The priority shift from community policing to homeland security in local police departments in the United States has threatened the relationships and successes established by community policing, though little empirical research explored the relationship between funding and implementation of homeland security versus community policing objectives among local law enforcement agencies. Using Karl Popper's conceptualization of the liberal democracy as the framework, the purpose of this descriptive study was to examine how trends in funding and implementation of both community policing and homeland security objectives changed among American law enforcement agencies between 1993 and 2013. Data were acquired from the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics dataset held by the Bureau of Justice Statistics for the years 1993 to 2013. The data included information from sample sizes that varied by year: 950 to 2,503 American law enforcement agencies with over 100 sworn officers and a stratified random sample of 831 to 2,145 American law enforcement agencies with fewer than 100 sworn officers. Data were examined using descriptive statistics and findings indicate community policing began as the priority, was scaled back after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, when homeland security became the priority, and today local police departments are using strategy integration to maintain national security, public safety, and community relations simultaneously. Positive social change implications stemming from this study include the conveyance that communities are still the priority in policing and recommendations to local police agencies to utilize strategy integration to maintain community policing, regardless of the priority.

The barbaric and targeted killings of police officers have become a growing epidemic facing the nation. An immediate consequence has created the monumental task in protecting the men and women who daily put their lives on the line on behalf of the public. Staggering national numbers over these last ten years has indicated a strong surge in the number of law enforcement officers being ambushed by domestic extremists. The purpose of the current research study was to present an overall awareness and threat picture to the law enforcement and academic communities to better educate men and women in law enforcement and to explain who exactly are these domestic extremist groups and/or individuals carrying out this violence and their ideologies and traits that make them crave such an outcome. The current research study utilized a strong exploratory qualitative focus by interviewing several law enforcement members and intelligence personnel in the Hampton Roads, Virginia, area to (a) gauge their jurisdictional domestic extremist threat picture; (b) to understand what policing tactics were being employed currently to produce effective “officer safety” protocols while embracing community relationships (if any); and (c) what recommendations they may have for other jurisdictions that will keep safe law enforcement men and women. If one law enforcement life can be saved from the current research study, then every second spent on the research was well worth it.

