för en betongstomme. Det är en skillnad på 44 arbetsdagar vilket ger en procentuell skillnad på ca 35 %. / CLT-elements are used as frame material in an increasing number of multi-dwelling buildings projects in Sweden, as it is still a relatively new method, it is interesting to investigate it more closely. In the choice of frame, construction time is often an important factor and therefore the assembly time is the basis for the comparison in the study. The purpose of this report is to provide more information prior to the choice by comparing a CLT-element frame with a cast concrete frame made with lattice girder system and half shell precast walls with regard to the time required for assembly. A literature survey has been carried out to analyze which factors influence the time spent on raising the two frame options. The planning tool Powerproject has been used to develop a time schedule for each frame. The time schedules have then been compared to see which framework alternative gives the least amount of production time. In order for the frames to be as comparable as possible, common property requirements have been set for bearing capacity, fire resistance, sound insulation and U-value. When the framework meets these requirements, the concrete is dried to 90 % relative humidity and subsequent activities can be started, the work with the frame is considered finished. The simulations of the timetables have been made for the project Norrstjärnan in Örebro, which has been used as a reference object. The times in the report are based on data provided by NCC. Based on the time schedules for the reference object, it is stated that the total time spent on a CLT-element frame is 125 working days and 169 working days for a concrete frame. This is a difference of 44 working days, which gives a percentage difference of about 35 %.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第22492号 / 農博第2396号 / 新制||農||1076(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R2||N5272(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 五十田 博, 教授 金山 公三, 教授 藤井 義久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The aim of this diploma thesis is to prepare the project documentation for operational building design documentation of a pension with restauration. I it an object with three above-ground floors and one underground floor. The structural construction system of the building is mixed. The technical report and the drawing documentation is a part of the thesis.

The subject of this diploma thesis is new building of leisure center, with two storeys and partial basement, near town Proseč (cadastral area Paseky u Proseče). There is catering and sanitary facilities downstairs and accomodation facility upstairs. In basement, there is storeroom for camping equipment. Next to the building is a plot of land used as a campground. The construction is largely designed as a diffusely open timber - cross-laminated timber walls, ceilings and roof, with thermal insulation. Underground part is made of concrete-filled blocks, with ceilings from pre-tensioned panels. The building is covered with a sadle roof with a sheet metal roofing. AutoCAD software was used to draw the drawing documentation.

Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product made by laminating dimensional or structural composite lumber in alternating orthogonal layers. Compared to Canada and Europe, CLT is a novel product to the US. With the additions included in the 2021 International Building Code (IBC), CLT material properties, especially rolling shear, would need to be explored. The increasing demand for softwood lumber, along with the increase of demand of CLT panel production, could place a burden and surpass the domestic softwood supply. Rolling shear is a phenomenon that occurs when the wood fibers in the cross-layers roll over each other because of the shearing forces acting upon a CLT panel when it is loaded out-of-plane. This study used the two-plate shear test from ASTM D2718 to measure the rolling shear properties of various southeastern US wood species: southern pine, yellow-poplar, and soft maple. A secondary study was conducted, using the same two-plate shear test, to measure the rolling shear properties of re-manufactured southern pine for CLT cross-layer application. The soft maple had the greatest average rolling shear strength at 5.93 N/mm2 and southern pine had the lowest average rolling shear strength at 2.51 N/mm2. Using a single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), the rolling shear strength values from soft maple were significantly greater than yellow-poplar, which was significantly greater than the southern pine. For the rolling shear modulus, the southern pine and soft maple were of equal statistically significant difference, and both were greater statistically significant different compared to the yellow-poplar. The most common failure found from testing was rolling shear. / Master of Science / Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered wood panel product, similar to plywood, constructed with solid-sawn or structural composite lumber in alternating perpendicular layers. The additions included in the incoming 2021 International Building Code (IBC) has placed an importance in expanding the research related to the mechanical and material properties of CLT. Also, with the increasing demand for softwood lumber and CLT panel production, the demand for the domestic softwood lumber could place a burden and surpass the domestic softwood supply. Rolling shear is a failure type that occurs when the wood fibers in the cross-layers roll over each other because of the shearing forces acting upon a CLT panel. This study used the two-plate shear test to measure the rolling shear properties of various southeastern US wood species: southern pine, yellow-poplar, and soft maple. A secondary study was conducted, using the same two-plate shear test, to measure the rolling shear properties of re-manufactured southern pine for CLT cross-layer application. The soft maple had the greatest average rolling shear strength at 5.93 N/mm2 and southern pine had the lowest average rolling shear strength at 2.51 N/mm2. Using a single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), the rolling shear strength values from soft maple were significantly greater than yellow-poplar, which was significantly greater than the southern pine. For the rolling shear modulus, the southern pine and soft maple were of equal statistically significant difference, and both were greater statistically significant different compared to the yellow-poplar. The most common failure found from testing was rolling shear.

