KL-träelement används som stommaterial i allt fler flerbostadshusprojekt i Sverige, då det fortfarande är en relativt ny metod är det intressant att undersöka den närmare. Vid val av stomme är byggtiden ofta en viktig faktor och därför ligger montagetiden till grund för jämförelsen i studien. Denna rapports syfte är att ge mer information inför valet genom att jämföra en KL-trästomme med en platsgjuten betongstomme utförd med plattbärlag och skalväggar med hänsyn till tidsåtgång av montage. En litteraturundersökning har genomförts för att analysera vilka faktorer som påverkar tidsåtgången vid resning av de två stomalternativen. Planeringsverktyget Powerproject har använts för att ta fram en tidsplanering för vardera stomme. Tidsplaneringarna har sedan jämförts för att se vilket stomalternativ som ger minst tidsåtgång. För att stommarna ska bli så jämförbara som möjligt har gemensamma egenskapskrav ställts på bärighet, brandmotstånd och ljudisolering samt U-värde. När stommen uppfyller dessa krav, betongen torkats till 90 % relativ fuktighet och efterföljande aktiviteter kan påbörjas bedöms stomarbetet klart. Simuleringarna av tidplanerna har gjorts för kvarteret Norrstjärnan i Örebro som har använts som referensobjekt. Tiderna i rapporten är baserade på underlag tillhandahållet av NCC. Utifrån tidsplaneringarna för referensobjektet konstateras att den totala tidsåtgången för en KL-trästomme är 125 arbetsdagar och 169 arbetsdagar för en betongstomme. Det är en skillnad på 44 arbetsdagar vilket ger en procentuell skillnad på ca 35 %. / CLT-elements are used as frame material in an increasing number of multi-dwelling buildings projects in Sweden, as it is still a relatively new method, it is interesting to investigate it more closely. In the choice of frame, construction time is often an important factor and therefore the assembly time is the basis for the comparison in the study. The purpose of this report is to provide more information prior to the choice by comparing a CLT-element frame with a cast concrete frame made with lattice girder system and half shell precast walls with regard to the time required for assembly. A literature survey has been carried out to analyze which factors influence the time spent on raising the two frame options. The planning tool Powerproject has been used to develop a time schedule for each frame. The time schedules have then been compared to see which framework alternative gives the least amount of production time. In order for the frames to be as comparable as possible, common property requirements have been set for bearing capacity, fire resistance, sound insulation and U-value. When the framework meets these requirements, the concrete is dried to 90 % relative humidity and subsequent activities can be started, the work with the frame is considered finished. The simulations of the timetables have been made for the project Norrstjärnan in Örebro, which has been used as a reference object. The times in the report are based on data provided by NCC. Based on the time schedules for the reference object, it is stated that the total time spent on a CLT-element frame is 125 working days and 169 working days for a concrete frame. This is a difference of 44 working days, which gives a percentage difference of about 35 %.

The issues of global warming and climate change are a worldwide concern and the UK government has committed itself to major reductions in CO2 emissions, the most significant of the six greenhouse gases. Road transport currently accounts for about 22% of total UK emissions of CO2, and has been steadily rising. Therefore, initiatives are required to try and reduce the gas emissions in this sector. The aim of this research has been to develop a computer based vehicle routing model that calculates the overall amount of CO2 emitted from road journeys, as well as time and distance. The model has been used to examine a number of delivery strategies to assess how CO2 emissions vary. The aim has not been to produce new mathematical theories, but to produce an innovative basis for routing which will provide new information and knowledge about how CO2 emissions vary for different minimisation and congestion criteria. The approach used in this research brings together elements from transportation planning and environmental modelling combined with logistics based vehicle routing techniques. The model uses a digitised road network containing predicted traffic volumes, to which speed flow formulae are applied so that a good representation of speed can be generated on each of the roads. This means that the model is uniquely able to address the issue of congestion in the context of freight vehicle routing. It uses driving cycle data to apply variability to the generated speeds to reflect acceleration and deceleration so that fuel consumption, and therefore CO2, can be estimated. Integrated within the model are vehicle routing heuristics to enable routes to be produced which minimise the specified criterion of time, distance or CO2. The results produced by the model show that there is a potential to reduce CO2 emissions by about 5%. However, when other transport externalities are considered overall benefits are dependent on road traffic volumes.

