Syftet med enkätstudien var att undersöka hur en omfattande renovering av en lågstadieskola Huutoniemen ala-aste ändrade elevernas subjektiva upplevelse av skolmiljön samt elevernas besvär och symptom. Som jämförelse undersöktes även en referensskola Palosaaren ala-aste som redan tidigare hade genomgått en omfattande renovering. Synpunkter och annan information insamlades med en standardiserad och prövad enkät utarbetad av Yrkesmedicinska kliniken i Örebro, Sverige. Enkäten delades ut till samtliga ca 470 elever i skolorna före och efter renoveringen och vid samma tidpunkt av åren 1997 och 2000. Tekniska mätningar av inomhusluftens CO2, relativa fuktighet och temperatur gjordes före och efter renoveringen och på samma tid av året i 6-8 klassrum/skola. Elevernas svar (Huutoniemen ala-aste) från tiden före renoveringen 1997 jämfördes med motsvarande svar efter renoveringen 2000. På samma sätt jämfördes elevernas svar i Huutoniemen ala-aste och elevernas svar från referensskolan år 1997. Resultatet testades med SPSS med Chi Square test av beroende (p&lt;0,05 eller p&lt;0,01). Elevernas subjektiva bedömning av skolmiljön i formav luftkvalitet, utrymmen, temperatur städning, belysning och bullerförhållanden var sämre i objektskolan än i referensskolan men blev signifikant bättre efter renoveringen. Prevalensen av elevernas hösnuva och långdragna hostperioder var högre i objektskolan än i referensskolan men minskade signifikant efter renoveringen. Prevalensen av elevernas nuvarande symtom av huvudvärk samt besvär av ögonen var högre i objektskolan än i referensskolan men minskade signifikant i objektskolan efter renoveringen.Elevernas subjektiva bedömning av skolan somorsak till nuvarande symtom: trötthet, huvudvärk, besvär av ögonen eller näsa, hosta, besvär av hud i ansiktet, fjällning/klåda i hårbotten/öron samt torr/kliande rodnad hud på händerna var högre i objektskolan än i referensskolan men minskade signifikant efter renoveringen. Medelvärdet av CO2 minskade i den renoverade skolan drastiskt under lektioner från en nivå 2220ppm till 870 ppm och var efter renoveringen på en ungefär samma nivå som i referensskolan. Renoveringen av Huutoniemen ala-aste har givit mycket bättre skolmiljö för elever och lärare. / The aim of the questionnaire study was to investigate what kind of changes a large renovation of the primaryschool Huutoniemen ala-aste had for the subjective experience of the environment as well as complaints and symptoms of the pupils. The reference school was the primary school Palosaaren ala-aste in which a major renovation was made earlier. The opinions of the pupils and other information were collected with a standardized and verified questionnaire produced byClinic of Occupational Medicine in the City ofÖrebro, Sweden. The questionnaire was sent to over 470 pupils in both schools before and after the renovation at the same time of the year in 1997 and 2000. Technical measurements of CO2, relative humidity and temperature in the indoor air were made before and after the renovation and at the same time of the year in 6-8 classrooms/school. The answers of the pupils in Huutoniemen ala-aste from the time before the renovation 1997 were compared to the answers after the renovation in 2000. In a similar way answers of the pupils in Huutoniemen ala-aste were compared to the answers from the reference school in 1997. The results were tested by the SPSS with Chi Square test for independence (p&lt;0,05 or p&lt;0,01). The subjective evaluation of the pupils of the environment as air quality, rooms, temperature, cleaning, lighting and noise were significantly worse in the object school than inthe reference school but became significantly better after the renovation. The prevalence of hay fever and long periods of cough duringthe previous yearwere significantly higher in the object school than in the reference school but were reduced significantly in the object school after the renovation. The prevalence of the present symptoms with headache and eye irritation was higher in the object school than in the reference school but was reduced in the object school significantlyafter the renovation. The subjective view whether the school was the cause of the present symptoms as tiredness, head-ache, eye irritation, symptoms of the nose, cough and the skin of the face and itch/tickle on the hair scalp/ears and symptomsof the skin of the hands were higher in the object school than in the reference school but were reduced significantly after the renovation. The medium level of the CO2 decreased dramatically in the object school during the lectures froma level of about 2220 ppm to about 870 ppmafter the renovation and was approximately at the same level as in the reference school. The renovation of the primary school Huutoniemen ala-aste gave a much better environment in the school for the pupils and teachers. / <p>ISBN 91-7997-108-3</p>

The 'exponential peeling' technique has been applied to minute ventilation and tidal volume transients occurring after the abrupt removal of 7,6 and 5% CO2 in inspired air. These transients, in many cases, were found to be composed of three exponential components, each contributing to the total ventilatory response and each having individual time responses. Gelfand and Lambertsen (1973) have attributed these components to the peripheral chemoreceptors as a group and to two central chemoreceptors. Statistical analysis to determine the constancy of the contribution of the three components over the the range of CO2 values studied showed that, although the values for each at the different stimulus levels were not significantly different, the great subject-to-subject variation in the data precluded a firm conclusion about the constancy of the components. Because of a number of considerations it was concluded that exponential peeling of respiratory transients following abrupt removal of CO2 inhalation is not a satisfactory way to approach the problem of the numbers, relative contributions and time responses of the various receptor groups comprising the respiratory controller.