In today’s society cities grow increasingly larger, not only on the ground but vertically as well. Utilizing height means taller buildings, which often are large steel- and concrete constructions. Why not construct tall buildings out of timber instead, a material by many believed to be far better from an environmental perspective than steel and concrete? The answer lies in the lack of knowledge regarding tall timber constructions and the stresses they need to withstand. The report was conducted at the construction consulting company Bjerking AB, Uppsala. The focus in this report was to examine accelerations and deformations as an effect of wind loads. The issue at hand was whether the connections between building elements affect the dynamic responses that occur. The chosen model was a 15 storey timber building whose walls and floors consisted mainly of cross laminated timber elements as the load bearing structure. As a large amount of the analyses were complex, the calculations were made in the computer program FEM-Design, which is a finite element program. After performing numerous calculations with different settings, a result emerged. Clear trends could be seen in the connections’ influence on accelerations and deformations. A stiffer connection makes the building more resistant to wind loads. This result has to be considered when constructing tall timber buildings to avoid problems with accelerations and deformations. However, merely adjusting the connections to meet requirements is not sufficient, other measures are also needed. / I dagens samhälle växer sig städer allt större, inte bara till ytan utan även på höjden. För att kunna exploatera på höjden krävs högre hus vilka ofta byggs av stora stål- och betongkonstruktioner. Men varför byggs inte höghus istället av trä som av många anses vara mycket bättre ur bland annat miljösynpunkt? Svaret ligger i kunskapsbristen som finns kring hur höga trähus ska konstrueras för att klara de olika påfrestningarna det utsätts för. Arbetet genomfördes i samarbete med konsultföretaget Bjerking AB, Uppsala. En del av de problemen som finns har undersökts, nämligen accelerationer och deformationer som en effekt av vindlaster. Frågeställningen är huruvida infästningarna och dess inspänningsgrad mellan olika byggnadselement påverkar de statiska respektive dynamiska effekterna som uppstår. Den valda modellen, ett 15-våningar högt trähus, bestod i huvudsak av CLT-element, Cross Laminated Timber, i både väggar och bjälklag som hade till uppgift att föra ner lasterna till grunden. Då analysen är komplex utfördes en stor del av beräkningarna i FEM-Design som är ett avancerat beräkningsprogram. För att säkerställa indata samt komplettera kunskapen inom området utfördes en bakgrundsstudie. Efter utförta beräkningar på den bestämda modellen fastslogs resultatet. En tydlig trend kunde följas vid beaktning av accelerationer och deformationer vid olika värden på inspänningen mellan byggnadselementen. Styvare förband gör byggnaden mer beständig gentemot vindlaster. Ett resultat som måste beaktas för att kunna lösa en del av de problem som uppstår med höga hus i trä. Dock räcker det inte att enbart justera inspänningsgraden för att klara gällande krav och normer, utan ytterligare åtgärder krävs.