The issues of global warming and climate change are a worldwide concern and the UK government has committed itself to major reductions in CO2 emissions, the most significant of the six greenhouse gases. Road transport currently accounts for about 22% of total UK emissions of CO2, and has been steadily rising. Therefore, initiatives are required to try and reduce the gas emissions in this sector. The aim of this research has been to develop a computer based vehicle routing model that calculates the overall amount of CO2 emitted from road journeys, as well as time and distance. The model has been used to examine a number of delivery strategies to assess how CO2 emissions vary. The aim has not been to produce new mathematical theories, but to produce an innovative basis for routing which will provide new information and knowledge about how CO2 emissions vary for different minimisation and congestion criteria. The approach used in this research brings together elements from transportation planning and environmental modelling combined with logistics based vehicle routing techniques. The model uses a digitised road network containing predicted traffic volumes, to which speed flow formulae are applied so that a good representation of speed can be generated on each of the roads. This means that the model is uniquely able to address the issue of congestion in the context of freight vehicle routing. It uses driving cycle data to apply variability to the generated speeds to reflect acceleration and deceleration so that fuel consumption, and therefore CO2, can be estimated. Integrated within the model are vehicle routing heuristics to enable routes to be produced which minimise the specified criterion of time, distance or CO2. The results produced by the model show that there is a potential to reduce CO2 emissions by about 5%. However, when other transport externalities are considered overall benefits are dependent on road traffic volumes.

[pt] O objetivo central da dissertação é avaliar o Processo de Planejamento em desenvolvimento no Sistema PETROBRAS, focalizando sua evolução e sistematização. Com vistas à obtenção desse objetivo, abordam-se, primeiramente, várias metodologias de planejamento com a finalidade de compor o referencial teórico necessário à elaboração de critérios de avaliação do Processo adotado pela Empresa. Em seguida, são apresentados os resultados de uma pesquisa realizada na Companhia com o intuito de analisar a evolução do Planejamento no nível estratégico, as relações políticas inerentes a esse processo, os atores nele envolvidos e suas responsabilidades. Finalmente, são apresentadas propostas, baseadas na teoria discutida, ajustadas à realidade observada, visando contornar desvios detectados no Processo de Planejamento da Empresa. / [en] The objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the planning model developed at PETROBRAS, focusing its evolution and structure. With this aim, some planning methodologies are described, in order to create a theoretical framework that can provide basic criteria to evaluate the planning process adopted by the Company. Next, the results of a case study carried out at this Company are presented,describing the evolution of the Strategic Planning process, the power relations and the actors involved in this process and their responsibilities. Finally, some proposals,based on the theory discussed and appropriate to the observed reality are presented, aiming at improving the Planning Process.

INTRODUÇÃO: Esta tese trata da discussão em torno às perguntas necessárias para compor uma agenda política estratégica da reforma hospitalar brasileira. Buscou-se construir argumentos sobre a relevância de abordar nessas perguntas a grande insuficiência da oferta de leitos hospitalares, como indicador da falta de resposta oportuna em volume e qualidade para materializar a resposta às necessidades da população e garantir os direitos humanos e sociais à saúde, conforme os preceitos constitucionais de 1988. MÉTODOS: O estudo adotou um enfoque desde a perspectiva de política de saúde, o que nos remete ao debate sobre processo e poder, destacando os ciclos de formulação e implementação de políticas, a hierarquização desses debates como de política estratégica (High Politics) ou setorial (Low Politics) e as condições requeridas em termos de atores e espaços de decisão a considerar. Realizou-se a revisão da experiência internacional para identificar as referências do número e perfil de leitos requeridos para atender populações nacionais em seus territórios e também foram resgatados os parâmetros adotados no Brasil desde o Estado Novo. Para a análise da oferta hospitalar entre 2005 e 2014, foram utilizados os dados secundários extraídos do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos em Saúde - CNES, do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais e Hospitalares - SIA / SIH, da Agencia Nacional de Saúde Suplementar - ANS e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE. RESULTADOS: 1. O número e tipo de leitos necessários e o número, porte, tipo e características sistêmicas dos serviços hospitalares que os abrigariam, são temas que se consideraram relevantes para compor as perguntas para a agenda estratégica em debate. 2. A análise da política do período 2004 a 2014 permite identificar a fragmentação e descontinuidade das ações mesmo obtendo resultados pontuais de melhora, mas afastando-se da promessa estratégica de algumas agendas ensaiadas no período. 