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The following report is an investigation of growth strategies for charter management organizations. The report begins with an overview of the School Choice Movement and its introduction of market forces into the public education system. Drawing from the private, nonprofit and education sectors, the report introduces three existing frameworks for organizational growth and new market entry. The report evaluates the robustness of each of these frameworks as well as their applicability to charter school expansion through the lens of a case-study investigation of IDEA Public Schools’ expansion from the Rio Grande Valley to the Austin, Texas education market. The report concludes by introducing a new, cross-sector framework for charter expansion that brings together the strengths of existing models as well as the lessons learned from the IDEA case. The framework consists of four phases: pre-expansion, geographic market selection, growth mechanism selection and implementation. / text

本研究以Kishimoto(2004)提出之延伸樹法(ET Method)結合Hull-White利率三元樹建構出一節點未重合之三元樹(Non-Recombining Trinomial Tree)，利用此三元樹對CMO中之序列還本類組(Sequential Pay)、純本金/純利息類組(PO/IO)、計畫性還本類組(PAC)之各分券進行評價，並進行各分券價格對各參數之敏感度分析。 我們發現除了純利息類組(IO)外，外在提前還款率上升使得CMO各分券之價格上升；此外，期初零息債券殖利率曲線水平往上移動使得CMO中除了純利息類組(IO)外，其他分券價格皆下降；至於利率均數回歸係數變大則主要使得除純本金類組(PO)外之CMO大部分分券價格上升；最後，即期利率波動度變大使得除了純本金類組(PO)之外的CMO各分券價格皆下降。

Cette thèse met l’accent sur l’expression linguistique des sentiments et des émotions dans un corpus jusque là peu interrogé dans ce type d’études, en l’occurrence les formes de communication instantanée rendues possibles par les nouvelles technologies et qui semblent prédisposées à accueillir de nombreux marqueurs expressifs. Elle déplace le curseur des études sur l’expression linguistique de ces deux catégories affectives du système vers l’emploi, en interrogeant un corpus formé de quatre formes de communication : blogs, forums de discussion, réseau Facebook et plateforme de microblogging Twitter. Le travail ancre la réflexion au niveau cognitif en cherchant à montrer, dans une perspective dynamique, comment se construit ce type de discours dans l’interaction médiatisée. Il aborde ainsi les différentes manifestations linguistiques et extralinguistiques qui chargent ces écrits électroniques d’une dimension émotionnelle ouvrant sur une dimension interactive intense. Il permet une réflexion sur les frontières écrit / oral et sur la naissance d’un nouveau langage expressif propre aux écrits électroniques. Ce langage, résultant de l’immédiateté, la spontanéité, mais également des contraintes techniques inhérentes aux outils médiateurs, favorise une nouvelle mise en discours des émotions et des sentiments en contexte numérique et participe à la construction d’un discours hétérogène associant verbal et non verbalMots-clés : Emotions, sentiments, verbalisation, discours, CMO, contexte, interaction. / This thesis focuses on the linguistic expression of feelings and emotions in a corpus until now little questioned in this type of studies, in this case the forms of instantaneous communication made possible by a new technology and that seems predisposed to many expressive markers. It moves the cursor studies on the linguistic expression of these emotional categories of the system to employment, interviewing a corpus formed by four forms of communication: blogs, discussion forums, Facebook and Twitter. The work anchors reflection cognitively seeking to show, in a dynamic perspective, how to build this type of discourse in mediated interaction. It studies the different linguistic and extra-linguistic manifestations that load these electronic writings an emotional dimension opening on a large interactive dimension. It allows reflection on the written / oral borders and the construction of a new expressive language specific to electronic writings. This language, resulting from the immediacy, spontaneity but also the technical constraints inherent to mediators’ tools, promotes a new discourse of emotions and feelings in this digital context and participates in the construction of a heterogeneous discourse combining the verbal and the non-verbal.Keywords : emotion, feeling, verbalization, discourse, CMO, context, interaction

