The purpose of this work was to investigate in which types of systems where use of differential pressure controllers is possible. And to analyze which success factors using of differential pressure controllers can provide. The work was done with the help of a literature review and discussions with energy consultants at the company FVB Sweden AB. This work does not assume any specific case, but treat scenarios that could occur in reality. There are three main scenarios created to demonstrate the function and importance of differential pressure controllers in a heating system. These scenarios treat cases where one pump is supplying both homes and businesses, when buildings will be built in stages and when the pump supplies a group of properties comprising both one-pipe and two-pipe systems. The study has shown that in all three scenarios imbalance in flow will occur in the heating system, this is reported under the chapter result in the report. In cases where the problem is imbalance of flows, the problem can be solved by installing only a static control valve on the outgoing return line from the property. Financial calculations carried out in this work. These calculations are showing what the additional cost will be for a differential pressure controller, compared to a static control valve. Calculations that show the cost savings that can be made when installing a differential pressure regulator has also been done. The conclusion of this work is that in all three scenarios presented in the results section, a differential pressure controller should be installed to provide the heating system with a balanced flow. Although it is a more expensive alternative, cost savings can be achieved, which justifies the installation of a differential pressure controller in the heating system. / Syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka i vilka typer av systemlösningar som användning av differenstrycksregulatorer är möjlig, samt att undersöka vilka framgångsfaktorer som användning av differenstryckregulatorer kan ge. Arbetet har genomförts med hjälp av en litteraturstudie och samtal med energikonsulter på företaget FVB Sverige AB. Detta arbete utgår inte från något specifikt fall, utan behandlar scenarion som skulle kunna uppstå i verkligheten. Det är främst tre scenarion som skapats för att kunna visa differenstryckregulatorers funktion och betydelse i ett värmesystem. Dessa scenarion är då en (1) pump försörjer både bostäder och verksamheter, när fastigheter skall byggas i etapper samt när en (1) pump försörjer en grupp byggnader som har både ett- och tvårörssystem. Studien har visat att det kommer i samtliga tre scenarion uppstå obalans i värmesystemet, detta redovisas under kapitlet resultat i rapporten. I de fall där obalans i flöden finns kan problemet lösas med att endast installera en statisk stamventil på utgående returledning från fastigheten. Ekonomiska beräkningar har även genomförts i detta arbete. Dessa beräkningar visar på vad merkostnaden blir för en differenstrycksregulator, jämfört med endast en stamventil. Det har även genomförts beräkningar som visar vilka kostnadsbesparningar som kan göras vid installation av en differenstryckregulator. Sammanfattningsvis blir slutsatsen av detta arbete att i samtliga tre scenarion som redovisas i resultatkapitlet, bör en differenstryckregulator installeras för att undvika obalans i systemen. Trots att det är ett dyrare alternativ kan kostnadsbesparingar åstadkommas, vilket motiverar en installation av en differenstryckregulator i värmesystemet.

Modular multilevel converter type voltage source converter (MMC-VSC) is a potential candidate for present and future HVdc projects. The d-q decoupled control system is widely used to control MMC-VSC systems. Selection of PI-controller parameters for MMC-VSC systems is a challenging task as control loops are not completely decoupled. Since there is no widely accepted method to tune these control loops, the industry practice is to use the trial and error approach that requires a great amount of time. Therefore, it is required to develop a systematic procedure to tune PI-controllers considering necessary system dynamics and also to propose guidelines for control system design. This thesis introduces a systematic procedure to determine PI-controller parameters for the d-q decoupled control system. A linearized state-space model of an MMC-VSC system is developed to calculate the frequency-domain attributes. The control tuning problem is formulated as an optimization problem which is general and any meta-heuristic method can be used to solve the problem. In this thesis, the simulated annealing is applied to solve the problem. The efficacy of the tuned parameters is tested on the electromagnetic transient model of the test system on the real-time digital simulators (RTDS). In addition, it is shown that the proposed method is suitable to tune PI-controller parameters for MMC-VSC systems connected to strong as well as weak ac networks. Further, this thesis investigates the effects of d-q decoupled controller parameters, phase-locked loop (PLL) gains, and measuring delays on the stability and performance of the MMC-VSC test system. It is shown that the converter controllers have greater influence on the system stability and the impact of PLL gains is negligible unless very high PLL gains are used. In addition, the negative impact of measuring delays in instantaneous currents and voltages is also analysed by performing eigenvalue and sensitivity analysis. Finally, a set of guidelines for control design of MMC-VSC systems is summarized. In general, the proposed control tuning procedure would be useful for the industry to tune PI-controllers of MMC-VSC systems. Furthermore, the proposed methodology is generic and can be adapted to tune of any dynamic device in power systems. / February 2017