Ce mémoire est articulé autour de trois chapitres. En premier lieu, nos nouveaux résultats concernant la synthèse de 3-silapiperidines par voie dianionique sont présentés. Le chapitre suivant traite de nos premières études sur les mécanismes mis en jeu, au cours de la cycloisomérisation d'enynes-1,5 catalysée par PtCl2, lors de la formation de systèmes [3.1.0]-bicycliques. Enfin, le dernier chapitre concerne nos travaux en collaboration avec l'université préfectorale d'Osaka, sur la formation de résorcinols fonctionnalisés, à partir de pivalate vinylpropargyliques par carbonylation catalytique au [RhCl(CO)2]2.

The carbon-isotope and palynological record through 580 m thick almost continuous brown coal in southeast Australia's Gippsland Basin is a relatively comprehensive southern hemisphere Middle Eocene to Middle Miocene record for terrestrial change. The carbon isotope δ13Ccoal values of these coals range from - 27.7‰ to - 23.2. This isotopic variability follows gymnosperm/angiosperm fluctuations, where higher ratios coincide with heavier δ13C values. There is also long-term variability in carbon isotopes through time. From the Eocene greenhouse world of high gymnosperm-heavier δ13Ccoal values, there is a progressive shift to lighter δ13Ccoal values that follows the earliest (Oi1?) glacial events around 33 Ma (Early Oligocene). The overlying Oligocene-Early Miocene brown coals have lower gymnosperm abundance, associated with increased %Nothofagus (angiosperm), and lightening of isotopes during Oligocene cooler conditions. The Miocene palynological and carbon-isotope record supports a continuation to the Oligocene trends until around the late Early Miocene (circa 19 Ma) when a warming commenced, followed by an even stronger isotope shift around 16 Ma that peaked in the Middle Miocene when higher gymnosperm abundance and heavier isotopes prevailed. The cycle between the two major warm peaks of Middle Eocene and Middle Miocene was circa 30 Ma long. This change corresponds to a fall in inferred pCO2 levels for the same period. The Gippsland data suggest a link between gymnosperm abundance, long-term plant δ13C composition, climatic change, and atmospheric pCO2. Climatic deterioration in the Late Miocene terminated peat accumulation in the Gippsland Basin and no further significant coals formed in southeast Australia. The poor correspondence between this terrestrial isotope data and the marine isotope record is explained by the dominant control on δ13C by the gymnosperm/angiosperm abundance, although in turn this poor correspondence may reflect palaeoclimate control. From the brown coal seam dating, the coal appears to have accumulated during a considerable part of the allocated 30 Ma Cenozoic time period. These brown coal carbon isotope and palynological data appear to record a more gradual atmospheric carbon isotope change compared to the marine record.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:17:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Cristina Echevengua Teixeira.pdf: 5630530 bytes, checksum: 145a2ebc5878ee978f5f81751e3220e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-26 / The following essay intends to conduct a critical study of the dance companies born from public institutions and official Brazilian foundations with the objective of harboring senior artists. These national companies, in their totality, are born from the division of another, already existing one and establish themselves through the dislocation from the main office towards the newly created division of performers around the age of 40. In Brazil, there are 3 dance companies belonging to public domain which fit that profile: Co. 2 of BCSP (São Paulo City Ballet) 1999 (SP), Guaíra 2 Dance Co. (G2) of the Guaíra Theatre Ballet 1999 (PR) and Balé Teatro Castro Alves 2 (BTCA 2) of the Castro Alves Theatre Ballet 2004 (BA). The lever for this research was the project Um Diálogo Possível? , produced in the year 2005, which brought together the cast of Co. 2, independent creators/interpreters, researchers, theoreticians and other invited professionals. The intent was to harbor debates on the established relationships and the creative process being generated from the meeting of professionals with distinct bodily and intellectual experiences. The problems and achievements generated by this proposal incited this research. The interest is in discussing and analyzing new forms of acting and to promote means of accumulating efforts and multiplying action in the understanding of dance in public spaces, especially in Co. 2 of BCSP. The printed and