O desempenho das fundações pode ser avaliado da maneira clássica através de provas de carga estáticas ou dinâmicas. Estas provas de carga são, em geral, caras e demoradas, além de que é necessário que o elemento de fundação já esteja pronto. Outra forma de avaliar o desempenho de fundações é determinar os parâmetros de deformabilidade do solo, em especial os módulos de deformabilidade. Em geral, esses módulos são estimados através de correlações empíricas com o N do SPT ou qc do CPT. Poucas vezes ensaios de laboratório (como o triaxial), ou especiais de campo (como o pressiômetro), são executados para determinação desse parâmetro. Uma possibilidade de contornar esse problema é realizar uma prova de carga no cone elétrico (o ensaio CLT) simultaneamente ao ensaio CPT. Neste trabalho apresenta-se como o ensaio CLT pode ser realizado e como seu resultado pode ser interpretado. Uma campanha de ensaios CLT foi realizada no campo experimental da Unesp de Bauru. Os resultados desses ensaios foram utilizados para calcular o módulo ECLT na região elástica linear inicial da curva, de modo similar como se determina o módulo de Young para o aço. Os valores dos módulos ECLT foram comparados com os módulos de deformabilidade determinados a partir de ensaios de pressiômetro. Também foi possível representar a curva de degradação do módulo de cisalhamento para o local estudado. Apresenta-se também a correlação obtida para estimativa de ECLT a partir dos valores da resistência de ponta do cone (qc) para os solos da área estudada. Conclui-se que o ensaio CLT é uma técnica rápida e econômica que pode ser utilizada como um complemento ao ensaio CPT para um melhor entendimento do comportamento tensão-deformação do solo. Com o ensaio CLT é possível estimar um parâmetro de deformabilidade, o ECLT, bem como representar a degradação do módulo com o nível de deformação. Este ensaio híbrido, CPT+CLT, tem potencial para uso na investigação de solos não convencionais, onde quase sempre não existem parâmetros de referência para estimativa de recalques de fundações. / The performance of foundations can be evaluated the classical way, through static and dynamic load tests. Such load tests are generally time-consuming and expensive, besides that it is necessary that the foundation system be already in place. Another way to evaluate the performance of foundations is to determine the deformability parameters of the soil, especially the the deformability moduli. Ordinarily such moduli are estimated through empirical correlations with N of SPT or qc of CPT. Seldom laboratory tests (such as the triaxial) and field tests (such as the pressiometer) are employed to determine such parameters. One way to solve this problem is to perform a load test on the electric cone (the Cone Loading Test) simultaneously with the CPT test. The work presented here shows how the Cone Loading Test (CLT) can be performed and how its results can be interpreted. A campaign of Cone Loading Tests was conducted at the research site of Unesp-Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. The CLT results were used to calculate the modulus ECLT in the linear elastic region of the stress-strain curve, in the same manner how the modulus of Young for steel is obtained. The values for ECLT moduli were compared to the deformability moduli obtained from pressiometer (PMT) tests. It was also possible to generate the degradation curve for shear modulus of the soil in the area of study. Presented here are the correlations obtained in the estimation of ECLT from values of cone tip resistance (qc) for the studied soils. From the results obtained, it can be concluded CLT is a fast and inexpensive technique that can be used as a complement to the CPT in improving the understanding of the stress-strain behavior of soils. With CLT it is possible to estimate the deformability parameter ECLT, as well as to represent the degradation of the modulus with increasing levels of strain. Such a hybrid test, CPT+CLT, has potential use in the investigation of non-conventional soils, which lack reference parameters for the estimation os settlement of foundations installed in them.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:45:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mainly Reinhardt Vieira dos Santos Ramalho.pdf: 2370241 bytes, checksum: 0f6a5822990ef31cfdf2f037d0450824 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-14 / This paper aims to study the usage of American TV series in English as a foreign language classes through the gathering of chunks of language. Though we start this dissertation from the description of the communicative and its innovative principles by presenting the communicative competence and its four divisions strategic, grammatical, discursive and sociolinguistic based on researches like Hymes (1972), Brown (2000), Richards (2006), Richards e Roberts (1986) and Savignon (1983; 1991). Besides we describe the importance of the realia in a communicative class. As well as we discuss the lesson of the communicative approach and the four abilities reading, writing, speaking and listening. Still talking about the communicative lesson we discuss about teaching grammar, vocabulary and culture. The choice of using TV series is justified because they are a rich source both linguistic and cultural of the English language (North American) and we can find a plenty of examples chunks of language, collocations, phrasal verbs, and idioms. In our analysis we gathered not only the linguistics but also the cultural references of the first episode of Gilmore Girls by using software known as Unitex® that searches the chunks in the script selected and finally we propose some activities based on the analysis. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o uso de seriados de televisão norte-americanos em aulas de inglês como língua estrangeira por meio do levantamento dos chunks da língua inglesa. Iniciamos, então, esta dissertação pela descrição da CLT e seus preceitos inovadores apresentando competência comunicativa e suas quatro subdivisões competência estratégica, gramatical, discursiva e sociolinguística com base nos estudos de pesquisadores como Hymes (1972), Brown (2000), Richards (2006), Richards e Roberts (1986), Savignon (1983; 1991). Além disso, em nossa pesquisa, descrevemos o uso de realia em sala de aula, e em nosso recorte optamos pelos seriados norte-americanos. Ainda falando sobre a CLT, discorremos acerca da aula comunicativa apresentando suas características, bem como discutimos as quarto habilidades linguísticas: a leitura (reading), a escrita (writing), a habilidade oral (speaking) e habilidade de ouvir (listening), tratamos, igualmente, do ensino de gramática (teaching grammar), de vocabulário (teaching vocabulary), e cultura acompanhadas de sugestões de atividades relacionadas ao uso de seriados. A justificativa da escolha de seriados norte-americanos deu-se por se tratar de uma rica fonte cultural e linguística e dos chunks da língua inglesa e suas subdivisões collocations, phrasal verbs e idioms está centrado na cultura americana. Em nossa análise, fizemos o levantamento das referências culturais e linguísticas de um episódio do seriado Gilmore Girls - Pilot (Episódio Piloto) - utilizando o programa de computador Unitex® que realiza uma varredura no texto e localiza os chunks of language no roteiro do episódio e, por fim apresentamos algumas atividades baseadas na análise feita.

