Photocopy of typescript. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Introdução: nas quatro últimas décadas, os medicamentos psicotrópicos assumiram uma significativa importância na vida de milhões de pessoas. Os custos diretos e indiretos associados aos psicotrópicos são frequentemente desconhecidos. Aspectos econômicos dos psicotrópicos foram estudados em outros países, mas essas informações ainda são escassas no Brasil. Uma fonte de dados para estudos sobre despesas familiares e gastos em saúde é a Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares. Objetivos: desenhar o perfil de brasileiros que adquirem medicamentos psicotrópicos, bem como, avaliar o gasto com esses medicamentos e o seu impacto no orçamento familiar brasileiro nos últimos anos. Métodos: estudo transversal, onde os dados utilizados são provenientes da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares de 2002-2003 e de 2008-2009, envolvendo entrevistas de uma amostra complexa, composta por 48.470 domicílios pesquisados em 2003, 128.300 pessoas e 55.970 domicílios visitados em 2009. Modelos de regressão multivariáveis de Poisson com variância robusta foram construídos através do SAS/SUDAAN 10.0.1. Todos os rendimentos e despesas foram convertidos para valores mensais e corrigidos para a inflação do período. Resultados: a prevalência de aquisição de psicotrópicos pela população brasileira em 2008-2009 foi de 5,2% (IC95%=5,0-5,5), resultando em um gasto anual de R$507 milhões. Essa aquisição foi mais frequente em mulheres, indivíduos brancos, de idades mais avançadas, que não vivem com o cônjuge, com grau mais 9 elevado de instrução e de maior renda. Indivíduos que gastaram com psicotrópicos apresentaram despesas maiores com plano de saúde (RP=1,40, IC95%: 1,30-1,50) e consultas médicas (RP=2,51, IC95%: 2,32-2,72). A média mensal de despesas com psicotrópicos, por domicílio, aumentou de R$ 54,38 em 2003 para R$ 78,73 em 2009, com os valores já corrigidos pela inflação. Entre os domicílios que não gastaram com psicotrópicos, a renda média mensal per capita foi de R$1.026,73 e os gastos mensais per capita foram de, em média, R$73,92 com saúde, R$130,17 com alimentação e R$12,77 com lazer. Entre os domicílios que adquiriram psicotrópicos, a renda média mensal per capita foi de R$1.154,40 e, suas despesas mensais médias, per capita, de R$210,38 com saúde, R$162,08 com alimentação e R$15,45 com lazer. Conclusões: houve um aumento acima da inflação nos gastos com medicamentos psicotrópicos entre os anos avaliados. A aquisição desses medicamentos está relacionada a famílias de níveis socioeconômicos mais elevados. As diferenças encontradas podem representar diferentes níveis tanto de acesso aos serviços médicos de diagnóstico e tratamento quanto aos próprios medicamentos. O orçamento das famílias brasileiras não parece mostrar remanejamento de recursos em função da compra de psicotrópicos. Se a mudança epidemiológica, em sua primeira etapa, representou a transição das doenças infecciosas para as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, o quadro que pode representar o futuro seriam as doenças neurodegenerativas, mantidas as tendências de aumento da expectativa de vida. / Introduction: over the past four decades the use of psychotropic drugs increased its relevancy to the lives of millions of people. The direct and indirect costs associated to psychotropics are usually unknown. Economic aspects of psychotropic medicine have been studied in other countries, although such information is still scarce in Brazil. A data source for studies about household expenditure and health care costs is the Survey on Household Budgets. Objectives: to draw a profile of Brazilian people that acquire psychotropic drugs, as well as evaluate spends with these medicine and its impacts on the Brazilian household budget on the recent years. Methods: a cross-sectional study, with data used are from the Survey on Household Budgets from 2002-2003 and from 2008-2009, which involved interviews of a complex sample made of 48,470 households on 2003, 128,300 people and 55.970 homes in 2009. Poisson multilevel regression models with robust variance were made by SAS/SUDAAN 10.0.1. All income and spends were adjusted to a monthly basis and indexed by inflation. Results: the prevalence of psychotropics acquisition in the Brazilian population in 2008-2009 was of 5.2% (CI95%=5.0-5.5), resulting in an annual expenditure of R$507 millions. The use of psychotropic drugs was more frequent among women, white people, older people, do not co-habit with a spouse or partner, more schooled and wealthier. Individuals that spent with psycotropics had more 11 spends with