digital media were also research resources utilized for this essay, for it is in them that we find the largest amount of information on this project. As a theoretical basis, this research is supported by the studies of the processes of creation with peircean semiotic basis, specifically the critique of creative processes (SALLES, 2006), and by the thinking of Morin (2005) on the complexity, discussing it, from his analyses, cultural determinisms and effervescences of the culture: imprinting&#8596;breach. To render problematic/put in doubt the formation of the public companies, the work of Santos (2006), which discusses translation and application of general theories in the culture, will give bibliographic support / A presente dissertação pretende fazer um estudo crítico sobre as companhias de dança que nascem nas instituições públicas e fundações oficiais brasileiras com intuito de abrigar artistas seniores. Essas companhias nacionais, na sua totalidade, surgem da divisão de outra já existente e se constituem através do deslocamento, da matriz para a nova divisão criada, de intérpretes que atingem idade em torno de 40 anos. No Brasil, são três as companhias de dança pertencentes ao poder público que apresentam esse perfil, a saber: Companhia 2 (Cia. 2) do Balé da Cidade de São Paulo 1999 (SP), Guaíra 2 Cia. de Dança (G2) do Balé Teatro Guaíra 1999 (PR) e Balé Teatro Castro Alves 2 (BTCA 2) do Balé Teatro Castro Alves 2004 (BA). A alavanca para esta pesquisa foi o projeto Um Diálogo Possível?, realizado no ano de 2005, que reuniu o elenco da Cia. 2 do Balé da Cidade, criadores-intérpretes independentes, pesquisadores, teóricos e outros profissionais convidados. A intenção foi abrigar debates sobre as relações estabelecidas e sobre o processo criativo que estava sendo gerado a partir do encontro de profissionais com distintas experiências corporais e intelectuais. Os problemas e as conquistas gerados por essa proposta suscitaram esta pesquisa. O interesse está em discutir e analisar novas formas de atuar e promover meios de aglutinar esforços e multiplicar ações no entendimento de dança nos espaços públicos, em especial na Cia. 2 do Balé da Cidade de São Paulo. A mídia impressa e a mídia digital também foram recursos de pesquisa utilizados para esta dissertação, pois são nelas que se encontram o maior conjunto de informação sobre esse objeto. Como fundamentação teórica, a pesquisa está sustentada pelos estudos sobre os processos de criação de base semiótica peirceana, mais especificamente a crítica dos processos criativos (SALLES, 2006), e pelo pensamento de Morin (2005) sobre a complexidade, discutindo-se, a partir de suas análises, determinismos culturais e efervescências da cultura: imprinting&#8596;brecha. Para problematizar a formação das companhias públicas oficiais, a obra de Souza Santos (2006), que discute sobre tradução e aplicação de teorias gerais na cultura, dará apoio bibliográfico

L’objectif général de cette thèse est de développer une plateforme d’immobilisation d’enzymes efficace pour application en biopile. Grâce à la microencapsulation ainsi qu’au choix judicieux des matériaux polymériques pour la fabrication de la plateforme d’immobilisation, l’efficacité du transfert électronique entre l’enzyme encapsulée et l’électrode serait amélioré. Du même coup, les biopiles employant cette plateforme d’immobilisation d’enzymes pourrait voir leur puissance délivrée être grandement augmentée et atteindre les niveaux nécessaires à l’alimentation d’implants artificiels pouvant remplacer des organes telque le pancréas, les reins, le sphincter urinaire et le coeur. Dans un premier temps, le p-phénylènediamine a été employé comme substrat pour la caractérisation de la laccase encapsulée dans des microcapsules de poly(éthylèneimine). La diffusion de ce substrat à travers les microcapsules a été étudiée sous diverses conditions par l’entremise de son oxidation électrochimique et enzymatique afin d’en évaluer sa réversibilité et sa stabilité. La voltampérométrie cyclique, l’électrode à disque tournante (rotating disk electrode - RDE) et l’électrode à O2 ont été les techniques employées pour cette étude. Par la suite, la famille des poly(aminocarbazoles) et leurs dérivés a été identifée pour remplacer le poly(éthylèneimine) dans la conception de microcapsules. Ces polymères possèdent sur leurs unités de répétition (mono- ou diamino) des amines primaires qui seraient disponibles lors de la polymérisation interfaciale avec un agent réticulant tel qu’un chlorure de diacide. De plus, le 1,8-diaminocarbazole (unité de répétition) possède, une