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Abstract Bio-technology has been viewed as the ¡§star¡¨ industry in the 21st century. To entrepreneurs around the world bio-technology has offered an enormous opportunity for development. Recently partly because of the encouragement of government incentive programme a large number of bio-tech related firms have been established. In Taiwan these firms are associated with several characteristics: small but innovative; high growth; highly active; technology-intensive; high R& D spending; low on manufacturing; lacking attention to intangible asset and so on. By synthesizing the literature review and intensive case studying, this study has concluded that the bio-tech firms in Taiwan have faced a number of key barriers including lacking of capital and capital trapping, lacking confidence and infrastructure, lacking attention to R&D. This study has adopted, in conjunction with those developed by Chen (year) and Tan (year), the Michael Porter¡¦s diamond model to develop its research framework (Porter, year). This study has also utilised the SWOT and the five force model analysis method in its framework. This study has analysed two firms from each of the following industrial sectors: The research framework was proposed in light of intensive literature review. The research framework was examined by the data collected from both primary and secondary research. The main data collection methods employed were personal interviews with experts specialised in bio-technology and some secondary information. The key findings of this study include: (1) Though some traditional bio-tech industrial sectors are already saturated, some bio-technology related sectors are still emerging and developing. (2) It is found that the most important factors influencing CMO is the transaction cost, followed by resource dependence. (3) Transaction cost is negatively related to CMO while resource dependence is positively associated with CMO. The degree of satisfaction of CMO is also positively related to the degree of CMO. (4) Consistent with existing literature.The research concerning CMO needs to be explored from three aspects: economic costing, operational strategy and social costing. (5) Strategic alliance is widely evidenced in the management, for example, in the areas of research and development and marketing. In the future bio-technology firms are suggested to well utilise the capabilities of major research centres in order to overcome the barriers caused by the inadequacy of institutional laws and lacking of research funds. Key word:Biotech, Biotechnolog, Biotechnolog industry, CMO, CRO, SWOT Analysis¡C

Cette recherche relève des sciences du langage, de la didactique des langues et des cultures (DLC) et des Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication (TIC). Elle considère la dimension humaine et sociale comme étant au coeur de la société de l'information ; les réseaux sociaux sont en effet aujourd'hui prédominants et intéressent la didactique des langues et le français langue étrangère. Notre étude empirique porte sur les interactions écrites médiées à distance afin d'appréhender les particularités du nouveau langage écrit interactif qui émerge des échanges en ligne. Quelles pratiques discursives et sociales les acteurs sociaux mettent-ils en oeuvre pendant les interactions écrites médiées à distance ? Prenant appui sur un double corpus d'interactions écrites (en contexte naturel d'échanges et en contexte pédagogique en ligne), notre étude vise à enrichir la recherche concernant les spécificités de l'écrit socio-discursif numérique. Nous accordons une attention particulière aux différentes spécificités linguistiques, sémio-linguistiques, interactionnelles, discursives et relationnelles que les énonciateurs mobilisent pour communiquer et interagir dans un environnement numérique. Au moyen d'une approche d'analyse pluridisciplinaire (analyse de discours, analyse conversationnelle d'inspiration ethnométhodologique, interactionnisme goffmanien), nous tentons d'identifier les particularités de l'écrit numérique socio-discursif favorables à l'apprentissage. / This research concerns linguistics, language and culture didactics and information and communication technologies. It considers human and social dimension as being at the heart of the information society; social networking is obviously predominant nowadays and concerns language didactics and French as a foreign language. This empirical research concerns remote mediated writing interactions and aims to explore the special characteristics of this new way of interactive writing which emerges from online interactions. What kind of social and discursive practices social actors implement during remote mediated writing interactions? Based on a double data of written mediated interactions (natural online context and pedagogical online context), our study aims to provide new elements concerning virtual sociodiscursive writing. We are paying particular attention to the different characteristics of virtual mediated writing (linguistics, semio-linguistics, interactional and discursive) social actors are using to act and communicate in a virtual environment. By means of a multidisciplinary approach (speech analysis, conversational analysis based on ethnomethodic and Goffman's interactionism) we have tried to identify the particularities of virtual sociodiscursive writing contributing to better learning.