health insurance (PR=1.40, CI95%: 1.30-1.50) and medical consults (PR=2.51, CI95%: 2.32-2.72). The average monthly spends with psychotropics per household increased from R$54.38 in 2003 to R$78.73 in 2009, with values indexed by inflation. Among the households that did not purchase psychotropics, the average monthly per capita income was of R$1,026.73 and the monthly per capita spends were, in average, of R$73.92 with health care, R$103.17 with food and R$12.77 with leisure. Among the household that presented expenditure with psychotropics, the average monthly per capita income was of R$1,154.40 and its average monthly per capita spends were of R$210.38 with health care, R$162.087 with food and R$15.45 with leisure. Conclusion: there was an above inflation increase in the psychotropic drugs spends between the evaluated years. The psychotropics acquisition relates to higher socio-economic leveled families. The differences that were found may represent different levels of access to medical diagnose and treatment and to medication. The Brazilian household budgets do not seem to re-adequate resources to meet the purchase of psychotropics. If the epidemiologic change, at its first stage, represented the transition from infectious diseases to non-transmissive chronic illnesses. the picture that can represent the future would be the neurodegenerative diseases, if the trend of increasing life expectancy is kept.

For several decades, the explanation of the existence of the Multinational Corporation (MNC) has been monopolized by transaction cost theory. The dominance of transaction cost theory in explaining the propensity of internalization was unchallenged until Kogut and Zander (1993) proposed that the superior efficiency of internalization could be explained by the nature of knowledge. Kogut and Zander claimed that the superior efficiency of knowledge transfer within the firm compared to between firms can sufficiently explain the propensity of internalization, and that market failure was not a necessary condition for internalization. Although their study is of considerably significant---they pointed out a new direction for considering the existence of MNC, the argument that market failure was not a necessary condition to internalization is logically and conceptually incorrect, and their empirical examination did not correctly support their argument. / It was found that the tacitness of knowledge is positively related to the propensity of internalization, transferability cost, and transaction cost. The positive correlations between transferability cost and the propensity of internalization, and between the transaction cost and the propensity of internalization were found. Accordingly, both transferability cost and transaction cost are mediators between the tacitness of knowledge and the propensity of internalization, and transferability cost can independently explain the superior efficiency of internalization. / The current study challenges the transaction cost theory explanation of internalization advantage by developing the construct of transferability cost, which is conceptually and empirically different from transaction cost. Transferability cost results from the dissemination and assimilation of knowledge, but transaction cost is a consequence of opportunism. The quantity of transferability cost is determined by the transferee's absorptive capability, the transferor's experience on knowledge transfer, the similarity between the transferred knowledge and the transferee's prior knowledge, and the nature of the transferred knowledge. However, transferability cost is determined by asset specificity, asymmetric information distribution, human self-interest nature, and the nature of transferred knowledge. / The identification of transferability cost provides us a convincing theoretical base to reconsider internalization theory. It is also helpful for managers to rationalize their decisions on several issues. / Cao Shengrong. / "April 2000." / Adviser: Kent Neupert. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 61-08, Section: A, page: 3238. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 178-194). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest dissertations and theses, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Thesis. 1976. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Civil Engineering. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Engineering. / Bibliography: leaves 192-197. / M.S.

Thesis. 1976. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Economics. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Dewey. / Bibliography: leaves 76-79. / by Thomas V. Daula. / M.S.