The effective use of computer based tools to support decision making in manufacturing industry is critical to business success. One of the most critical areas is during product design and especially in design for manufacture. This research will help in understanding of how manufacturing knowledge can be effectively maintained for an existing knowledge base. The work will use modern product lifecycle management tools in combination with a knowledge based environment in order to explore the effectiveness of the methods produced. This work is a part of the SAMULET (Strategic Affordable Manufacturing in the UK through Leading Environmental Technologies) research program and was done in association with an aerospace manufacturing company. The main focus of this research is to define a novel method for maintaining the machining knowledge associated with manufacturing of Xtra Wide Body (XWB) High Pressure (HP) turbine blade. The four main elements explained in this thesis are, a) the literature review done on knowledge management and knowledge maintenance, b) industrial investigation done on a manufacturing facility, c) detailed explanation of a novel manufacturing knowledge maintenance method d) four iterative case studies used for the evaluation and iterative improvement of the method. The research concludes that the aspect of knowledge maintenance is important. It is imperative to set out a formalised and mandated knowledge maintenance process in an organisation to keep the knowledge up-to-date and relevant. It has been shown that a novel task based knowledge maintenance method comprising a Knowledge Maintenance Process (KMP) and a Knowledge Maintenance Template (KMT) provides an effective route to knowledge maintenance. Three maintenance tasks, check relevancy, knowledge filtering, and integrity checking have been considered in detail for successful knowledge maintenance. Four iterative case studies have been conducted for the experimental evaluation of the maintenance method. As the result of these evaluations a novel method for maintaining the machining knowledge of XWB HP turbine blade was defined.

Cette thèse traite de l'identification des systèmes à événements discrets (SED) automatisés dans un contexte industriel. En particulier, le travail aborde les systèmes formés par un processus et un automate programmable (AP) fonctionnant en boucle fermée - l'identification a pour but d’obtenir un modèle approximatif exprimé en réseaux de Petri interprétés (RPI) à partir du comportement externe observé sous la forme d'une seule séquence de vecteurs d’entrée-sortie de l’AP. Tout d'abord, une analyse des méthodes d'identification est présentée, ainsi qu’une étude comparative des méthodes récentes pour l'identification des SED. Puis le problème abordé est décrit - des importantes caractéristiques technologiques dans les systèmes automatisés par l’AP sont détaillées. Ces caractéristiques doivent être prises en compte dans la résolution du problème, mais elles ne peuvent pas être traitées par les méthodes existantes d’identification. La contribution principale de cette thèse est la création de deux méthodes d’identification complémentaires. La première méthode permet de construire systématiquement un modèle RPI à partir d'une seule séquence entrée-sortie représentant le comportement observable du SED. Les modèles RPI décrivent en détail l’évolution des entrées et sorties pendant le fonctionnement du système. La seconde méthode considère des SED grands et complexes - elle est basée sur une approche statistique qui permettre la construction des modèles en RPI compactes et expressives. Elle est composée de deux étapes - la première calcule à partir de la séquence entrée-sortie, la partie réactive du modèle, constituée de places observables et de transitions. La deuxième étape fait la construction de la partie non-observable, en rajoutant des places pour permettre la reproduction de la séquence entrée-sortie. Les méthodes proposées, basées sur des algorithmes de complexité polynomiale, ont été implémentées en outils logiciels, lesquels ont été testés avec des séquences d’entrée-sortie obtenues à partir des systèmes réels en fonctionnement. Les outils sont décrits et leur application est illustrée à travers deux cas d’étude. / This thesis deals with the identification of automated discrete event systems (DES) operating in an industrial context. In particular the work focuses on the systems composed by a plant and a programmable logic controller (PLC) operating in a closed loop- the identification consists in obtaining an approximate model expressed in interpreted Petri nets (IPN) from the observed behaviour given under the form of a single sequence of input-output vectors of the PLC. First, an overview of previous works on identification of DES is presented as well as a comparative study of the main recent approaches on the matter. Then the addressed problem is stated- important technological characteristics of automated systems and PLC are detailed. Such characteristics must be considered in solving the identification problem, but they cannot be handled by previous identification techniques. The main contribution in this thesis is the creation of two complementary identification methods. The first method allows constructing systematically an IPN model from a single input-output sequence representing the observable behaviour of the DES. The obtained IPN models describe in detail the evolution of inputs and outputs during the system operation. The second method has been conceived for addressing large and complex industrial DES- it is based on a statistical approach yielding compact and expressive IPN models. It consists of two stages- the first one obtains, from the input-output sequence, the reactive part of the model composed by observable places and transitions. The second stage builds the non observable part of the model including places that ensure the reproduction of the observed input-output sequence. The proposed methods, based on polynomial-time algorithms, have been implemented in software tools, which have been tested with input-output sequences obtained from real systems in operation. The tools are described and their application is illustrated through two case studies.