Le système d’assistance « SÉSAME » est une politique publique de santé en faveur des personnes âgées exécutée depuis septembre 2006 au Sénégal. La conduite de cette politique suscite, de plus en plus, un intérêt particulier de la part des populations cibles, des décideurs, des planificateurs, des professionnels de la santé et des chercheurs. C’est dans cette perspective que cette étude de cas à visée exploratoire et descriptive fut menée pour décrire les tenants et les aboutissants du processus de mise en œuvre du plan au Centre de gériatrie et de gérontologie de Ouakam et au Centre médicosocial de l’Institution de prévoyance retraite du Sénégal (IPRES), à Dakar. La démarche méthodologique adoptée dans cette étude de type qualitatif est l’évaluation réaliste avec l’approche CMO (context – mechanisms – outcomes) (Pawson and Tilley, 1997). Le but de l’étude est de voir s’il existe des mécanismes différenciés de prise en charge médicale des personnes âgées en fonction de leurs catégories d’appartenance et, le cas échéant, d’en identifier les caractéristiques. La collecte des données a été effectuée par recherche documentaire, observation directe ainsi que par entrevues semi-structurées réalisées auprès de dix participants au total, dont trois personnes âgées, quatre professionnels de la santé, deux membres du bureau de la santé des personnes âgées et un diplômé en gérontologie. L’analyse de l’ensemble des données a révélé que les mécanismes de mise en œuvre du plan «SÉSAME » sont plus favorables aux retraités, et que ceux-ci en profitent plus que les personnes âgées à leurs propres frais (PAF), les retraités de l’IPRES davantage que les anciens fonctionnaires. De ce fait, l’exécution du plan « SÉSAME » a permis la levée de la barrière financière quant à l’accès et l’utilisation des services pour les usagers mais, elle a produit comme effet inattendu l’accentuation des iniquités socioéconomiques entre les retraités et les PAF : ceux qui en ont moins besoin en profitent plus que ceux qui sont plus dans le besoin, d’où toute l’importance de considérer la question de l’équité dans la formulation et dans la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques de santé. Ainsi, il serait opportun, pour des études ultérieures, de se pencher sur la problématique du ciblage pour la réalisation d’une politique publique équitable, efficace, efficiente, et durable. Plan “SESAME” is a public health policy of assistance for the elderly implemented since 2006 in Senegal. Regarding the management of this policy, one can observe a growing interest among target populations, decision-makers, planners, health care professionals, and university researchers. In this perspective, the present exploratory and descriptive case study was conducted in order to identify and describe all the aspects of the process of implementation of Plan “SESAME” in both Centre de Gériatrie et de Gérontologie de Ouakam and Centre médico-social of the Institution de Prévoyance Retraite du Sénégal (IPRES), located in Dakar, Senegal. The methodological approach used in this qualitative study is the realistic evaluation approach (context-mechanisms-outcomes) developed by Pawson and Tilley (1997). The goal of this study is to determine if there are different mechanisms for the medical care of the elderly according to their membership category and, where needed, to identify the characteristics of these mechanisms. Data collection included a literature review, direct observation, and semi-structured interviews conducted with ten participants in all, that is three elderly persons, four health care professionals, two members of the Bureau des personnes âgées of the Direction de la Santé, and one degree holder in gerontology. Data analysis showed that the mechanisms pertaining to the implementation of the Plan “SESAME” are more favorable to the retired persons, the retired persons benefit more from the policy than senior citizens supporting their own expenses, and the retired persons affiliated to IPRES benefit to a much greater extent from the plan than others retired civil servants. The implementation of the Plan “SESAME” removed the financial barriers commanding the access and utilization of the services authorized in the plan by the users, but it produced an unexpected side effect taking the form of an aggravation of socioeconomic inequities between retired persons and senior citizens supporting their own expenses, those having the lower needs benefiting more from the policy than those having the highest needs, hence the importance of taking into consideration equity issues in the implementation of public policies. For future research, it would be opportune to examine targeting issues in order to define a public policy that is equitable, effective, efficient, and sustainable.

Traditionally, research investigating marketing's role and influence within the firm has focused on the marketing department and its ability to affect future firm strategies. Consequently, little is known about the antecedents of a Chief Marketing Officer's (CMO) role or influence. Yet the position of CMO is quite unique. Unlike other executive officers (e.g., CFOs), no reliable external validation or accreditation is generally recognized, required, or mandated. Similarly, firms are increasingly calling for their CMOs to justify their own existence, and many are even considering abandonment of the position entirely.The goal of this investigation is to understand how CMOs can generate influence within their respective firms given a lack of reliable external credentials. However, the current business press seems to suggest that there currently exists a great bias towards marketing in general and CMOs in particular. As a result, the current investigation uses a competing models approach to study CMO influence. Drawing upon the literature pertaining to competition, the author suggests that individuals, like firms, can generate their own competitive advantage by possessing unique bundles of resources (e.g., information). This is the common element in both models. As the uniqueness of the information provided by the CMO increases, other executive officers within the firm are more likely to confer expertise power to the CMO, which in turn leads to greater influence. The two models diverge as organizational legitimacy is introduced. In one model, the Socially Contingent model, the CMO can only garner expertise power to the extent that s/he possesses organizational legitimacy. In such a case, CMOs that lack organizational legitimacy will be unable to realize any gains in expertise power regardless of the uniqueness of their informational resources (i.e., organizational legitimacy moderates the relationship between the uniqueness of the information provided and expertise power). In the second model, the Merit-Based model, organizational legitimacy mediates the relationship between a CMO's expertise power and his/her influence. As a CMO's perceived expertise increases, other executive officers are more likely to support the CMO's initiatives, which in turn lead to greater influence during strategy design and implementation.