The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of the newly qualified professional nurses in midwifery section doing community service. A qualitative descriptive, interpretative phenomenological research was conducted to determine the experiences. The sample included newly qualified professional nurses doing community service. Data collection was conducted by means of unstructured interviews from ten (n=10) informants. Each interview was approximately 45 minutes. Ethical issues were considered. Hussel and Heidergadian’s data analysis steps were followed. Four (4) themes and eleven (11) sub-themes emerged from the data collected. The findings revealed that the newly qualified professional nurses were in a state of reality shock, demonstrated by challenges such as shortage of human and material resources; overcrowding; lack of support; and the placement of Midwifery Nursing Science in the curriculum has impacted negatively on midwives’ registration as professional nurses. Based on the current practical nursing education environment and further research, this study concludes by presenting its recommendations and limitations. / Health Studies / M. A. (Health Studies)

Thesis (MPhill)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Compulsory Community Service for the speech-language and hearing therapy profession was implemented in 2003. This is the first study to assess the perceptions, attitudes and experiences of speech-language and hearing professionals of Stellenbosch University doing Compulsory Community Service. Information on the experiences of Compulsory Community Service professionals inform on the responsibilities of the university where undergraduate studies are completed, the Department of Health (the employer) and professionals doing Community Service. A mixed method study design, using a scale questionnaire, supplemented by open-ended questions was completed by all but one of the group doing Compulsory Community Service in 2009. Results suggested that speechlanguage and hearing therapists perceived themselves to have the required knowledge, but not necessarily adequate skills to perform Compulsory Community Service. Suggestions to include additional curriculum content were made. All professionals agreed that a positive contribution was made during Compulsory Community Service, but concerns about the shortage of speech-language and hearing therapy services, absence of mentors and supervision, inadequate budgets, amenities and resources were identified. Readjustment must involve adaptation from all stakeholders to ensure that Compulsory Community Service honours its original objectives.

published_or_final_version / Sociology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

The Community Service Organization, a grassroots social service agency that originated in Los Angeles in the late 1940s, is generally identified by its male leadership. Research conducted for the present oral history, however, indicates that Mexican American women were essential to the founding of the organization, as well as to its success during the forty-six years it was in operation. This paper is a history of the founding of the CSO based on interviews with eleven Mexican American women and one Mexican American man, all of whom were founding members.

My thesis is called The Alternative Punishments in czech criminal law. I have chosen this topic as using alternative forms of sanctions alongside with traditional punishments is a product of the last decades in our legal order and remains very actual question untill now. The crime rate is constantly rating therefor it is necessary to react on it adequally with providing a wide range of sanctions. As one of the governing principles in czech criminal law is a principle of humanity the alternative punishments take a pricipal place in our legal order. The main purpose of my thesis is to analyse and clarify the particular forms of alternative punishments. Those sanctions bring a lot of advantages for convicted in contrary to other traditional punishments as they are not issolated from society and have a chance to re-educate themselves. The alternative punishments are useful and cheaper than short-term confinement. This thesis focuses on the analysis of the actual legislation, assesses changes brought by the new criminal code and defines proposals which would imporove the legislation in future. The thesis is composed of eight chapters. First chapter is subdivided into three parts. The first part deals with the term and purpose of the punishment, the second analysis theory of punishment and the third one discusses...

This thesis discusses the alternatives to unsuspected sentence of imprisonment, as only they can in the long run solve an acute and currently very topical problem of the prison overcrowding. The aim of this thesis was firstly the theoretical definition of alternatives to unsuspected sentence of imprisonment with regard to the Czech legislation and, secondly, an analysis of alternatives that Czech law provides. The introductory part focuses on the importance of alternative punishments in the system of sanctioning institutions. The thesis is divided into two main chapters with regard to the two objectives it focuses on. The first chapter, dealing with the definition of "alternatives to unconditional sentence of imprisonment", is divided into four subchapters. The first subchapter, on the background of the current concept of alternatives available in the Czech doctrinal environment, seeks a theoretical definition through the criteria on the basis of which it is possible to consider a specific institute as such an alternative. The second subchapter explains the preference for alternatives to unsuspended sentence of imprisonment. The third subchapter is devoted to the development of Czech criminal policy towards alternative punishments. Subsequently, in the fourth subchapter, the author explains contemporary...