Current studies illustrate that the development of the controller role has been where its focusis more about acting in the managements interest and to be a "business partner" which createsmore value for the company. Since most studies are completed in the private sector, we wanted to take the opportunity to examine the public sector to see whether the development has been carried out there. A development of the controller role means that the controller will have wider duties which could lead to an overload and non-controllable role. We have studied both new and old articles, collected and compared controller's duties towards our empiricism. We chose to limit ourselves to four municipalities in Skaraborg where we conducted a total of eight interviews to draw the fairest possible analysis. The purpose of the study was to see how controllers and even municipalities have been affected by this development, as recent studies present. After having compiled our empirical data collection, we could conclude that the majority feel that the tasks have become wider and where the skills are also becoming increasingly important. In the current situation, the basis of our empirical data says that controllers have not been particularly affected by the development. Respondents feel that the controller role isunder control and not overloaded, but at the same time that the development must be slowed down. Otherwise it will not be long before such a situation arises. For this, we have also linked how important Controller's skills is to be able to handle this now so broad professional role. / Nuvarande studier belyser att en utveckling av controllerrollen har skett där dennes fokus alltmer handlar om att agera i ledningens intresse och vara en ”business partner” för att på så vis skapa mer värde åt företaget. Eftersom de flesta av dessa studier är gjorda inom den privata sektorn ville vi passa på att undersöka den offentliga sektorn för att se om samma utveckling har genomförts där. En utveckling av yrkesrollen innebär att controllern får bredare arbetsuppgifter vilket skulle kunna leda till att rollen blir överbelastad och icke-kontrollerbar. Vi har med hjälp av äldre artiklar kombinerat med nyare artiklar ställt och jämfört controllerns arbetsuppgifter mot vår empiri. Vi valde att avgränsa oss till fyra kommuner inom Skaraborg där vi genomförde totalt åtta kvalitativa intervjuer för att kunna dra en så rättvis analys som möjligt. Syftet med studien var att kunna se hur controllers och även kommunerna har påverkats av denna utveckling som nyare studier tar upp. Efter att ha sammanställt vår empiriinsamling kunde vi dra slutsatsen att majoriteten upplever att arbetsuppgifterna har blivit bredare och därav har även kompetensen blivit allt viktigare. I dagsläget kan vi inte utifrån vår empiri säga att controllers har påverkats särskilt mycket av utvecklingen. Respondenterna upplever att yrkesrollen är under kontroll och inte överbelastad, men samtidigt att utvecklingen måste bromsas. Annars dröjer det inte länge förrän en sådan situation uppstår. Till detta har vi även kopplat hur pass viktig controllerns kompetens är för att kunna hantera denna nu så breda yrkesroll.