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Local Law Enforcement and Immigration: Lessons and Recommendations from Police Executives (2007-2021) Tonya D. Chapman ABSTRACT The Immigration and Reform Control Act (IRCA) of 1986 and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) authorized the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency (ICE) to enter into memoranda of agreement with local law enforcement under section 287(g). The 287(g) program includes the Task Force Model (TFM), Jail Enforcement Model (JEM), Secure Communities (SC), the Priority Enforcement Program (PEP) model and the Warrant Service Officer (WSO) Model, which authorizes specific responsibilities of immigration enforcement to local law enforcement agencies. This dissertation examines the impact of local law enforcement's participation in the various 287(g) programs from the perspective of law enforcement executives. Local law enforcement was granted the responsibility in part because Congress and local elected officials believed that immigration increased crime. However, as of 2022, little research on the nexus between crime and immigration supports that claim; nor does it support the claim that crime rates fell as a result of local law enforcement's participation in the 287(g) programs. Consistent with prior research, this dissertation finds that immigration enforcement has a "null or non-significant" effect on crime in these jurisdictions in comparison to jurisdictions that did not participate in the 287(g) programs. Moreover, this dissertation shows that law enforcement's participation in immigration enforcement led to unintended consequences, including adverse impacts on police legitimacy (trust and fear), perceived crime reporting by immigrant communities, and their community policing efforts. This research provides guidance on best practices to law enforcement in an effort to re-imagine the profession in accordance with procedural justice principles. It examines whether and how immigration enforcement has posed challenges for building trust, legitimacy, community engagement and transparency for law enforcement; looks at whether federal mandates and immigration enforcement affected the advancement of community policing and procedural justice; provides insight on lessons learned from law enforcement's perspective; and contributes to research on the immigration-crime nexus. / Doctor of Philosophy / Local Law Enforcement and Immigration: Lessons and Recommendations from Police Executives (2007-2021) Tonya D. Chapman GENERAL AUDIENCE ABSTRACT Section 287(g) under the Immigration and Reform Control Act (IRCA) of 1986 and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) authorized the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency (ICE) to enter into memoranda of agreement with local law enforcement agencies to participate in immigration enforcement. Under Section 287(g), ICE implemented 5 programs, including the Task Force Model (TFM), Jail Enforcement Model (JEM), Secure Communities (SC), the Priority Enforcement Program (PEP) model, and the Warrant Service Officer (WSO) model. This dissertation examines the impact of local law enforcement's participation in the 287(g) programs, from the perspective of law enforcement executives. This dissertation shows that law enforcement's participation in immigration enforcement led to unintended consequences, including adverse impacts on police legitimacy (trust and fear), perceived crime reporting by immigrant communities, and their community policing efforts. The dissertation also finds that immigration enforcement has a "null or non-significant" effect on crime. This research provides guidance on best practices to law enforcement in an effort to re-imagine the profession in accordance with fair and impartial policing principles.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka områdespolisers kontaktskapande arbete med ungdomar i Malmö. Dessutom är syftet att undersöka ungdomarnas inställning till detta arbete, samt båda parternas åsikter kring förbättring av arbetet. Denna studie genomfördes eftersom att det finns en avsaknad av forskning om det aktuella ämnet i Sverige. Metoden bestod av en kvalitativ ansats där semistrukturerade intervjuer med områdespoliser (n=3) och fokusgruppsintervjuer med ungdomar (n= 9) genomfördes. Studiens resultat visar att områdespolisernas kontaktskapande arbete inte är prioriterat, på grund av bristfälliga resurser, som är syftet med funktionen. Detta kan bero på en avsaknad av en tydlig definition av rollen, vilket är något som polisinformanterna i denna studie anser bör utformas. Ungdomarna har generellt sett en positiv inställning och attityd gentemot områdespoliserna, till exempel anser de att polisen utför sitt arbete på grund av goda skäl. Däremot upplever de en avsaknad av direkt kontakt. Till exempel önskar ungdomarna att områdespoliserna socialiserar sig och engagerar sig i fler aktiviteter med ungdomar, såsom sportaktiviteter. Sammanfattningsvis indikerar resultaten av studien att det kontaktskapande arbetet som områdespolisen utför är bristfälligt. Framtida forskning kring ämnet är av vikt eftersom överförbarheten i denna studie är låg. Det är även viktigt med vidare forskning om ämnet generellt i Sverige, men även i Malmö. / The aim of the study is to research the community outreach the community police conduct with adolescents in Malmö. Furthermore, the study aims to research adolescents’ attitudes towards the assignment, as well as opinions about improvement of the work. There is a lack of research on the current subject inSweden, and therefore the present study was conducted. The method consisted of a qualitative approach, where semi structured interviews with community police (n= 3) and focus groups with adolescents (n= 9) were conducted. The result of the study shows that the community outreach that the community police conduct is not prioritised due to the lack of resources, which is the purpose of the function.This may be due to an absence of a distinct definition of the role, which is something that the police informants in this study wish to be formulated. Generally, the adolescents’ have positive attitudes towards the community police, for instance they believe that the police conduct their work for an upright reason. However, they experience a lack of direct contact, and wish for the community police to socialise more, as well as engage in more activities, such as sports, with the adolescents. In conclusion, the findings of the study indicate that the community outreach the community police conduct is inadequate. Future research on the subject is of importance since the transferability of the study is low. There is also a need for further research on the subject in Sweden in general, as well as in Malmö.

The research problem that was investigated in this research study was to evaluate the implementation of sector policing in Tembisa policing precinct. Even though there are policies and directives on how to implement it, there is still some challenges because it is yet to yield the intended results. Data was collected from focus group interviews, literature studies and polices. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in the form of focus group interviews. Moreover, a literature study including material such as official SAPS documents, library sources and National Legislation regarding community policing has been presented. Data was also collected from sector managers, sector teams, CPF members and pastors who participated in four focus group interviews in Tembisa police station. The sample was chosen on the basis of what the researcher considers to be typical units. Participants were interviewed in stages. The collected data was broken into themes, patterns, trends and relationships. Data analysis followed verbatim transcription of interviews, that’s why the researcher followed Tesch’s approach of descriptive analysis. The research conducted indicated that although progress has been made in the implementation of sector policing In Tembisa, there still more which needs to be done. Specific concerns which require the attention of SAPS management were raised. It is clear that internal communication and consultation are a necessity. It is also clear that members on the ground are not well trained because they lack the actual knowledge on how to implement it. Training and development of all role players need to be prioritised to enhance their knowledge. All the role players need to be motivated during the implementation of sector policing to ensure that they are ready for the job ahead. The recommendations drawn from the conclusions made in this study may provide a proper direction on how to implement sector policing in the Republic. / Police Practice / M.Tech. (Policing)

The central issue of this research revolves around the implementation of sector policing in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. The research is based in two police stations, that is, Nongoma and Newcastle. Sector policing is a policing strategy introduced by South African Police Service in 1994. The aim of this policing strategy is the creation of structured consultation with regards to local crime problems between the police and respective communities. The objective of sector policing is to develop an organizational structure and environment that reflects community values and facilitates community involvement in addressing risk factors and solve crime-related problems. The research problem for this study is that there is little or no research conducted on the implementation of sector policing in South Africa in general and Nongoma and Newcastle in particular. Following this problem statement, the following five research questions were formulated: What is sector policing and how does its implementation differ between the USA, the UK and South Africa? What is the status of the implementation of the sector policing in South Africa, in particular the Province of KwaZulu-Natal? What are the challenges experienced in implementing sector policing in Nongoma and Newcastle police stations? What are best practices that can be observed in the implementation of sector policing in these two police stations? What is the best possible way of implementing sector policing in South Africa? The aim of the research is to assess and describe the manner in which sector policing was implemented in the two police stations in KZN. The research findings obtained through interviews are analysed and interpreted. In view of the findings, best practices, and recommendations were formulated on how to overcome challenges that may face the implementation of sector policing in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. / Public Administration & Management / M.Tech. (Public Administration & Management)

