Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:13:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 18 / Nenhuma / O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar possíveis determinantes do custo de capital implícito nas empresas brasileiras de capital aberto, no período de 2001 a 2005. Primeiramente foi calculado o custo de capital implícito para cada empresa da amostra, procedendo-se após esta etapa, à escolha e à verificação dos possíveis determinantes (características de empresas) com poder de explicar esse custo de capital implícito. Define-se por custo de capital implícito, a taxa de retorno que faz os fluxos de caixas projetados igual ao valor corrente da ação. Para este cálculo foi utilizado o modelo de avaliação pelo lucro residual, também conhecido como modelo de Edwards-Bell-Ohlson (EBO) e a previsão dos lucros fornecida pelos analistas de mercado (I/B/E/S) como forma de estimar os fluxos de caixa projetados. Os determinantes constituem-se nas variáveis indicadas pela literatura financeira e que demonstraram relação explicativa com o custo de capital ou o retorno das ações. Foram selecionadas 15 variáveis, dividas em c / The purpose of this study was to identify the possible determining factors of the implied cost of capital in Brazilian listed companies from 2001-2005. First, the implied cost of capital for each company within the sample was calculated, after which the possible determining factors (company characteristics) with the predicting power to explain this implied cost of capital were selected. The implied cost of capital is defined as a return rate that makes discounted cash flow equal to the stock current value. For this calculation, the residual income model was used, also known as Edwards-Bell-Ohlson (EBO) model along with the earnings forecast given by market analysts (I/B/E/S) as a way to estimate the discounted cash flow. The determining factors are variables indicated by financial literature and demonstrate the explainable relationship with capital cost or the stocks return. Fifteen (15) variables were selected and then divided into five groups: volatility, leverage, information environment, earnings variabil

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:14:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 29 / Nenhuma / Este estudo teve como pressuposto investigar a ocorrência da teoria de equity market timing na formação da estrutura de capital das companhias abertas brasileiras. Equity market timing, ou janela de oportunidades de mercado, pode ser definido como o momento apropriado para a emissão de ações, que ocorre quando o quociente entre o valor de mercado e o valor contábil das empresas – market-to-book ratio (MB) − é alto, indicando que a firma está sobrevalorizada e que, respectivamente, seu custo de capital está baixo. Baker e Wurgler (2002) foram os expoentes dessa teoria e desenvolveram um modelo para testar a existência e a persistência de equity market timing na formação da estrutura de capital das companhias abertas americanas. Ao aplicarem o modelo no mercado norte-americano, nele constataram a existência de market timing, bem como sua persistência por cerca de uma década, a contar da data da oferta pública inicial de ações (IPO) das respectivas empresas, comprovando que as empresas norte-americanas se / This study examines the implications of the theory of equity market timing on the capital structure in the Brazilian public companies. Equity market timing, or windows of opportunities, can be defined as the right moment to issue equity when the market value is high, relative to book value, indicating that the firm is overvalued and the cost of capital is low. Baker and Wurgler (2002) developed a model to test the equity market timing theory in the American capital market. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that market timing has large and persistent effects on capital structure. Furthermore, they found out that the impacts persist for a decade after the IPO of the firms, proving that companies in United States take advantage of the windows of opportunities to form their capital structures. Assuming the Baker and Wurgler’s propositions, the equity market timing theory was tested in Brazilian capital market for a group of companies that went public between 1997 and 2007. Both market and book lever

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:45:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Jose da Silva Fontes.pdf: 470636 bytes, checksum: 7f23f0e0e4e6d7eb793ec362590a7fa4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-14 / The objective of this Dissertation is to analyze the beta parameter and the Equity Cost of Capital of a company s portfolio from different segments of the Brazilian Economy, calculating its beta and its equity cost of capital. The covered period of analysis is from January 2000 to may 2009, with comparative intervals in December 2002, dec 2005 and dec 2008. The analysis was based on CAPM (Capital Assets Pricing Model) and was carried out using data from historical basis of stock price, Market Index like Ibovespa and S&P 500, Risk Free rate and inflation index, from several secondary market information sources available in the market. The analysis showed that the beta parameter and the equity cost of capital can be found having its beta computed through the regression of local stocks and the Ibovespa index. When compared the beta parameter and its stock return through the period of time above mentioned we will find correlation statistically significant, especially before 2008 / O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o parâmetro beta e o custo de capital dos acionistas de uma carteira de empresas de diferentes segmentos da economia brasileira, calculando seus betas e o custo de capital dos acionistas. O período de análise esta compreendido entre jan/2000 e maio/2009, com intervalos comparativos entre 2002, 2005 e 2008. A fundamentação teórica foi baseada na Teoria de Precificação de Ativos de Capital (CAPM) e as análises foram executadas com base em dados históricos como preço da ação, preço dos índices de mercado como Ibovespa e S&P500, retorno da taxa livre de risco e expectativa de inflação, obtidos em diferentes fontes de informação mercadológica disponíveis no mercado. Os estudos realizados mostraram que o cálculo do beta e do custo de capital dos diferentes segmentos pode ser feito com base no beta local e não apresenta autocorrelação. Observou-se ainda, que quando comparados individualmente o beta das empresas e o retorno oferecido pelas ações ao longo do intervalo de tempo supracitado, apresenta-se uma correlação em valores estatisticamente relevantes, principalmente nos períodos que antecedem a crise de liquidez ocorrida no 2º semestre de 2008