Dans l’industrie, l’automaticien doit concevoir une loi de commande unique qu’il valide sur un prototype unique, ayant un degré de robustesse suffisant pour satisfaire un cahier des charges complexe sur un grand nombre de systèmes. Pour cela, la méthodologie de développement qu’il emploie consiste en un processus itératif expérimental (phase d’essai-erreur), qui fait grandement appel à l’expérience de l’ingénieur. Dans cette thèse, on tente de rendre la méthodologie de synthèse des correcteurs des asservissements plus efficace car plus directe et donc moins couteuse en temps de développement en calculant un correcteur final (structuré) par une attaque directe de la spécification système haut niveau. La complexité des spécifications systèmes haut-niveau nous pousse à l’emploi des métaheuristiques : ces techniques d’optimisation ne nécessitent pas la formulation du gradient, la seule contrainte étant la possibilité d’évaluer la spécification. Ainsi avons-nous proposé dans ce travail de reformuler les problèmes de commande robuste pour l’optimisation stochastique : on montre dans ce travail comment on peut synthétiser des correcteurs structurés à partir de problématiques de type H ou -synthèse et on montre que l’intérêt de l’approche formulée réside dans sa flexibilité et la prise en compte de contraintes « exotiques » complexes ; les algorithmes évolutionnaires s’avérant très performants et compétitifs, nous avons finalement développé sur cette base une méthode originale de synthèse de correcteurs structurés et robustes vis-à-vis de critères d’optimisation de forme quelconque. La validation de ces travaux a été réalisée sur des exemples industriels de viseurs. / In the industrial framework, the control engineer must design a unique control law that valid on a single prototype, with a sufficient degree of robustness to satisfy a complex specification on many systems. For that purpose, his development methodology consists of an experimental iterative process (trial and error phase), which relies heavily on the experience of the engineer. In this thesis, we try to make the methodology for computing controllers more efficient and more direct with a less costly development time by calculating a final structured controller by a direct optimization on the high level specification.The complexity of high-level specifications pushes us to the use of metaheuristics: these optimization techniques do not require the formulation of the gradient, the only constraint being the possibility of evaluating the specification. Thus we proposed in this work to reformulate robust control problems for stochastic optimization: we show in this work how to synthesize structured controllers for control problems such H synthesis or -synthesis and show that the interest of the formulated approach lies in its flexibility and the consideration of exotic complex constraints. Evolutionary algorithms proving very effective and competitive, we finally developed on this basis a new method for synthesizing robust and structured controllers with respect to any form of optimization criteria. The validation of this work was carried out on the industrial example of the line of sight stabilization problem.

This thesis deals with controlling as a part of business information system of the company. In the theoretical part the meaning of controlling, relations between controller and manager, aims and functions of controlling and its operational and strategic tools are explained. Practical part is focused on specification of the selected company, department of controlling and used information systems of the selected company. The main part is devoted to the evaluation of the main tools of operational controlling of the company such as calculation system, budgetary accounting and analyses of variances. Within strategic tools the competitive analyses, PEST and SWOT analyses and branch analyses are performed. In the last chapter the key performance indicators are introduced, whose observation is recommended to the selected company. The conclusion summarizes results and suggestions, which could help the company to improve the current state of controlling but the economic situation of the company itself too.

This diploma thesis deals with the topic of personal data protection, and focuses particularly on the duties of the data controller, which also largely apply to the employer as the controller of the personal data of the employees. The diploma thesis builds primarily on the legal regulation of personal data protection contained in GDPR, while in some sections, a comparison with the previously effective personal data protection legislation is included. The objective of this diploma thesis is to provide a comprehensive overview of fundamental personal data protection institutes from the data controller's point of view with a focus on the analysis of some of the obligations which has been newly introduced by GDPR. The diploma thesis is divided into four chapters, which are further divided into a relatively high number of subchapters. The first chapter contains a historical overview of legislation on personal data protection at the international and European (European Union) level as well as national levels. The second chapter defines the fundamental terms related to personal data protection which are used in GDPR, such as personal data, data subject, data controller and processor, recipient of the personal data or personal data processing. The third chapter discusses the fundamental principles relating...