3. Ganhou destaque a diminuição continuada do estoque geral de leitos e de leitos para o SUS, alcançando níveis muito inferiores a qualquer parâmetro comparativo de outros sistemas universais de saúde, particularmente quando adotou-se o critério de leitos efetivos para examinar a oferta de leitos e seu desempenho. Na Saúde Suplementar houve aumento de leitos, porém queda no número por mil assegurados dado o crescimento das coberturas hospitalares no período. CONCLUSÕES: A crise persistente de acesso hospitalar constitui razão para construir uma agenda estratégica para a reforma hospitalar brasileira. Ao buscar o caminho para elevar o tema da crise hospitalar a um tratamento de alta política, foram mapeados: o conteúdo de política hospitalar dos planos estaduais de saúde, documentos técnicos estaduais e organogramas de coordenação da atenção hospitalar estadual, examinando-se a possibilidade dos governos estaduais liderarem no processo de regionalização a construção de uma agenda política estratégica estadual e nacional, fortalecendo o diálogo entre os entes federados, incluindo seus próprios prestadores e os prestadores não estatais particularmente os filantrópicos, além de estender o diálogo com o corpo médico e os usuários entendidos como cidadãos sujeitos de direitos. Para alicerçar este caminho possível se apresenta o processo de elaboração participativa de planos diretores de redes e hospitais por estados e suas regiões, como forma de construção de comunidades epistêmicas e suas projeções para a sustentação de uma agenda para a alta política, orientada a alcançar 4 leitos por 1000 habitantes em 20 anos de esforço sustentado / INTRODUCTION: This thesis addresses the debate on the questions that should be part of a strategic political agenda of the Brazilian hospital reform. The purpose is to develop arguments on the relevance that such questions should approach the huge insufficient supply of hospital beds, as an indicator of the lack of timely answer, in number and quality, to materialize people\'s needs, and therefore to guarantee the human and social rights to health, according to the 1988 constitutional principles. METHODS: This study adopts the approach from the health policy perspective, referring us to debates on process and power, and outlining the cycles of policy formulation and implementation, as well as the classification of these debates as strategic policy (High Politics) or sectorial policy (Low Politics), and the required conditions in terms of actors and decision-making spaces. A review of international experience was carried out to identify data on number and types of hospital beds necessary to attend national populations in their territories; moreover a review of the parameters adopted in Brazil since President Vargas\' dictatorship, known as the New State (1937-1945), was also carried out. For the analysis of the hospital supply between 2005 and 2014, we used secondary data drawn from the National Health Facilities Register - CNES, both the Ambulatory and Hospital Information Systems - SIA / SIH, National Regulatory Agency for Private Health Insurance and Plans - ANS, and Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE. RESULTS: 1. The topics considered relevant to set the issues for the strategic agenda are: number and type of necessary beds; and number, size, type and systemic characteristics of the hospital services that would provide the beds. 2. The political analysis of the period between 2004 and 2014 allows us to identify fragmentation and discontinuity of actions, limited improvement, and failure to fulfil the strategic promise of some agendas that were tried out during that time frame. 3. The on-going decrease in the total number of national hospital beds and at the Unified Health System (SUS) is outlined, showing much lower levels than any comparative parameter of other universal national health systems, particularly when considering effective beds in the analysis of beds\' supply and its performance. In Private Health, there has been an increase in beds, but also a decrease in the number per 1,000 insureds in view of the increase in the insurance coverings in that period. We refer the persistent crisis of the hospital access as the reason to build a strategic agenda for the Brazilian hospital reform. CONCLUSIONS: In our effort to find a path that could elevate the hospital crisis\' topic to be addressed as a high politics, we delineated the content of hospital policy in Brazilian States\' health plans, technical documents, and organization charts of their hospital care coordination; considering the possibility of States\' governments lead, in the regionalization process, the development of both state and national strategic political agenda; as well as strengthen dialogue among the federated entities and the non-state providers, especially the philanthropic ones; and also extend the dialogue with medical professionals and service users who should be regarded as citizens-subjects endowed with rights. To pave this possible path we indicate the process of participative development of director plans of hospitals networks for the States and their regions, as a mean of developing epistemic communities and their projections to the sustainability of an agenda for high politics aimed to achieve 4 beds for 1,000 inhabitants in 20 years of sustained effort

INTRODUÇÃO: Esta tese trata da discussão em torno às perguntas necessárias para compor uma agenda política estratégica da reforma hospitalar brasileira. Buscou-se construir argumentos sobre a relevância de abordar nessas perguntas a grande insuficiência da oferta de leitos hospitalares, como indicador da falta de resposta oportuna em volume e qualidade para materializar a resposta às necessidades da população e garantir os direitos humanos e sociais à saúde, conforme os preceitos constitucionais de 1988. MÉTODOS: O estudo adotou um enfoque desde a perspectiva de política de saúde, o que nos remete ao debate sobre processo e poder, destacando os ciclos de formulação e implementação de políticas, a hierarquização desses debates como de política estratégica (High Politics) ou setorial (Low Politics) e as condições requeridas em termos de atores e espaços de decisão a considerar. Realizou-se a revisão da experiência internacional para identificar as referências do número e perfil de leitos requeridos para atender populações nacionais em seus territórios e também foram resgatados os parâmetros adotados no Brasil desde o Estado Novo. Para a análise da oferta hospitalar entre 2005 e 2014, foram utilizados os dados secundários extraídos do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos em Saúde - CNES, do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais e Hospitalares - SIA / SIH, da Agencia Nacional de Saúde Suplementar - ANS e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE. RESULTADOS: 1. O número e tipo de leitos necessários e o número, porte, tipo e características sistêmicas dos serviços hospitalares que os abrigariam, são temas que se consideraram relevantes para compor as perguntas para a agenda estratégica em debate. 