The fair trade movement attempts to use the market to bring about social change. Fair trade supports small-scale commodity producers in the global South by paying them a negotiated, fairer price. It also provides consumers with products that meet certain environmental, economic, and social criteria. While the primary goal of some fair trade enterprises is to provide market access for producers, others seek to reform the market, and still others would replace it. Like the fair trade movement, the co-operative movement strives to ensure that the benefits of production and exchange are more fairly distributed. Producer co-operatives in the South and consumer co-operatives in the North use aspects of globalization to create mutually beneficial links between producers and consumers. In some instances, these linkages are brokered by fair trade enterprises that are themselves organized as co-operatives, or are members of second-tier trading and distribution co-operatives.<p>Most intermediaries are involved in fair trade for diverse reasons and act in ways that may have a range of consequences with respect to market reform and market access. This research investigates the activities of large and small co-operatives involved in fair trade to examine whether, and to what degree they contribute to market reform. Based on secondary sources and on interviews with member-owners of first and second-tier fair trade co-operatives, as well as several co-operative specialists, I conclude that although co-operatives rarely transform markets, they can and do help to reform the market while helping producers to gain access to it on more equitable terms. Some leading retail co-operatives actively support the fair trade movement, promoting the interests of producers and consumers through the exchange of good quality products, promoting a critical view of the conventional market, and advocating for change. Although none of the enterprises in this study has been able to substantially change the market through its own activities, they are part of the international movement to achieve a fairer globalization. Fair trades commercial success, however, has attracted transnational enterprises not committed to the philosophy of fair trade, and this may ultimately threaten its ability to achieve lasting market reform.

The development of the specialty coffee industry in the United States occurred in the latter half of the twentieth century not as an independent phenomenon but rather as a result of a series of interrelated movements that began to coalesce in the late 1960s. Direct Trade, the latest development in gourmet coffee sourcing and marketing, is an amalgam of elements of an American food revolution that gained national prominence in the 1970s, the environmental movement, and movements for social justice through conscious consumption. Direct Trade coffee is differentiated in particular by roasters' rejection of the notion of coffee as a commodity in favor of recognition that coffee is a seasonal fresh produce subject to discernible differences in quality. This thesis examines Direct Trade’s popularity in Olympia, Washington, a suburban cultural center located midway between Seattle and Portland along the I-5 corridor. It seeks to explain why and how residents of the Pacific Northwest, long distinguished for their pioneering spirit, adopted Direct Trade coffee from an early stage.

During the past decades, the incidence of osteoporotic fractures has increased dramatically in the Western world. Consumption of coffee and intake of caffeine have in some studies been found to be associated with increased risk of osteoporotic fractures, but overall results from previous research are inconsistent. Despite weak evidence, some osteoporosis organisations recommend limiting daily coffee or caffeine intake. The primary aim of this thesis was to study the association between long-term consumption of coffee and bone mineral density (BMD), incidence of osteoporosis and fractures. A secondary aim was to study the relation between tea consumption and fracture risk. An increased risk of osteoporotic fractures in individuals who consumed ≥ 4 cups of coffee vs &lt; 1 cup coffee per day was demonstrated in a study of 31,257 Swedish middle-aged and elderly women (a part of the Swedish Mammography Cohort - SMC) when calcium intake was low (&lt; 700 mg/day). However, no higher risks of osteoporosis or fractures were observed in the full SMC with increasing coffee consumption. In the full SMC (n = 61,433) the follow-up was longer and the number of fractures was higher. Similarly, no statistically significant associations between consumption of coffee (≥ 4 cups of coffee vs &lt; 1 cup) and incidence of osteoporotic fractures were observed in the Cohort of Swedish Men (COSM), including 45,339 men. Calcium intake did not modify the results from the investigations performed in the full SMC or COSM. Nonetheless, a 2 - 4% lower BMD at measured sites was observed in men participating in the PIVUS cohort and in women from a sub-cohort of the SMC who consumed ≥ 4 cups of coffee vs &lt; 1 cup daily. Individuals with high coffee intake and rapid metabolism of caffeine had lower BMD at the femoral neck. No association between tea consumption and risk of fractures was found in the studies. In conclusion, the findings presented in this thesis demonstrate that high consumption of coffee may be associated with a modest decrease in BMD. However, there was no evidence of a substantially increased incidence of osteoporosis or fractures typically associated with osteoporosis.