De acordo com a teoria de market timing, as empresas aproveitam janelas de oportunidade para a captação de recursos, com a intenção de explorar flutuações temporárias no custo de fontes alternativas de financiamento. Assim, a estrutura de capital seria determinada por tentativas passadas de emitir títulos em momentos considerados favoráveis para a emissão. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo examinar o comportamento de market timing em companhias abertas brasileiras, buscando verificar a existência e persistência de um comportamento oportunista quando da escolha dentre diferentes fontes de financiamento. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidos dois estudos complementares. Primeiramente, investiga-se o comportamento de market timing por meio da análise da influência de valores de mercado históricos sobre a estrutura de capital de companhias brasileiras que realizaram IPO no período 2001-2011. Como principal resultado, verifica-se uma relação negativa entre valores de mercado históricos e alavancagem, evidenciando que, em momentos de altos valores de mercado, as empresas reduzem o endividamento, por ser mais vantajosa a emissão de ações, e vice-versa, o que pode indicar um comportamento oportunista na captação de recursos. No entanto, o comportamento não é permanente em todo o período, a ponto de determinar a estrutura de capital destas empresas. Assim, julgou-se necessário examinar diretamente os efeitos do market timing sobre a estrutura de capital de companhias brasileiras relacionando indicadores de custo de capital (próprio e de terceiros) com os níveis de endividamento destas companhias. Para tanto, foram utilizadas duas amostras: a primeira foi composta por 235 companhias abertas ativas na BM&FBOVESPA, analisadas no período 2000-2011; a segunda foi composta por 75 companhias abertas ativas e com ratings de crédito atribuídos pelas principais agências de classificação de risco, analisadas no período 2005-2011. Foram utilizadas quatro proxies para o custo de capital próprio, baseadas no Modelo de Precificação de Ativos Financeiros - CAPM, e duas proxies para o custo de capital de terceiros, sendo uma delas baseada no custo médio do passivo oneroso e a outra no rating de crédito das companhias, esta última testada apenas para a amostra 2. Os resultados obtidos com os modelos de dados em painel indicaram que quanto maior o custo de capital próprio, maior o nível de endividamento, bem como, quanto maior o custo de capital de terceiros, menor a utilização de dívida como fonte de financiamento. Estes resultados estão de acordo com o esperado pela teoria de market timing, refletindo que as empresas estão atentas ao custo de diferentes fontes de recursos, em busca das melhores alternativas de financiamento. Este comportamento se justifica e é confirmado por meio dos resultados obtidos: no primeiro estudo, verifica-se que o valor de mercado, em média, caiu após a abertura de capital, tornando indesejável a emissão de novas ações e preferível a utilização de dívida. No segundo estudo, verifica-se que as proxies para custo de capital se mostraram as variáveis mais significativas, exercendo forte influência sobre a estrutura de capital das empresas. Assim sendo, os resultados obtidos se complementam e levam à confirmação da tese proposta: o market timing influencia a estrutura de capital de companhias abertas brasileiras, sendo que as empresas aproveitam janelas de oportunidades para a captação de recursos para financiar seus projetos de investimento. / According to market timing theory, the companies use windows of opportunity to raise funds, aiming to explore temporary fluctuations in alternative sources of capital. Thus the capital structure would be determinate by past attempts to issue securities when security issue was considered propitious. The present thesis aimed to examine the market timing behavior in Brazilian public companies, trying to verify the existence and persistence of opportunistic behavior when choosing among different sources of capital. In order to do so, we developed two complementary studies. Firstly we investigate market timing behavior by analyzing the influence of historical market value on capital structure of Brazilian companies that performed IPO from 2001 to 2011. The main result was that there is a negative relation between historical market value and leverage, evidence shows that in moments of high market value, companies reduce indebtedness because equity issue is more advantageous and vice-versa, it might indicate an opportunistic behavior when raising funds. However, the behavior is not permanent throughout the period to determine the capital structure of these companies. Therefore, it was deemed necessary to directly examine market timing effects on capital structure of Brazilian companies matching cost of capital proxies (equity and debt) with indebtedness levels of these companies. In order to do so, we used two samples: the first was composed by 235 active public companies listed at BM&FBOVESPA that were analyzed from 2000 to 2011; the second was composed by 75 active public companies with credit ratings assigned by major credit rating agencies, they were analyzed from 2005 to 2011. Four proxies were used for cost of equity capital, based on Capital Asset Pricing Model - CAPM and two proxies for cost of debt, one of them was based on average cost of book value of debt and the other on credit rating of companies, the last was tested only for sample 2. The results found with panel data model show that the higher the cost of equity, the greater the level of indebtedness, as well as the higher the cost of debt, the less the use of debt as a financing source. These results are according to the expected by market timing theory, they reflect that the companies are aware of the cost of different financing sources in the search for the best financing alternatives. This behavior is justified and confirmed by the results reached: in the first study we can see that the market value, on average, dropped after the initial public offering making it undesirable to issuing equity and preferable to using debt. In the second study we verify that the proxies for cost of capital were the most significant variables, exerting strong influence on the capital structure of companies. Thus, the results obtained are complementary and lead to the confirmation of the proposed thesis: market timing has influence on the capital structure of Brazilian public companies, and in order to raise funds to finance their investment projects they use windows of opportunity.

