<p>The purpose of the first paper is to serve as a critical review of the international student research. Particularly, the paper will explore current barriers in international student research specifically for Asian international students. The paper will use three frameworks for the critical review: neo-racism, critical race theory, and postcolonial theory and suggest three main barriers in international student research because of this: homogenization, overemphasis on individual factors, and the impact of stereotypes present about Asians in the U.S. Based on the frameworks used for critical review and the identified barriers, the paper will explore systemic racism in the experiences of Asian international trainees and suggest recommendations to support trainees in counseling psychology.     </p> <p>The study within the second paper explored the experiences of neo-racism for 13 Asian international doctoral student participants at Purdue University using qualitative thematic analysis. The study demonstrated a wide variety of experiences with racism, including interpersonal racism and the impact of racism that participants viewed as occurring to other Asian and Asian international students in the U.S. Results indicated that participants’ experiences of neo-racism were different based on social identities, language abilities, and nationality. The study proposes implications of these experiences, including ways higher education institutions can better support doctoral students during this sociopolitical time. </p>

Rapidly growing quantities of e-waste (WEEE) demand the increasing attention of environmental policy all over the world. Developing countries are particularly affected by recycling and disposal activities, which are deemed harmful to health and environment. Holistic or integrated approaches to WEEE policy are required. The paper discusses first recycling technologies for glass from cathode ray tubes (CRT) and printed circuit boards (PCBs) in Vietnam. Thereafter the German approach to WEEE policy is adjusted to allow for an integrated policy. This is then adapted to allow for the recycling of used monitors and computers. / Sự gia tăng một cách nhanh chóng số lượng các chất thải từ các thiết bị điện, điện tử (WEEE) đòi hỏi sự tăng cường chú ý tới các chính sách môi trường toàn cầu. Các nước đang phát triển bị tác động đặc biệt bởi các hoạt động tái chế, do nó ảnh hưởng xấu tới sức khỏe và môi trường. Các phương pháp tổ hợp và toàn diện đối với các chính sách quản lý chất thải điện tử (WEEE) là đòi hỏi cấp thiết. Trong bài báo này, trước hết phân tích đánh giá các công nghệ tái chế thủy tinh đèn hình (thủy tinh CRT) và bản mạch in điện tử (PCBs) ở Việt Nam. Tiếp theo là phương pháp tiếp cận các chính sách quản lý chất thải điện tử của Cộng hòa liên bang Đức được sử dụng để điều chỉnh cho thích hợp nhằm đưa ra giải pháp tổ hợp có thể thích ứng cho việc tái chế màn hình Tivi và máy tính hỏng, hết hạn sử dụng và thải bỏ ở Việt Nam.

The Black Codes were laws set in place by various states-particularly those located in the South-to limit the political power and social influence of African-Americans in the U.S. These laws came into existence during Reconstruction and transformed into the Jim Crow Laws, ushering in a new form of discrimination that sought to subjugate the African-American people under the foot of white power. These laws were overturned by the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The intent of these legislative acts were to guarantee all individuals of voting age the right to participate in the political process of this nation and to affect change in the social fabric of society. In recent years, states have proposed laws that require identification before voting at the voting polls. These laws appear to affect minorities in a negative way, particularly those on a lower socio-economic scale. Are these laws being approved to prevent voter fraud... or are they being used to strip Africans in America of their right to vote? I examine the historical context of the Black Codes and look at the contemporary public policy of the United States through a Critical Race Theory (CRT) framework. I compare these two legislative traditions to identify similarities and continuities. To achieve these goals, I use historical documents, peer-reviewed journals, and other publications to explore this phenomenon, and from there, describe the probable ramifications that these policies will have for the African-American community. This project also evaluates a number of solutions proposed by black political figures to address these challenges, who have offered ways to empower the African-American community to combat the newly-reborn Black Codes. / African American Studies