Fairtrade is one way to reach sustainable development in emerging countries, for example South America and Africa. Lately, Fairtrade has become highlighted and popular. This has led to studies on consumers’ view on Fairtrade, for instance in Belgium and America. Among the previous studies, the ethical consumer has been identified. At the moment, there is no research done in Sweden on who the Swedish Ethical Consumer is, regarding purchases of Fairtrade coffee. Therefore, with this thesis we want to fill the research gap on identifying the Swedish Ethical Consumer and which factors that influence him or her in the purchase decision. The study was performed on Swedish coffee consumers on Facebook. Different factors such as consumer related, environmental related, and product related, are measured to see if there is any relationship between these factors and how they influence the Swedish Ethical Consumer. With help from a snowball sampling technique and a self-administrated survey, 111 answers were collected. From that, we could identify the Swedish Ethical Consumer, given this sample. The result showed that product and demographics seemed to be the most affecting factors on ethical consumer behaviour. For this sample, brand (taste) of the product was by far the most popular product related factor to consider when buying coffee. From the environmental factors, the demographics were of greatest matter. Attitudes and knowledge were the most important consumer related factors. It seems like a majority of the respondents who think that Fairtrade is important (attitudes) also do buy Fairtrade coffee. Also, the respondents who possess much information (knowledge) about it tend to buy it. This study contributes to fill the gap in the lack of studies of Swedish Ethical Consumer behaviour. The conclusions can be used as a guideline and tool for companies to brand a new product. It could also be helpful for organisations to provide more information about Fairtrade to the consumers.

The fair trade movement attempts to use the market to bring about social change. Fair trade supports small-scale commodity producers in the global South by paying them a negotiated, fairer price. It also provides consumers with products that meet certain environmental, economic, and social criteria. While the primary goal of some fair trade enterprises is to provide market access for producers, others seek to reform the market, and still others would replace it. Like the fair trade movement, the co-operative movement strives to ensure that the benefits of production and exchange are more fairly distributed. Producer co-operatives in the South and consumer co-operatives in the North use aspects of globalization to create mutually beneficial links between producers and consumers. In some instances, these linkages are brokered by fair trade enterprises that are themselves organized as co-operatives, or are members of second-tier trading and distribution co-operatives.<p>Most intermediaries are involved in fair trade for diverse reasons and act in ways that may have a range of consequences with respect to market reform and market access. This research investigates the activities of large and small co-operatives involved in fair trade to examine whether, and to what degree they contribute to market reform. Based on secondary sources and on interviews with member-owners of first and second-tier fair trade co-operatives, as well as several co-operative specialists, I conclude that although co-operatives rarely transform markets, they can and do help to reform the market while helping producers to gain access to it on more equitable terms. Some leading retail co-operatives actively support the fair trade movement, promoting the interests of producers and consumers through the exchange of good quality products, promoting a critical view of the conventional market, and advocating for change. Although none of the enterprises in this study has been able to substantially change the market through its own activities, they are part of the international movement to achieve a fairer globalization. Fair trades commercial success, however, has attracted transnational enterprises not committed to the philosophy of fair trade, and this may ultimately threaten its ability to achieve lasting market reform.

The purpose of this study is to find the relationship among personality, job satisfaction, and turnover intention of part-time employees in coffee chains, and verifying the mediating effects of job satisfaction on the relationship between personality and turnover intention. It tested hypotheses through questionnaire. By the convenience sampling method, 131 returned questionnaires in total were regarded as valid (80.86% response rate). The findings have been summarized as the following: 1. Employees whose personality was more agreeable, more extraverted or less conscientious tended to have more turnover intention. 2. Employees with higher satisfaction at pay, promotions and supervision were prone to have lower turnover intention. 3. Employees with agreeableness personality had higher satisfaction at the work itself, coworkers and supervision. Employees with extraversion personality had lower satisfaction at promotions, coworkers and supervision. Employees with conscientiousness personality had higher satisfaction at pay and coworkers. 4. The satisfaction at supervision has partly mediating effects between agreeableness and turnover intention. The satisfaction at pay has partly mediating effects between conscientiousness and turnover intention. And the satisfaction at pay and supervision does act as a mediator between extraversion and turnover intention.

Fumes emitted from coffee bean roasters contain various chemicals such as aldehydes, pyridine, volatile fatty acids, and ketones. These chemicals have high odor intensities and are sensitive to human breathing organs and eyes. In Taiwan, most of these fumes are not well controlled before venting to the atmosphere. This research attempted to eliminate these odorous and offensive chemicals by chemical scrubbing methods. Sodium hypochlorite oxidation followed by hydrogen peroxide reduction (hypochlorite-peroxide) was investigated first. After that, ozone oxidation followed by hydrogen peroxide reduction (ozone-peroxide) was also tried. In both methods, hydrogen peroxide acted as a reducing agent for the elimination of either residual chlorine or ozone emitted from the oxidation reaction. Experimental results indicated that both methods were effective. An oxidative scrubbing liquid with an initial effective chlorine content of 200 mg/L and a pH of 12, and an reducing scrubbing liquid with an initial hydrogen peroxide concentration of 1% and a pH of 12 could remove an average of 85% of total hydrogen carbons (THC) in the fume gas from a coffee bean roaster. With a dose of 10 ppm ozone in the fume gas to the oxidative scrubbing liquid (water only) followed by an reducing scrubbing liquid with an initial hydrogen peroxide concentration of 0.3% and a pH of 12, an average removal of 80% of the THC could be removed. An odor intensity (expressed by the dilution to threshold ratio) of 9,772 in the original fume could be reduced to as low as 31 by both methods. As indicated by the data from GC/MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis for the hypochlorite-peroxide method, acrolein, vinyl acetate, 2-butanone, and acetone in the roaster fume could almost completely be eliminated. Traces of chlorinated hydrocarbons as potential secondary pollutants were detected in the treated gases from the hypochlorite-peroxide scrubbing system. While by the ozone-peroxide one, satisfactory results were also obtained with no chlorinated hydrocarbons emitted. An economical analysis shows that the ozone-peroxide approach is a practical one for actual control applications.