O objetivo dessa pesquisa é apresentar uma ferramenta alternativa ao valor econômico adicionado na mensuração da performance empresarial correlacionada com o valor de mercado. Na revisão da literatura apresenta-se o conceito de estrutura e custo de capital, utilizando a metodologia do CAPM e do APT. São igualmente apresentadas as principais medidas financeiras de desempenho tais como: retorno operacional sobre o investimento, retorno sobre o patrimônio liquido, retorno sobre os ativos, além de outras formas para cálculo do retorno. Na sequência introduzimos o conceito de lucro residual e o valor econômico adicionado, discutindo suas vantagens, desvantagens, dificuldades e limitações dessa ferramenta. Através do EVA podemos calcular o valor de mercado adicionado, fundamental para o cálculo do valor patrimonial ajustado. Também é apresentado nessa obra a interpretação do EVA pela ótica do modelo Fleuriet de planejamento financeiro. Após essa explanação teórica é apresentado o Financial Value Added proposto por esse trabalho, como alternativa ao Valor Econômico Adicionado na mensuração do desempenho empresarial. Essa ferramenta exclui da base de cálculo as receitas e despesas econômicas, uma vez que as mesmas em alguns casos distorcem o resultado como é constatado no teste com as empresas: Sadia S.A. e Perdigão S.A. onde os resultados foram 54% na Sadia e 13% na Perdigão superiores ao EVA. Em nenhum momento argumenta-se a substituição do EVA, apenas a introdução do FVA como alternativa nos casos em que o EVA não funcione adequadamente.

Corporate social responsibility has evolved as a business strategy, but the business worth of voluntary social conduct has not been well understood. The contradictory research findings mean that social performance is not maximized, which constrains economic growth and sustainable development. Grounded by stakeholder theory, this correlational study was aimed at examining the effect of social responsibility factors on the market-based Fama-French cost of capital. Within a sample of 71 United States banks, the publicly available ethical ratings, financial data, and stock market data were analyzed using multiple regression models. Contrary to the positive effect of social conduct on financial performance common in the literature, this study revealed no significant effect of social factors on the accounting returns, and, consequently, the shareholders perceived the social activities as risky and therefore demanded higher returns. The study also showed that governance, diversity, and employee relation were positively related to accounting returns while product and community factors were negatively related to profits. The implied higher cost of raising equity finance following engagement in social activities is a lesson for corporate managers to exercise caution in their social conduct and carry the investors along. Such inclusive policy could help to minimize investor bias and moderate their consequential adverse reactions to well-intentioned corporate actions. This research contributes to positive social change by assisting the bank managers, directors, investors, regulators, and government in improving the discharge of their respective roles to ensure optimal allocation of resources to competing social activities in a manner that may maximize performance and improve the overall stakeholder wellbeing.

