Dans cette thèse, j’étudie la compressibilité électronique de deux isolants topologiques tridimensionnels : Le tellurure de mercure (HgTe) sous contrainte et le séléniure de bismuth (Bi2Se3).Je présente des mesures d’admittance électronique à basse température résolues en phase sur une large gamme de fréquence. Cela permet d’extraire la capacité quantique associé à la densité d’états et la résistivité des matériaux étudiés.Nous montrons qu’un isolant topologique intrinsèque présente une réponse dominée par les états de surface topologiques sur une large gamme d’énergie qui s’étend au-delà du gap de transport du matériau massif. Ce régime, appelé « écrantage de Dirac », est caractérisé par une compressibilité électronique proportionnelle à l’énergie de surface et une haute mobilité.Dans la suite, nous nous intéressons à la limite de ce régime. Nous observons qu’à haute énergie et sous l’influence de forts champs électriques perpendiculaires, des états excités massifs de surface sont peuplés ce qui se manifeste expérimentalement de différentes façons : Une chute dans la constante de diffusion électronique, un pic de conductivité ainsi que l’apparition d’un deuxième type de porteurs en magnéto-transport et de métastabilité dans la relation charge-tension.Un modèle théorique basé sur un traitement quasi-relativiste du Hamiltonien de surface est présenté. Il permet d’identifier la dépendance en énergie et champ électrique des états massifs de surface.Cette thèse est complémenté par des résultats expérimentaux sur Bi2Se3 obtenu par croissance sur nitrure de bore mettent en évidence l’importance de la pureté des interfaces d’isolants topologiques. / This thesis discusses the electronic compressibility of two representative three dimensional topological insulators: Strained mercury telluride (HgTe) and bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3).I present low temperature phase-sensitive electron admittance data over a broad frequency range. This allows to extract the quantum capacitance related to the density of states and the resistivity of the investigated materials.We show that the response of an intrinsic topological insulator is dominated by topological surface states over a large energy range exceeding the bulk material’s transport gap. This regime, named “Dirac screening” is characterized by an electron compressibility proportional to the surface Fermi level and a high mobility.Subsequently, we investigate the limits of this regime. At high energy and large perpendicular electric fields we observe the population of excited massive surface states. Experimentally, these manifest themselves in multiple signatures: A drop in the electronic diffusion constant, a peak in the conductivity, appearance of a second carrier type in magneto-transport and meta-stability in the charge-voltage relation.A theoretical model based on a quasi-relativistic treatment of the surface Hamiltonian is presented. It allows to identify the electric field and energy dependence of the massive surface states.This thesis is complemented by experimental results on Bi2Se3 grown on boron nitride, where we demonstrate the importance of clean surfaces for the study of electronic properties in topological insulators.

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La présente thèse traite de deux questions de stabilité en mécanique des fluides. Les deux premiers résultats de la thèse sont consacrés au problème de la limite non-visqueuse pour les équations de Navier-Stokes. Il s'agit de déterminer si une famille de solutions de Navier-Stokes dans un demi-espace avec une condition de Navier au bord converge vers une solution du modèle non visqueux, l'équation d'Euler, lorsque les paramètres de viscosité tendent vers zéro. Dans un premier temps, on considère le modèle incompressible 2D. Nous obtenons la convergence dans L2 des solutions faibles de Navier-Stokes vers une solution forte d'Euler, et une instabilité dans L∞ en temps très court pour certaines données initiales qui sont des solutions stationnaires de l'équation d'Euler. Ces résultats ne sont pas contradictoires, et on construit un exemple de donnée initiale permettant de voir se réaliser les deux phénomènes simultanément dans le cadre périodique. Dans un second temps, on s'intéresse au modèle compressible isentropique (température constante) en 3D. On démontre l'existence de solutions dans des espaces de Sobolev conormaux sur un temps qui ne dépend pas de la viscosité lorsque celle-ci devient très petite, et on obtient la convergence forte de ces solutions vers une solution de l'équation d'Euler sur ce temps uniforme par des arguments de compacité. Le troisième résultat de cette thèse traite d'un problème de stabilité d'ondes solitaires. Précisément, on considère un fluide isentropique et non visqueux avec capillarité interne, régi par le modèle d'Euler-Korteweg, et on montre l'instabilité transverse non-linéaire de solitons, c'est-à-dire que des perturbations 2D initialement petites d'une solution sous forme d'onde progressive 1D peuvent s'éloigner de manière importante de celle-ci. / This thesis deals with a couple of stability problems in fluid