The central issue of this research revolves around the implementation of sector policing in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. The research is based in two police stations, that is, Nongoma and Newcastle. Sector policing is a policing strategy introduced by South African Police Service in 1994. The aim of this policing strategy is the creation of structured consultation with regards to local crime problems between the police and respective communities. The objective of sector policing is to develop an organizational structure and environment that reflects community values and facilitates community involvement in addressing risk factors and solve crime-related problems. The research problem for this study is that there is little or no research conducted on the implementation of sector policing in South Africa in general and Nongoma and Newcastle in particular. Following this problem statement, the following five research questions were formulated: What is sector policing and how does its implementation differ between the USA, the UK and South Africa? What is the status of the implementation of the sector policing in South Africa, in particular the Province of KwaZulu-Natal? What are the challenges experienced in implementing sector policing in Nongoma and Newcastle police stations? What are best practices that can be observed in the implementation of sector policing in these two police stations? What is the best possible way of implementing sector policing in South Africa? The aim of the research is to assess and describe the manner in which sector policing was implemented in the two police stations in KZN. The research findings obtained through interviews are analysed and interpreted. In view of the findings, best practices, and recommendations were formulated on how to overcome challenges that may face the implementation of sector policing in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. / Public Administration and Management / M.Tech. (Public Administration & Management)

The research problem that was investigated in this research study was to evaluate the implementation of sector policing in Tembisa policing precinct. Even though there are policies and directives on how to implement it, there is still some challenges because it is yet to yield the intended results. Data was collected from focus group interviews, literature studies and polices. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in the form of focus group interviews. Moreover, a literature study including material such as official SAPS documents, library sources and National Legislation regarding community policing has been presented. Data was also collected from sector managers, sector teams, CPF members and pastors who participated in four focus group interviews in Tembisa police station. The sample was chosen on the basis of what the researcher considers to be typical units. Participants were interviewed in stages. The collected data was broken into themes, patterns, trends and relationships. Data analysis followed verbatim transcription of interviews, that’s why the researcher followed Tesch’s approach of descriptive analysis. The research conducted indicated that although progress has been made in the implementation of sector policing In Tembisa, there still more which needs to be done. Specific concerns which require the attention of SAPS management were raised. It is clear that internal communication and consultation are a necessity. It is also clear that members on the ground are not well trained because they lack the actual knowledge on how to implement it. Training and development of all role players need to be prioritised to enhance their knowledge. All the role players need to be motivated during the implementation of sector policing to ensure that they are ready for the job ahead. The recommendations drawn from the conclusions made in this study may provide a proper direction on how to implement sector policing in the Republic. / Police Practice / M.Tech. (Policing)

The purpose of this naturalistic qualitative inquiry was to develop a more complete understanding of the process of implementing community policing from the citizen participants' perspective. While an abundance of literature exists on the topic of community policing, with the exception of several survey and evaluation efforts, little examination of this topic has been conducted that devoted exclusive attention to citizen participation in this style of policing. It was citizen participant descriptions that formed the basis for this examination. The present study also examined the theoretical support for community policing by comparing the citizen descriptions of this concept to the component parts of critical social science (Fay, 1987), normative sponsorship theory (Sower, et al., 1957) and community education for development (Compton & McClusky, 1980).A purposive sample was utilized to examine this topic. This sample was composed of citizens (N = 71) from Fort Wayne, Indiana and Fort Worth, Texas who had participated with their respective municipal police departments in implementing community policing. The community policing efforts in these cities had been in existence since the early to mid 1990s. The sample was composed of citizens that came from different geographic areas of their respective cities, and who had spent at least one year working with assigned police officers and community groups. A questioning route was developed and participants were interviewed in focus group settings. Data analysis identified seven themes from the transcribed interviews. These themes were: (a) partners; (b) community education; (c) neighborhood associations; (d) involvement with government; (e) problem solving; (f) frustration with the city administration and (g) communication and managing community policing.The research found that relatively successful community policing efforts rely upon structured neighborhoods, ample community education, an emphasis on problem solving, open communication and strong support from the upper levels of municipal government. Many of these findings were supported by the literature in the field. Additionally, the theories purported to support community policing were found to confirm the citizens' experiences in these cities. / Department of Educational Leadership