2. A análise da política do período 2004 a 2014 permite identificar a fragmentação e descontinuidade das ações mesmo obtendo resultados pontuais de melhora, mas afastando-se da promessa estratégica de algumas agendas ensaiadas no período. 3. Ganhou destaque a diminuição continuada do estoque geral de leitos e de leitos para o SUS, alcançando níveis muito inferiores a qualquer parâmetro comparativo de outros sistemas universais de saúde, particularmente quando adotou-se o critério de leitos efetivos para examinar a oferta de leitos e seu desempenho. Na Saúde Suplementar houve aumento de leitos, porém queda no número por mil assegurados dado o crescimento das coberturas hospitalares no período. CONCLUSÕES: A crise persistente de acesso hospitalar constitui razão para construir uma agenda estratégica para a reforma hospitalar brasileira. Ao buscar o caminho para elevar o tema da crise hospitalar a um tratamento de alta política, foram mapeados: o conteúdo de política hospitalar dos planos estaduais de saúde, documentos técnicos estaduais e organogramas de coordenação da atenção hospitalar estadual, examinando-se a possibilidade dos governos estaduais liderarem no processo de regionalização a construção de uma agenda política estratégica estadual e nacional, fortalecendo o diálogo entre os entes federados, incluindo seus próprios prestadores e os prestadores não estatais particularmente os filantrópicos, além de estender o diálogo com o corpo médico e os usuários entendidos como cidadãos sujeitos de direitos. Para alicerçar este caminho possível se apresenta o processo de elaboração participativa de planos diretores de redes e hospitais por estados e suas regiões, como forma de construção de comunidades epistêmicas e suas projeções para a sustentação de uma agenda para a alta política, orientada a alcançar 4 leitos por 1000 habitantes em 20 anos de esforço sustentado / INTRODUCTION: This thesis addresses the debate on the questions that should be part of a strategic political agenda of the Brazilian hospital reform. The purpose is to develop arguments on the relevance that such questions should approach the huge insufficient supply of hospital beds, as an indicator of the lack of timely answer, in number and quality, to materialize people\'s needs, and therefore to guarantee the human and social rights to health, according to the 1988 constitutional principles. METHODS: This study adopts the approach from the health policy perspective, referring us to debates on process and power, and outlining the cycles of policy formulation and implementation, as well as the classification of these debates as strategic policy (High Politics) or sectorial policy (Low Politics), and the required conditions in terms of actors and decision-making spaces. A review of international experience was carried out to identify data on number and types of hospital beds necessary to attend national populations in their territories; moreover a review of the parameters adopted in Brazil since President Vargas\' dictatorship, known as the New State (1937-1945), was also carried out. For the analysis of the hospital supply between 2005 and 2014, we used secondary data drawn from the National Health Facilities Register - CNES, both the Ambulatory and Hospital Information Systems - SIA / SIH, National Regulatory Agency for Private Health Insurance and Plans - ANS, and Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE. RESULTS: 1. The topics considered relevant to set the issues for the strategic agenda are: number and type of necessary beds; and number, size, type and systemic characteristics of the hospital services that would provide the beds. 2. The political analysis of the period between 2004 and 2014 allows us to identify fragmentation and discontinuity of actions, limited improvement, and failure to fulfil the strategic promise of some agendas that were tried out during that time frame. 3. The on-going decrease in the total number of national hospital beds and at the Unified Health System (SUS) is outlined, showing much lower levels than any comparative parameter of other universal national health systems, particularly when considering effective beds in the analysis of beds\' supply and its performance. In Private Health, there has been an increase in beds, but also a decrease in the number per 1,000 insureds in view of the increase in the insurance coverings in that period. We refer the persistent crisis of the hospital access as the reason to build a strategic agenda for the Brazilian hospital reform. CONCLUSIONS: In our effort to find a path that could elevate the hospital crisis\' topic to be addressed as a high politics, we delineated the content of hospital policy in Brazilian States\' health plans, technical documents, and organization charts of their hospital care coordination; considering the possibility of States\' governments lead, in the regionalization process, the development of both state and national strategic political agenda; as well as strengthen dialogue among the federated entities and the non-state providers, especially the philanthropic ones; and also extend the dialogue with medical professionals and service users who should be regarded as citizens-subjects endowed with rights. To pave this possible path we indicate the process of participative development of director plans of hospitals networks for the States and their regions, as a mean of developing epistemic communities and their projections to the sustainability of an agenda for high politics aimed to achieve 4 beds for 1,000 inhabitants in 20 years of sustained effort