mechanics. In the first two parts, we work on the inviscid limit problem for Navier-Stokes equations. We look to show whether or not a sequence of solutions to Navier-Stokes in a half-space with a Navier slip condition on the boundary converges towards a solution of the inviscid model, the Euler equation, when the viscosity parameters vanish. First, we consider the 2D incompressible model. We obtain convergence in L2 of weak solutions of Navier-Stokes towards a strong solution of Euler, as well as the instability in L∞ in a very short time of some initial data chosen as stationary solutions to the Euler equation. These results are not contradictory, and we construct initial data that allows both phenomena to occur simultaneously in the periodic setting. Second, we look at the 3D isentropic (constant temperature) compressible equations. We show that solutions exist in conormal Sobolev spaces for a time that does not depend on the viscosity when this is small, and we get strong convergence towards a solution of the Euler equation on this uniform time of existence by compactness arguments. In the third part of the thesis, we work on a solitary wave stability problem. To be precise, we consider an isentropic, compressible, inviscid fluid with internal capillarity, governed by the Euler-Korteweg equations, and we show the transverse nonlinear instability of solitons, that is that initially small 2D perturbations of a 1D travelling wave solution can end up far from it.

An investigation of the variability of engineering properties of municipal solid waste as a function of placement conditions was conducted. Limited data have been reported for the engineering properties of municipal solid waste (MSW) as a function of placement conditions. Wastes have high variability of engineering properties due to heterogeneity in composition and component size; influence from time based effects; and presence of compressible solids. Control of moisture content of MSW at the time of waste placement provides opportunity for increased capacity at a given landfill site due to higher compacted unit weight as well as for control of other geotechnical properties. A laboratory experimental test program was conducted on manufactured municipal solid waste (MMSW) that was representative of waste stream in the United States. Large scale test equipment was used to minimize the effects of scaling on results. The experimental program included compaction, compressibility, hydraulic conductivity, and shear strength testing over moisture contents ranging from 11% to 110%. Baseline compaction curves were developed for different compactive efforts. Similar to soils, the MMSW had bell shaped compaction curves that peaked at a maximum dry unit weight and associated optimum moisture content. The compaction curve generated at modified compactive effort had a maximum dry unit weight of 5.1 kN/m3 and optimum moisture content of 66%. Four times modified compactive effort testing resulted in a maximum dry unit weight of 5.9 kN/m3 and corresponding optimum moisture content of 56%. The compaction curve generated for four times modified compactive effort was used as a baseline for subsequent testing. Compression index was calculated from the strain-log stress curves for total stress conditions and is referred to as apparent compression index. Apparent compression index decreased from 1.1 to 0.34 with increasing moisture content. Secant modulus of elasticity was calculated between 1% and 25% strain and ranged from approximately 200 kPa to 4,800 kPa over the range of tested moisture contents. Tangent modulus ranged from 400 kPa to 6,200 kPa between 1% and 25% strain. Both the secant and tangent modulus peaked between 30% and 56% moisture content. Wet of optimum, the moduli of elasticity decreased with increasing moisture content. The hydraulic conductivity was measured under constant head at a hydraulic gradient of 1 and decreased asymptotically from approximately 1.3x10-2 cm/s to 8x10-5 cm/s as the moisture content was increased to optimum. The hydraulic conductivity of the MMSW increased slightly wet of optimum. The internal angle of friction of the MMSW was measured at 15% shear strain and decreased from approximately 40° to 30° with increasing moisture content. Test results demonstrated that both the molding moisture content and dry unit weight have significant impact on the MMSW geotechnical properties, although it appears that molding moisture content ultimately controls the behavior. Based on the results of the tests it was speculated that, similar to clay soils, increases in moisture content allowed for breakdown of the fabric and physical rearrangement of waste components which in turn controlled geotechnical behavior. Overall trends were comparable for MMSW and soil and included: increased dry density and increased stiffness to optimum moisture content; decreased hydraulic conductivity with increased compaction moisture content; and decreased shear strength with increased compaction moisture content. The results of the test program have environmental and economic implications for design and operation of landfills as well as post closure use.