This research is on the chain coffee store. The case study is formulated by applying ¡§resources-building mechanism¡¨ (Feng-Lee Lin, 2009) to look into the business models adopted by different market players. The goal is to decompose each business model, pinpoint the difference, understand the cause and effect between business models and performances, and, one step forward, to predict the the management result. In the ¡§resources-building mechanism¡¨ theory which defines a firm¡¦s physical-energy-spirit equivalents: physical to a firm¡¦s physical properties, energy to a firm¡¦s driving power, and spirit to a firm¡¦s frame of mind. Physical, energy, spirit are the three essential elements in the making of a resources. Each of the three elements interacts with one another. The resources-building relies on utilizing both a firm¡¦s internal and external resources. The internal and external resources optimization are mutually enhanced, interacted and ultimately merged. From the ¡§Resources-building mechanism¡¨ perspective to explain business model construction mechanism of chain coffee store and take the well-known coffee chain store as the object of study. The conclusions are drawn: 1. The business model of chain coffee stores is the aggregation of the interior ¡§product¡¨ and the exterior ¡§customer¡¨. 2. The business model is composed of service, management state, brand name, target customer, consumption and the market trend. All these factors interact with one another. 3. The performance of the market player is positively correlated with the coordination and conciliation of the above six factors. Therefore, by appraising the degree of conciliation, we can measure the effectiveness of management. 4. Forecast of the chain coffee store case management result: The CITY CAFÉ ranks on top of the list in the evaluation, the manage result will be best among the four companies.85¢J coffee has sound adaptive degree, the manage result will be only inferior to CITY CAFÉ while Starbucks¡¦ (TAIWAN) adaptive degree is ordinary and the manage result will be inferior to CITYCAFÉ and 85¢J. Crown &Fancy CAFÉ¡¦s adaptive degree is bad, the manage result will be the worst among the four.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 48-50). Also available via World Wide Web.

Africans forcibly brought to the Americas during slavery came from very diverse cultural groups, languages, and geographical regions. African-derived creole cultures that were subsequently created in the Americas resulted from the interaction of various traditional African forms of knowledge and ideology, combined with elements from various Indigenous and European cultural groups and materials. Creating within the context of slavery, these complex set of experiences and choices made by Africans in the Americas resulted in an equally diverse range of fluid and complex relationships between various African-descended groups. In a similar vein, Africans in Jamaica developed and exhibited a multiplicity of cultural identities and a complex set of relationships amongst themselves, reflective of their varied cultural, political, social, and physical origins (Brathwaite 1971; Joyner 1984). In the context of late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth century Buff Bay, Jamaica, most Africans were enslaved by whites to serve as laborers on plantations. However, a smaller group of Africans emerged from enslavement on plantations to form their own autonomous Maroon communities, alongside the plantation context and within the system of slavery. These two groups, enslaved Africans and Maroons, had a very complex set of relationship and identities that were fluid and constantly negotiated within the Jamaican slave society that was in turn hostile to both groups. Using historical (archival), oral, and archaeological sources of data, this dissertation attempts to do two things: first, it examines the daily life conditions of enslaved Africans at a Jamaican coffee plantation, Orange Vale, in order to understand settlement patterns, house structures, access to goods, informal trade networks, and material culture in their village. With constraints on their freedom and general confinement to the plantation, how did enslavement affect the material world of the enslaved Africans at Orange Vale? What materials did they have access to, and how did they use them? Second, I examine their cultural, social, and political identities alongside their autonomously freed Maroon “kin,” the neighboring Charles Town Maroon community. Using a popular origin myth, I attempt to show how descendents of both groups explain the origin of their relationship, as well as use the myth to simultaneously create political bonds based on their blackness and differentiate themselves. I also examine how their various origin, experiences, and worldview were manifested late-eighteenth and early nineteenth century Buff Bay and its place in the revolutionary Atlantic world, on the eve of emancipation. / text