O desempenho das fundações pode ser avaliado da maneira clássica através de provas de carga estáticas ou dinâmicas. Estas provas de carga são, em geral, caras e demoradas, além de que é necessário que o elemento de fundação já esteja pronto. Outra forma de avaliar o desempenho de fundações é determinar os parâmetros de deformabilidade do solo, em especial os módulos de deformabilidade. Em geral, esses módulos são estimados através de correlações empíricas com o N do SPT ou qc do CPT. Poucas vezes ensaios de laboratório (como o triaxial), ou especiais de campo (como o pressiômetro), são executados para determinação desse parâmetro. Uma possibilidade de contornar esse problema é realizar uma prova de carga no cone elétrico (o ensaio CLT) simultaneamente ao ensaio CPT. Neste trabalho apresenta-se como o ensaio CLT pode ser realizado e como seu resultado pode ser interpretado. Uma campanha de ensaios CLT foi realizada no campo experimental da Unesp de Bauru. Os resultados desses ensaios foram utilizados para calcular o módulo ECLT na região elástica linear inicial da curva, de modo similar como se determina o módulo de Young para o aço. Os valores dos módulos ECLT foram comparados com os módulos de deformabilidade determinados a partir de ensaios de pressiômetro. Também foi possível representar a curva de degradação do módulo de cisalhamento para o local estudado. Apresenta-se também a correlação obtida para estimativa de ECLT a partir dos valores da resistência de ponta do cone (qc) para os solos da área estudada. Conclui-se que o ensaio CLT é uma técnica rápida e econômica que pode ser utilizada como um complemento ao ensaio CPT para um melhor entendimento do comportamento tensão-deformação do solo. Com o ensaio CLT é possível estimar um parâmetro de deformabilidade, o ECLT, bem como representar a degradação do módulo com o nível de deformação. Este ensaio híbrido, CPT+CLT, tem potencial para uso na investigação de solos não convencionais, onde quase sempre não existem parâmetros de referência para estimativa de recalques de fundações. / The performance of foundations can be evaluated the classical way, through static and dynamic load tests. Such load tests are generally time-consuming and expensive, besides that it is necessary that the foundation system be already in place. Another way to evaluate the performance of foundations is to determine the deformability parameters of the soil, especially the the deformability moduli. Ordinarily such moduli are estimated through empirical correlations with N of SPT or qc of CPT. Seldom laboratory tests (such as the triaxial) and field tests (such as the pressiometer) are employed to determine such parameters. One way to solve this problem is to perform a load test on the electric cone (the Cone Loading Test) simultaneously with the CPT test. The work presented here shows how the Cone Loading Test (CLT) can be performed and how its results can be interpreted. A campaign of Cone Loading Tests was conducted at the research site of Unesp-Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. The CLT results were used to calculate the modulus ECLT in the linear elastic region of the stress-strain curve, in the same manner how the modulus of Young for steel is obtained. The values for ECLT moduli were compared to the deformability moduli obtained from pressiometer (PMT) tests. It was also possible to generate the degradation curve for shear modulus of the soil in the area of study. Presented here are the correlations obtained in the estimation of ECLT from values of cone tip resistance (qc) for the studied soils. From the results obtained, it can be concluded CLT is a fast and inexpensive technique that can be used as a complement to the CPT in improving the understanding of the stress-strain behavior of soils. With CLT it is possible to estimate the deformability parameter ECLT, as well as to represent the degradation of the modulus with increasing levels of strain. Such a hybrid test, CPT+CLT, has potential use in the investigation of non-conventional soils, which lack reference parameters for the estimation os settlement of foundations installed in them.