In this thesis is presented mathematical model of stratified 2D flow of viscous incopressible fluid and its program realization. Basic equations of fluid flow in Boussinesq approximation were solved by finite volume method on structured nonortogonal grid. Discretization was done by the principle of semi-discretisation. The space derivative was solved by AUSM me- thod with MUSCL velocity reconstruction. The viscid terms were solved through auxiliary grids. During time discretization artificial compressibility method was used in dual time. The resulting system of ODEs is integrated in time by a suitable Runge-Kutta multistage scheme. Numerical experiments were calculated for flow with Reynolds number equals 1000. Further 3 numerical experiments are presented with different boundary conditions. 1

[pt] O objetivo do presente trabalho é estudar a compressibilidade de um aterro de grandes dimensões construído há 18 anos na Barra da Tijuca (Rio de Janeiro) sobre de solo extremamente mole com aproximadamente 4 metros de espessura, onde foram observados recalques pós-construtivos de grande magnitude. A espessura constante do aterro e pouca variabilidade de espessura da camada mole envolvida permitem assumir condições de compressão próximas da unidimensional. Para o estudo, foi instalada instrumentação para medição de recalques por nivelamento geométrico de precisão. Um procedimento específico foi desenvolvido para possibilitar a medição de baixíssimas variações no desnível. Esse acompanhamento transcorreu por um período de 21 meses e mostrou que o aterro lançado 18 anos atrás continua em compressão. Foi realizada, também, uma campanha de ensaios de campo, contemplando CPTu (piezocone), dissipação e palheta, ensaios de caracterização completa em laboratório, incluindo ensaios químicos e mineralógicos, e ensaios oedométricos de longa duração em amostras indeformadas tipo Shelby. Por fim, com base em todas essas informações, procurou-se estimar os recalques ainda por ocorrer, especulando, ao final, sobre o tempo necessário para a estabilização dos recalques. / [en] The aim of this work is to study the compressibility of a large dimension embankment built 18 years ago at Barra da Tijuca (Rio de Janeiro) over a layer of extremely soft soil with thickness of about 4 meters, where large post-constructive settlements were observed. The constant thickness of the embankment and the low variability of the soft soil thickness allow one dimensional condition to be assumed. Geotechnical instrumentation has been installed for monitoring settlements by optical levelling. A specific procedure has been developed which allows measurement of very small settlement changes. Monitoring took place over 21 months and showed that the embankment built 18 years ago is still settling. Field tests have been carried out comprising CPTu with dissipation, vane shear test. Characterization tests, including chemical and mineralogical, and oedometric consolidation long term tests on undisturbed Shelby tube samples have also been carried out. Based on the collected data, an attempt at forecasting future settlements has been carried out including speculations about the time needed for the stabilization of the settlements.