A preocupação com os problemas ambientais aparece como um elemento importante a respeito do crescimento material econômico e da qualidade de vida. Com a ameça da escassez dos recursos naturais, vêm-se buscando alternativas para que o desenvolvimento sócio-econômico seja sustentável. Como o impacto do setor agroindustrial na deterioração ambiental é significativo, é fundamental que sejam consideradas as externalidades negativas provocadas pelo processo produtivo no meio ambiente e a necessidade de internalização econômica desses efeitos. A introdução do capital natural na análise econômica faz-se necessárias já que os custos da degradação ambiental e do consumo de recursos naturais não têm sido adicionados aos processos produtivos, avaliando-se os fluxos de estoques naturais e contribuindo para a definição de uma escala sustentável da economia. Quando estas organizações industriais abrangem uma grande área produtiva do país, como é o caso do complexo sucroalcooleiro, os problemas ocasionados pela queima do canavial se tornam fundamentais. Dessa forma, foi realizado um estudo do setor sucroalcooleiro usando a cana cortada crua, analisando e quantificando as diversas utilizações da palha e do bagaço e os efeitos ambientais, evitando-se os impactos provocados pela queima de cana-de-açúcar no meio ambiente e uma possível viabilidade econômica utilizando o método de valoração econômica. / Concern about environmental problems turns up as an important element regarding material and economical growth and life quality. Due natural resources shortage, alternatives have been quested for socioeconomic development is sustainable. Impact by agro-industrial sector in environmental hazarding is significant, so it is fundamental negative externalities caused by productive process in environment are considered, as well as need of economical internalization of those effects. Natural capital introduction in economical analysis is necessary once environmental degradation costs and natural resources consumption have not been added in to productive processes, being evaluated natural stocks flows and contributing for a sustainable scale deftnition of economy. When these industrial organizations comprise a great productive area of country, for example alcohol industry assemblage case, problems caused by sugar-cane plantation burning become fundamental. Therefore, a study of alcohol industry sector was accomplished using raw cane, analyzing and quantifying straw and pulp several uses, and environmental effects, being avoided impacts caused by sugar-cane burning at environment and a possible economical viability using economical valuation method.

<p>In recent years, the accelerated deployment of renewable electricity generation resources, especially wind and photovoltaic (PV) solar, has added challenges to the operation and planning of the power grid. One of the challenges is that the variability of solar and wind power output may increase the variation of the load that must be followed by dispatchable resources and increase the ramping capacity needs. Moreover, the decision about the configuration of a PV solar generation systems has operational and economic implications because peak solar energy production does not always precisely occur when the wholesale electricity prices of the system are highest. Therefore, as the renewable capacity levels grow, it becomes increasingly important to examine the potential impacts on the system cost and portfolio of conventional generating units to respond to the intermittent nature of some renewable generation technologies. Three related analyses explored in this dissertation address some of the challenges of integrating utility-scale PV solar and wind projects into a power system using a case study for Indiana.</p> <p>The first analysis identifies the optimal azimuth and tilt angles of solar PV installations that alternatively maximize the annual electricity generation or the economic value of the resource. The economic implications of the configuration of solar PV installations within Indiana are estimated based on wholesale prices of electricity and simulated solar output for different combinations of angles and types of array installations. The results show that solar projects across the state would need to have azimuth angles within the 177 and 182 degrees range to obtain maximum annual energy and 180 to 190.5 degrees to maximize annual value, independently of their array types. Furthermore, southern and northwestern zones showed the highest impacts from using an optimal angle configuration of the solar installations. Nevertheless, on average, the benefits in annual electricity generated or economic value from their reconfiguration across the state are minor, amounting to less than one percent. </p> <p>The second analysis explores the effects of additional solar and wind power investments on the 2035 requirements for baseload and peaking generation capacity, the amount of energy supplied by various types of generation technologies and the costs of Indiana’s electric supply system. From a capacity planning and unit commitment/dispatch perspective, the results of this analysis indicated that with a portfolio that includes more solar