本文探討中國2008年企業所得稅改革對上市企業權益資金成本與融資政策的影響。實證結果顯示，從權益資金成本來看，此項稅改不僅降低上市公司的權益資金成本，且其降低幅度與其有效稅率為正相關。就融資決策的影響而言，雖然所得稅改革降低企業的負債比率，但是這個現象則與企業的有效稅率無關。 / This paper investigates how China’s Enterprise Income Tax Law reform in 2008 influences listed companies’ cost of capital and financing policy. The empirical results show that: for the cost of capital, the reform declines the listed companies’ cost of capital, and the degree of decline is positively correlated with their effective tax rate. For the financing policy, although the reform declines the listed companies’ debt ratio, this condition is unrelated with their effective tax rate.

This dissertation is concerned with the relationship between accounting earnings and stock prices. It consists of three empirical papers, all using a sample of firms listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange (1990-2008). The first paper documents the existence of a drift in stock prices subsequent to quarterly earnings announcements. Two interesting empirical observations are that the drift is only significant for longer holding periods and that the drift on the short position, i.e. after bad earnings news, is negligible. The lack of downward drift on the short position is interpreted as an indication of the post-earnings announcement drift, at least partly, being explained by investors demanding a compensation for a risk factor that is omitted in the test design. The second paper illustrates under what conditions information risk in the earnings signal might explain a low announcement reaction and a price drift in the post-announcement period. It is hypothesized that two earnings signals – based either on GAAP earnings or core earnings – have different levels of information uncertainty with respect to how they depict the value creation of the firm. In the empirical sections, it is concluded that the low immediate announcement reaction and high post-announcement drift for the GAAP earnings signal is due to this signal being perceived by investors as containing more uncertainty than the core earnings signal. It is argued that this uncertainty might be due to GAAP earnings encompassing items that prior research has shown more likely to be manipulated and/or to contain estimation error. The positive association between information risk and expected return is further investigated in the third paper, where information risk is measured by earnings quality metrics. Using a new approach to estimate the implied cost of capital, it is found that Swedish investors demand a higher expected return for firms with poor earnings quality, i.e. firms associated with higher information risk. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, 2011

In February 2013, eleven Member States agreed to adopt the Commissions' Proposal for a Council Directive implementing enhanced cooperation in the area of financial transaction tax, COM (2013)71 final. This article reviews three thematic areas frequently discussed by practitioners and academia alike on the impact that the Proposal could have on companies operating within participating Member States. This includes the impact on capital and related costs, business strategy and compliance considerations. I ask the question whether the unintentional repercussions could be mitigated by making adjustments to the current Proposal including the expansion of exemptions and the adoption of an implementation framework that takes inspiration from the Value Added Tax System that is already implemented across Member States. (author's abstract) / Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series

Globalization has led to the growth of international financial markets, as one of the results, the EU adopted IFRS in 2005 to meet the need of accounting globalization and harmonization. This action has triggered a debate about whether the adoption of IFRS is beneficial to accounting quality and information comparability. Meanwhile, China, playing a key role in the global economic development stage, realizes the importance of accounting harmonization and attempts to move towards the IFRS as well. However, to reach the goal that the Chinese companies produce financial statements that are the same as those that apply IFRS, there is still a long way to go. The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the adoption of IFRS by EU has enhanced the quality of financial reporting and accounting information comparability. Additionally, the thesis further identified the seminal undertakings for the convergence of IFRS in Europe and pointed out the implication for China’s convergence with IFRS. The empirical findings in this thesis were obtained through qualitative interviews. The empirical findings suggest that accounting quality and information comparability has been enhanced with EU’s strong and full enforcement with IFRS. With the confidence in IFRS which is gained from the success of the EU’s adoption of IFRS, a coherent result was found that the convergence towards IFRS would also benefit China in accounting quality and information comparability, and further lead to more international investments. However, when it comes to the question whether China should emulate EU’s example to adopt IFRS directly or keep CAS (Chinese Accounting Standards) which is similar to IFRS, two mixed opinions were obtained basically from Europe side and China side. Through in-depth analysis with these empirical findings, the conclusion is that it is necessary for China to take steps to build intensive programs to enhance its capacity of the adoption of IFRS, so that it could adapt itself to the fact that the IFRS is already making its way around the world as a single set of high quality global accounting standards.