[pt] O uso da sobrecarga a vácuo como um método eficiente no tratamento de solo mole é discutido através de ensaios de laboratório, usando solo indeformado. As características do adensamento a vácuo foram investigadas em laboratório através de ensaios edométricos, comparando carregamento com uso de vácuo ou carga convencional. Foram realizados ensaios na câmara triaxial, comparando o uso da pressão de vácuo e pressão atmosférica. Os resultados indicam que: (1) Os resultados dos ensaios edométricos sugerem que a aplicação de vácuo funciona de maneira equivalente ao incremento de carga convencional e induz a valores de recalques maiores quando comparado com a aplicação de uma carga convencional de mesma magnitude. (2) A partir dos resultados dos ensaios triaxiais, verificou-se que o uso da pressão de vácuo acelera a dissipação da poropressão quando comparado ao adensamento com a ação da pressão atmosférica. (3) As características de adensamento do solo não mostram discriminação contra a natureza da pressão de pré-adensamento, se são sob condições de pressão de vácuo, pressão atmosférica ou carregamento convencional. / [en] The use of vacuum surcharge as an effective technique in the treatment of soft soil is discussed in analysis in laboratory behavior. Laboratoy tests using undisturbed soil were performed to investigate the use of the technique. The characteristics of the vacuum consolidation were studied in the laboratory by oedometer tests comparing loading with the use of vacuum or conventional load. Tests were performed in triaxial chamber comparing the use of vacuum pressure and atmospheric pressure. The results indicate that: (1) The test results of oedometer test indicate that vacuum application operates in a manner equivalent to the conventional incremental load and induces the largest values of settlement when compared with the conventional application of a load of the same magnitude. (2) The results of the triaxial tests, it was found that the use of vacuum pressure accelerates the dissipation of pore pressure when compared with the action of atmospheric pressure. (3) The consolidation characteristics of the soil show no discrimination against the nature of the consolidation pressure, whether they are consolidated under vacuum pressure, atmospheric pressure or loading conventional.

Plusieurs phénomènes astronomiques émettent des ondes radios basses fréquences tels que les éruptions solaires, les magnétosphères, les pulsars . . . Certains de ces ondes sont mal captées par les observatoires terrestres à cause, principalement, de la coupure ionosphérique. Il devient indispensable d’envoyer des récepteurs radio dans l’espace pour les acquérir. Cependant, ces récepteurs sont consommation d’énergie et le taux de transmission. Un paradigme récent pour l’acquisition et la reconstruction des signaux, appelé l’échantillonnage comprimé (Compressive sampling, Compressed Sensing, CS) pourra être une réponse adéquate à ces problématiques en limitant, dès l’acquisition, la quantité de données numérisés : En effet, le CS a permis l’émergence d’un nouveau type de Convertisseur Analogique-Numérique (ADC) appelé Convertisseur Analogique-Information (AIC) qui permet d’échantillonner à une fréquence potentiellement inférieure à celle prescrite par Nyquist-Shannon, en exploitant le caractère parcimonieux des signaux. Nous proposons dans le cadre de cette thèse d’étudier l’application de l’échantillonnage comprimé pour l’acquisition des signaux astrophysiques spatiaux dans la bande de fréquence [1kHz à 50 MHz]. Nous nous focalisons sur des signaux émis par les deux sources radio les plus brillantes dans le ciel telles que vues de la Terre, à savoir le Soleil et Jupiter. En se basant sur les propriétés caractéristiques de nos signaux d’intérêt, nous avons construit progressivement et méthodologiquement notre schéma d’acquisition : En commençant par l’étude de compressibilité des signaux, puis l’identification de l’architecture du Convertisseur Analogique-Information (AIC) appropriée et enfin le choix de l’algorithme de reconstruction du signal. Nous avons également proposé une nouvelle implémentation flexible et programmable de l’AIC retenu, qui permet l’acquisition de différents types de signal ayant le même domaine de compressibilité avec différents facteurs de compression. En utilisant une technologie CMOS 65 nm, nous avons évalué le gain en quantité de données acquise et en consommation de puissance de cette architecture par rapport au convertisseur analogique-numérique traditionnel. / Several astronomical phenomena emit low-frequency radio waves such as solar flares, magnetospheres, pulsars ... Some of these emissions are poorly captured by ground-based observatories mainly because of the Earth’s ionospheric cutoff frequency. It becomes necessary to send radio receivers in space to acquire them. However, these receivers are faced with strong restrictions on storage capacity, energy consumption and transmission rate.To overcome these challenges, sampling architectures should be reviewed and improved. A recent paradigm for signal acquisition and reconstruction, known as compressive sampling hat require a limited number of measurements and leads to the development of a new type of converter : the Analog to Information Converter (AIC). Unlike standard Analog to Digital converters (ADC), AIC can sample at a lower rate than that prescribed by Nyquist Shannon, exploiting the sparsity of signals.The main goal of this thesis is to study the application of compressed sampling for the acquisition of spatial astrophysical signals in the frequency band [1 kHz to 50 MHz]. We focus on signals emitted by the two brightest radio sources in the sky as seen from the Earth, namely the Sun and Jupiter. Based on the characteristic properties of our signals of interest, we progressively and methodologically constructed our acquisition scheme : From the study of signals compressibility, to the choice of the AIC architecture and the signal reconstruction algorithm. We also proposed a new, flexible and programmable implementation of the selected AIC which allows the acquisition of different types of signal having the same compressibility domain and with different compression factors. Using a 65-nm CMOS technology, we evaluated the gain in terms of the amount of data acquired and power consumed of this architecture compared to the traditional analog-to-digital converter.