and/or wind power generation, there would be need to add new peaking generation units. However, the total need for additional peaking resources declines as more renewables are added to the generation mix. Because Indiana still heavily relies on coal and other baseload resources to generate electricity, no new baseload capacity is required in the future. Generally, additions of PV solar and wind capacity amplify the variation in load net of renewable generation and create greater needs for ramping services from conventional units. However, results of the analysis show that the existing portfolio of conventional generation resources in Indiana would have sufficient operational flexibility to be able to accommodate ramping requirements even with PV solar and wind capacity penetration levels as high as 30% of total electricity generation. However, at those levels of renewables capacity there are a times during the year when the optimal operational strategy is to curtail solar and wind generation. From a technical perspective, the results indicated that larger thermal generating units are used more for load following and turned on and off (cycled) more frequently with the additional renewables than without them but mainly during days with low levels of demand and high levels of generation from renewable technologies. From the cost perspective, the results of the model support the idea that it would be cheaper in the long-term to invest in a combination of solar and wind generation resources than in solar generation resources alone. Moreover, the reductions in variable costs, driven by the zero variable cost added to the system by the additional solar and wind capacity, were not sufficient to outweigh the increases in capital costs regardless of the levels of capacity additions. </p> <p>For the third analysis, the proposed capacity expansion model was used to estimate the value of capacity of PV solar and PV solar in combination with wind capacity in terms of baseload/peaking resources from a deterministic system peak load reliability perspective and for various penetration levels of these resources. The capacity values of solar, which refer to the contribution of PV solar plants to reliably meeting the system peak demand, for all the wind capacity levels analyzed, fall as the amount of solar capacity increases. This is because as solar generation increases and closely coincides with the occurrence of the system peak load, there is a shift of the peak load net of renewable generation time to later afternoon hours, when solar installations begin to reduce their production, therefore decreasing their contribution to reliably meeting system peak demand. The calculated solar capacity values are between 2.7% and 67.3% of the corresponding solar nameplate capacity considering all zones and types of PV solar arrays in Indiana, and vary with the level of solar penetration. The range of values obtained are in line with the ones found in other studies using stochastic reliability-based methods.</p> <p>This dissertation contributes to the literature on the interaction between PV solar with other generation resources and to their economic, operational and policy implications. Furthermore, it provides another decision-making tool from a planning perspective for policymakers, utility companies and project developers.</p>

Atualmente, na atividade de armazenagem, os custos possuem grande importância no que se refere a custos, devido ao alto giro de mercadorias nos armazéns, que resulta em grandes quantidades de pedidos, e por terem os pedidos uma característica, que vem crescendo com grande ênfase nos últimos anos, devido a estabilização econômica brasileira, de serem pedidos com baixa quantidade de produtos, ou seja, uma pulverização dos pedidos, que há alguns anos atrás se mostrava de maneira completamente diferente, com pequenas quantidades de pedidos, mas com grandes quantidades de produtos. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo do uso da formulação de custeio de armazaenagem, substituindo o sistema tradicional chamado de \"custeio por absorção\", pela utilização do sistema ABC demonstrando maneiras eficazes em suas alocações de custos, a produtos e clientes, demonstrando sua superioridade em informações do processo, onde os custos são apurados de acordo com atividades consumidas por produtos ou clientes. Foi realizado um estudo comparativo em duas empresas, de pequeno e médio porte, onde foi possível analisar aspectos entre os dois sistemas de custeio, assim possibilitando uma melhor visão dos sistemas e uma tomada de custeio, assim o sistema ABC demostra superioridade em relação ao sistema de custeio por absorção, em aspectos como informações das atividades e dos custos. Deste modo, o sistema ABC aplicado em armazenagem mostra-se importante, ao demonstrar todas as posições de custo do sistema, proporcionado assim um ganho no posicionamento em relação a tomada de decisão, pelo fato de o sistema de absorção ser prejudicado pela falta de informações, tornando a administração lenta e com posicionamentos incorretos, prejudicando o bom desenvolvimento empresarial em um ambiente totalmente globalizado e competitivo, deixando a organização a margem de erros em