Em diálogo com o contexto nacional e internacional de encarceramento em massa e de crise do sistema de justiça penal, os Juizados Especiais Criminais (Jecrims) surgem no Brasil com a dupla tarefa de em um contexto de redemocratização reduzir a complexidade no processamento de conflitos de pequena gravidade, sem deixar de puni-los ainda que levemente. Caracterizados por procedimentos de intervenção mais horizontalizados e flexíveis nos quais se estabelece, em tese, uma troca de interesses entre a justiça penal e as partes em conflito, em favor de uma resposta rápida para a vítima e menos dolorosa para o infrator, esse modo de fazer justiça tem sido chamado de justiça negocial. A partir da etnografia dos Juizados Especiais Criminais de São Bernardo do Campo, a pesquisa buscou compreender os sentidos de punição mobilizados nessas situações de negociação. Constatou-se que essas situações são influenciadas por processos de afirmação de identidades profissionais no campo da justiça, sobretudo a do promotor cujo protagonismo nessas cortes lhes confere uma dinâmica centrada na punição do infrator em detrimento da mediação do conflito. A abordagem etnográfica das audiências também permitiu verificar a predominância de um sistema de atribuição de sanções fortemente marcado por estratégias gestionárias, mas também por finalidades clássicas da pena. Nesse jogo de influências predominam sanções de cunho monetário e a tímida recorrência do trabalho comunitário como forma de punição. Com o intuito de melhor compreender as razões dessa timidez, a pesquisa teve um segundo momento etnográfico dedicado à Central de Penas e Medidas Alternativas de São Bernardo do Campo. Lá foi possível verificar que a reticência em relação a essa modalidade punitiva relaciona-se aos desafios de tornar o serviço comunitário obrigatório uma punição credível para promotores e juízes. Desse modo, conclui-se que o sistema de sanções mobilizado na justiça negocial, uma justiça em princípio alternativa, guarda, mesmo que de maneira leve, uma tradicional semântica do sofrimento. / In dialogue with the national and international contexts of mass imprisonment and criminal justice systems crisis, the Juizados Especiais Criminais (Special Criminal Courts) emerge in Brazil with two scopes: reducing the complexity of minor crimes procedure without stop punishing minor crime even in a soft way. By using horizontal and flexible intervention procedures in which it creates, theoretically, an exchange of interests between criminal justice and conflict parts, favoring a quickly and less painful answer for both parts, this kind of doing justice has been called by bargaining justice. Through ethnography of the Special Criminal Courts of Sao Bernardo do Campo, the research aimed to understand the meanings of punishment mobilized on these bargaining situations. The research revealed that these situations are influenced by the process of affirmation of professional identities in the justice field, especially the prosecutor\'s identity which leadership in these special courts creates a particular dynamic centered on the criminal punishment and not on the conflict mediation. The ethnographic approach of the special courts hearings also made possible verifying the predominance of a system of sanctions attribution characterized substantially by management strategies and also by classical theories of punishment. In this influence play, the forms of punishment that prevail are mainly monetary sanctions and only barely community service. To understand the reasons for the lack of community service application, the research had a second ethnographic moment at the Center of Alternative Punishments and Measures of Sao Bernardo do Campo. Thus, it was possible to verify that the lack of confidence about this kind of punishment is related to the challenges of making the community service mandatory, a reliable punishment for prosecutors and judges. The dissertation concludes that the sanction system mobilized in the bargaining justice, theoretically an alternative justice, keeps a traditional semantic of suffering even in a soft way.

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BACKGROUND: The research deals with the effect of the Student Rag Community Service's (SRCS) Pick–A–Leader programme on adolescents in a disadvantaged community. The SRCS has been in existence for 30 years and the Student Representative Council of the North–West University: Potchefstroom Campus, has authorised them to promote voluntary ativities for charity in Potchefstroom and its surrounding areas. The SJGD annually presents various programmes to communities in Potchefstroom; however, these programmes have not thus far been formally evaluated. One of these projects is the Pick–A–Leader (PAL) programme which focuses on leadership– and skills development for adolescents in a disadvantaged community. This study concentrates on the evaluation of the PAL–programme. AIM: The primary aim of this study was to determine the effect of the PAL–programme on the adolescents in a disadvantaged community. METHOD: The nature of the investigation was exploratory and descriptive. Mixed methodology was applied in this study. A quasi–experimental design was used in the form of a comparative pre– and post–test design. Focus groups and a number of measuring instruments were used to gather data. Participants in the experimental groups consisted of 45 grade 11 learners from 3 schools in a disadvantaged community of Potchefstroom. Members of the comparative groups also numbered 45 and were grade 11 learners from the same 3 schools as those in the experimental groups. RESULT: It was concluded that the SRCS PAL–programme had an effect on the adolescents. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.