Företaget engcon Nordic AB producerar redskap till   entreprenadbranschen, där tiltrotator är hjärtat i deras verksamhet. För att   förbättra användningen och förenkla installationen har en litteraturstudie   gjorts som tittar på två delar, funktionen kring CAN-buss som grund för ett   kommunikationssystem, och olika högre lager protokoll som byggs ovanpå CAN.   Varför CAN-buss skapades och hur systemet fungerar är viktiga att förstå för   att kunna titta på dem ovanliggande lager, kallade HLP (Higher Layer   Protocol). HLP ger ett slags maskin-människa gränssnitt att arbeta emot.   Typer av HLP kan vara J1939, ISOBUS eller annan. CAN-buss är den de facto   standarden vad gäller fordonsnätverk där ECU:er, kallad noder, kommunicerar   på en gemensam kommunikationsstam, kallad buss. För att göra detta har en   snillrik teknik tagits fram för att prioritera meddelanden mellan noder, som   ger datamässigt förlustfri medling. CAN-buss har även ett avancerat   feldetekteringssystem på kommunikationen som ger den dess robusthet i   krävande miljöer. Vad gäller olika HLP finns en mängd av dessa inom olika   branscher. Alla har de gemensamt att de bygger upp ett mer eller mindre   användarvänligt gränssnitt som går att implementera ovanpå CAN. Inom till   exempel jordbruket använder man i hög utsträckning ISOBUS som är en egen   branschstandard som delvis ser förbi konkurrensen inom sektor för att bygga   ett enkelt, användarvänligt system som gynnar slutkunden på bästa sätt. Inom   automation används istället CANopen, som är ett öppet system som tillåter hög   interoperabilitet mellan olika enheter med så kallad profilering. Ett sista   system som används inom en rad olika branscher heter CanKingdom och är det   mest anpassningsbara systemet inom denna studie. För att få reda på mer   branschspecifik information kring lösningar och problem gjordes även en   intervjustudie inom projektet. Här intervjuades personer aktiva inom olika   företag som jobbar med CAN baserade system på något sätt. Intervjuerna   gjordes för att titta på relevanta problem inom deras specifika område. Som   resultat specificeras fyra alternativ som projektägaren bör titta vidare på   för att hitta ett system som passar dem. Det bygger på alternativ som   antingen kräver access till befintlig J1939 buss, eller att bygga en mer   eller mindre adapterad modell byggd på ISOBUS, CANopen eller CanKingdom. / The   company engcon Nordic AB produces equipment for the construction industry,   where the product called tiltrotator is the heart of their business. To   improve the use and simplify the installation, a literature study has been   made that looks at two parts, first the function around CAN bus as the basis   for a communication system and secondly various higher layer protocols (HLP)   built on top of CAN. Why CAN bus was created and how the system works is   important to understand in order to look at these overlying layers, called   HLP (Higher Layer Protocol), which provides a kind of machine-human interface   to work with. Different types of HLP can be J1939, ISOBUS or other. CAN bus   is the de facto standard for vehicle networks where ECUs (Electronic Control   Unit), called nodes, communicating on a common communication network, called   bus. To do this, an ingenious technique has been developed to prioritize   messages between nodes, which provides data loss-free arbitration. In CAN an   advanced technique for error detection on the communication has been applied,   and gives CAN the robustness to be applied in tough environment. As for various   HLPs, a large number of these are available in different industries. Every   one of these HLP has a common that they try to build a more or less user-friendly   interface that can be implemented on top of CAN. For example, in the   agricultural industry, the use of ISOBUS is common, which is an industrial   standard that goes beyond competition to build a simple, user-friendly system   that benefits the customer to the best possible extent. In automation,   instead, CANopen is used, which is an open system that allows high   interoperability between different units with so-called profiling. One last   system used in a number of industries is called CanKingdom and is the most   adaptable system in this project. In order to find out more industry-specific   information about solutions and problems, an interview study was also   conducted within the project. Here, various people were interviewed, active   in different companies that are involved in CAN-based systems. This was done to   look at relevant problems in their specific area. As a   result, four options are specified which the project owner should look at in   order to find a system that suits them. It is based on alternatives that   either require access to the existing J1939 bus, or to build a more or less   adapted model built on ISOBUS, CANopen or CanKingdom. / <p>Betyg: 2019-08-15</p>

How do air traffic controllers, or ATCos, distribute visual attention and can it vary between controllers? In this study, using primarily eye-tracking data and a couple of on-site interviews, these questions are explored. Two ATCos, with the most similar landings, had their eye-movements recorded with Tobii pro glasses 2 and further analysed by categorizing every fixation into different areas of interest during four landings. Two more ATCos were interviewed briefly during an observational visit to the control tower. The results showed that the ATCos distributed their attention fairly equally between the outside of the control tower and the inside. When attending to something outside the runway was the focus and when attention was inside the control tower the radar was usually the focus. The ATCos differed in their attention distribution by the presumably more experienced ATCo distributing their attention more outside the control tower than the presumably less experienced ATCo.  A large number of fixations were not categorized bringing the method of dividing the ATCos eye-tracking view into areas of interest into question.