suas tomadas de decisões. / Nowadays, in the activity of warehousing, the costs have great importance refering to the matter-costs due to the high turn of products in the warehouses, which results in great quantities of orders, and because the orders have a characteristic that is growing with emphasis in the last years due to an economical stabilization in Brazil, the one of being orders of few products, in other words, a pulverization orders, that some years ago showed a completeey different situation, a small quantity of orders, brit with a great quantity of products. This work presents a study use to a formulation of a warehouse cost, substituting the traditional system called \"Absorption cost\", by using the ABC system, demonstrating efficient ways in its cost directions, to products and costumers, demonstrating its superiority in the information about the process, where the costs are checked according to the activities consumed by products or costumers. In a comparative study accomplished between two companies-one large and the other small, it was possible to analize the aspects between the two cost systems, facilitating a better view the systems, and an accurate decision-making, where the ABC system shows superiority in relation to the \"Absorption cost\" system in some aspects as information about the activities and costs. Thus, the ABC system applied in warehousing shows great importance when demonstrates all the cost positions of the system, providing, then, a profit in the positioning in relation to the decision-making, because of the fact of the Absorption System being damaged by the lack of information, making the administration slow and with incorrect positioning, damaging the good enterprising development in totally globalized and competitive environment, leaving the organization exposed to errors in its decision-making.

Este estudo é resultado de uma investigação interdisciplinar relacionada à gestão estratégica, nas áreas de hotelaria e custos. Examina o papel da gestão de operações de empreendimentos hoteleiros como forma de atingir os objetivos estratégicos destas organizações. A estratégia empresarial abordada nos níveis corporativo, da unidade de negócios e funcional, evidencia a necessidade de implementar e monitorar iniciativas de melhorias operacionais. A contribuição de contabilidade gerencial para a implementação e monitoramento de iniciativas de melhorias operacionais é examinada à luz dos conceitos da gestão estratégica de custos como forma de otimizar a utilização dos recursos e garantir a satisfação dos interesses dos diversos stakeholders. Princípios gerais da gestão de desempenho são abordados como forma de criar um arcabouço conceitual na elaboração de indicadores que atendam os requisitos de informação para orientar o processo de gestão. Conceitos da gestão do fluxo logístico são utilizados para apoiar a compreensão e desenvolvimento de habilidades essenciais que visam a capacitar a empresa para enfrentar o mercado competitivo. Para ilustrar esta abordagem utiliza-se o exemplo do HOTEL, no qual delineiam-se passos para a elaboração e proposta de indicadores específicos do método competitivo identificado como excelência em governança, o qual se baseia no uso dos princípios da logística moderna com o objetivo de obter melhorias no nível de serviço e redução de custos. A proposta de indicadores procura estabelecer o alinhamento das metas operacionais à estratégia do empreendimento, sob as perspectivas econômica e mercadológica, essenciais à sobrevivência e ao sucesso dos negócios em geral. / This study is the result of an interdisciplinary investigation related to strategic management, in the area of hospitality and costs. It examines the role of the administration of operations in hotel firms in order to reach the strategic objectives. The managerial strategy in corporate level, in unit of businesses level and in functional level, emphasizes the need of implementing and monitoring initiatives of operational improvements. The contribution of the managerial accounting for the implementation and monitoring of these initiatives is examined according to concepts of cost strategic management as a way of optimizing the use of the resources and to assuring the satisfaction of several stakeholders interests. Basic principles of performance administration are analyzed to build up a conceptual framework to elaborate indicators that support the information requirements to guide the administration process. Management logistics concepts are used to support the understanding and the development of essential abilities that aim at enabling the company to face the competitive market. HOTEL’s example is used to illustrate this approach, in which steps are delineated to elaborate and suggest specific indicators of the competitive method identified as excellence in hotel's housekeeping, based in the use of principles of modern logistics with the purpose of obtain improvements in level service and costs reductions. The purpose of indicators tries to establish the alignment between operational goals and organizational strategy under economical and marketing perspectives, essential to the survival and to the success of businesses in general.