fois polymérisé, les propriétés électrochimiques recherchées pour un transfert d’électrons efficace entre l’enzyme et l’électrode. Il a toutefois été nécessaire de développer une route de synthèse afin d’obtenir le 1,8-diaminocarbazole puisque le protocole de synthèse disponible dans la littérature a été jugé non viable pour être utilisé à grande échelle. De plus, aucun protocole de synthèse pour obtenir du poly(1,8-diaminocarbazole) directement n’a été trouvé. Ainsi, deux isomères de structure (1,6 et 1,8-diaminocarbazole) ont pu être synthétisés en deux étapes. La première étape consistait en une substitution électrophile du 3,6-dibromocarbazole en positions 1,8 et/ou 1,6 par des groupements nitro. Par la suite, une réaction de déhalogénation réductive à été réalisée en utilisant le Et3N et 10% Pd/C comme catalyseur dans le méthanol sous atmosphère d’hydrogène. De plus, lors de la première étape de synthèse, le composé 3,6-dibromo-1-nitro-carbazole a été obtenu; un monomère clé pour la synthèse du copolymère conducteur employé. Finalement, la fabrication de microcapsules conductrices a été réalisée en incorporant le copolymère poly[(9H-octylcarbazol-3,6-diyl)-alt-co-(2-amino-9H-carbazol-3,6-diyl)] au PEI. Ce copolymère a pu être synthétisé en grande quantité pour en permettre son utilisation lors de la fabrication de microcapsules. Son comportement électrochimique s’apparentait à celui du poly(1,8-diaminocarbazole). Ces microcapsules, avec laccase encapsulée, sont suffisamment perméables au PPD pour permettre une activité enzymatique détectable par électrode à O2. Par la suite, la modification de la surface d’une électrode de platine a pu être réalisée en utilisant ces microcapsules pour l’obtention d’une bioélectrode. Ainsi, la validité de cette plateforme d’immobilisation d’enzymes développée, au cours de cette thèse, a été démontrée par le biais de l’augmentation de l’efficacité du transfert électronique entre l’enzyme encapsulée et l’électrode. / The main objective of this thesis is the development of a conductive enzyme immobilisation template for laccase through microencapsulation allowing an efficient electron transfer between the enzyme and the electrode for application in biofuel cells. First, p-phenylenediamine was used as substrate for the characterisation of the microencapsulated laccase. The diffusion of this substrate through the microcapsules was studied under various conditions by means of its electrochemical and enzymatic oxidation processes in order to assess its reversibility and stability. Cyclic voltammetry, rotating disk electrode and Clark electrode were the techniques used in this study. Moreover, poly(aminocarbazole) compounds and their derivatives were identified to replace poly(ethyleneimine) in the fabrication of the microcapsules. These polymers exhibit primary amines (mono- or di-amino) that could be available for an interfacial polymerisation using a cross-linker agent. Also, the monomer 1,8-diaminocarbazole presents the desired electrochemical propreties for an efficient electron transfer between the enzyme and the electrode. Therefore, a synthetic pathway was developed in order to synthesise this monomer since the available literature protocol was considered inappropriate for large scale synthesis. As for the direct synthesis of the poly(1,8-diaminocarbazole), to our knowledge, there is no protocol currently available. Two structural isomers (1,6 and 1,8-diaminocarbazole) were thus synthesised in two steps. The first step consists in the electrophilic substitution of 3,6-dibromocarbazole in 1,8 and/or 1,6 positions by nitro groups. This step was followed by a dehydrodehalogenation reaction that comes along with reduction of nitro to amino functions using Et3N and 10% Pd/C as the catalyst in methanol under H2 flux. During the first step, the 3,6-dibromo-1-nitro-carbazole was also obtained and appeared to be an efficient monomer in the synthesis of the desired conductive copolymer. Finally, the fabrication of the conductive microcapsules was realised by adding the copolymer poly[(9H-octylcarbazol-3,6-diyl)-alt-co-(2-amino-9H-carbazol-3,6-diyl)] to the PEI. This copolymer was synthesised in large quantities, which allowed its use in the design of microcapsules. Its electrochemical behaviour was similar in many ways to the one of poly(1,8-diaminocarbazole). These conductive microcapsules were then used to modify the surface of a platinum electrode to fabricate the bioelectrode. The main objective of this project was achieved through this final step.

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