Cette thèse traite de la modélisation des tsunamis, des grandes échelles de propagation aux impacts sur desstructures côtières. Un inventaire des phénomènes physiques associés est établi et des modèles adéquats sontprésentés. Une étude numérique avec le modèle de Saint-Venant est effectuée avec le développement d’uneméthode de raffinement de maillage à seuil automatique. La simplicité et les performances de l’approche sontdémontrées. Pour améliorer la précision des prévisions, un système original approchant le modèle Serre-Green-Nahgdi est investigué. Une méthode pour prendre en compte la dissipation d’énergie au déferlement estproposée. Ce modèle permet d’envisager la modélisation fine de la propagation et de l’arrivée à la côte destsunamis dispersifs et non linéaires en des temps de calcul acceptables. Les différents types d’impact sur desstructures sont modélisés grâce à un modèle diphasique compressible permettant de considérer les écoulementsà phases séparées et les milieux aérés. Pour envisager une résolution à tous les régimes, des schémas TousMach sont investigués. Un schéma Tous Mach à variation totale limitée est proposé. Grâce à cette approche,des impacts incompressibles et compressibles sont investigués avec le même modèle. Les impactsd’écoulements aérés induisent des pressions moins élevées mais sur des temps plus longs que leurshomologues en phases pures. Bien que le schéma Tous Mach proposé soit moins sujet aux oscillationsnumériques que les préconditionnements classiques de la littérature, des oscillations non physiques à basnombre de Mach sont mises en évidence sur certains cas tests. Pour finir, une méthode de couplage entremodèles de propagation et d’impact est proposée, afin de pouvoir simuler un tsunami finement avec desmodèles appropriés à chacune de ces phases. / This thesis deals with tsunami modeling, from the large propagation scales to impacts on coastal structures. Aninventory of the associated physical phenomena is given and some adequat models are presented. A numericalstudy is carried out with the Saint-Venant model with the devellopment of an automatic refinment adaptivemesh method. The resolution efficiency and simplicity is justified. To increase the accuracy forecasts, anoriginal system which approximates the Serre-Green-Naghdi model is investigated. A breaking wave methodassociated with this model is proposed. This dissipative model allows thinking about accurate dispersive nonlinear tsunamis simulations up to the coast. Several wave impacts on stuctures are investigated with a generaltwo-phase model allowing separate phases as well as aerated impact studies. The all Mach regime numericaldifficulties are investigated. A new all Mach scheme with limited total variation bound is proposed. Thanks tothis approach, incompressible and compressible impacts are investigated with the same model. Aerated impactsare shown to give smaller impact pressure but on longer time than pure fluid impacts. In spite that the all Machscheme proposed reduces the numerical oscillations of classical literature preconditionning, some unphysicaloscillations are highlighted on some test cases. At the end, a coupling method is proposed in order to accuratlymodel the propagation and the impact of a tsunami with appropriated models for each phases.

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