The concept of "visual fatigue" has been studied for 70 years or more. In that time, no single metric of measuring visual fatigue nor one agreed-upon set of tasks to induce visual fatigue has been settled upon. Not even a robust definition of visual fatigue has been established. This research worked to solve some of those problems. This research first set out to develop an index of visual fatigue that could be used effectively in quantifying the subjective experience of visual fatigue. Then it sought to create a set of measurable tasks, representative of office work, that would induce visual fatigue. Taking these two developments, an experiment using human participants was conducted to validate these developments and work toward solving two issues in the visual fatigue field: how visual display technology and ambient illumination affect the onset of visual fatigue. A 4x4 within-subjects design was developed and executed to study how these two independent variables affected ratings of visual fatigue, performance on the task battery, subjective image quality judgments, and contrast sensitivity shifts. Two cathode ray tube (CRT) and two active-matrix LCD (AMLCD) monitors were used in this study. While many instances of the monitors as a whole caused significant differences in reports of visual fatigue, performance, subjective image quality, and contrast sensitivity loss, only a slight effect of display technology was found. Four of eleven visual fatigue and two of eight subjective image quality dimensions showed that the LCD monitors induced more visual fatigue and were rated poorer than the CRT monitors. Ambient illumination levels of 0, 300, 600, and 1200 lux affected all four groups of dependent variables. On the whole, lighting caused visual fatigue, with "watery eyes" and "glare from lights" being adversely affected by brighter lighting. The 0 and 1200 lux were associated with the worst performance, while 300 lux was associated with the best performance. Subjective image quality was affected by lighting, with increasing lighting causing bothersome screen reflections and more temporal (e.g., flicker and jitter) distortions; 600 lux induced more reports of image sizing anomalies. Finally, it caused significantly worse shifts at the 6.0 c/deg spatial frequency on the contrast sensitivity test. The data show that lighting of 300 lux is the best of these four illumination levels. The results of this study not only contribute to the body of research in the areas of display technology and ambient illumination, but several developments of this research are offered to the research community: a complete survey metric of visual fatigue, a standardized battery of tasks for studying visual fatigue and image quality, and a comprehensive subjective image quality survey. / Ph. D.

Fifty-two college-aged observers participated in an experiment assessing color memory via a PowerPoint '97 computer display program which varied one of the three dimensions of hue, saturation and lightness at a time. Consistent with previous research, errors were greater for the lightness conditions followed by saturation, and least for hue conditions Additionally, a signal detection analysis indicated that d-prime was greatest for the hue conditions, less for saturation and lowest for lightness conditions. There were also significant but unpredicted differences in response criterion which may reflect task difficulty. Scores on the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (Marks, 1973) were, in general, not correlated with performance on these color memory tasks, inconsistent with previous research. The role of complexity of neuronal circuitry, the significance for opponent-process, trichromatic and retinex color vision theories and the relationship to Sokolov's model of color memory were discussed. Also, it was concluded that investigators of color memory using a computer display are well-advised to calibrate the monitor with a colorimeter because the internal computer units may be unreliable indexes of changes in hue, saturation and lightness. / Ph. D.

In the field of human factors engineering the issue of how to present electronic text to people has been studied intensely for over 35 years. However, one major consideration that has largely been overlooked in these studies is how visual impairments affect reading of computer text. Specifically, the issue of how text can be modified to improve readability of CRTs for individuals with low vision. A 2x5x2x3 (visual capability, font size, polarity, and contrast) mixed-factor, repeated-measures experimental design was used to determine if changes in font size, contrast polarity, and/or contrast can improve reading speeds and reduce error rate for people with low vision. The results of this experiment show that alterations in text can be made that do not affect unimpaired vision readers while dramatically improving the reading capabilities of the impaired vision population. For character size, 12 and 14 point font sizes were found to be too small for the visually impaired population examined. In general, 18 and 30 point font sizes were equal to each other and to the 24 point font size, but for some interactions these two were found to produce longer response times and higher error rates. Thus, a 24 point font size is recommended. Unlike previous research with visually impaired participants, this experiment found that negative (white-on-black) polarity worsened reading performance. It is thought that this discrepancy is a result of polarity's interaction with small font sizes. For this reason, it is recommended that for font sizes of 18 points and below, positive polarity should be used. For 24 and 30 point sizes either polarity is satisfactory, though previous research (Legge, Pelli, Rubin, and Schleske, 1985b; NRC, 1995; Rubin and Legge, 1989) suggests negative polarity might be better for some visually impaired readers.. Contrasts of 3:1, 7:1, and 18:1 were used in this experiment and had no significant effect for either vision group. However, contrast did significantly interact with both font size and polarity. For font sizes of 18 points or below, it is recommended that contrasts of 18:1 be used for either polarity, but this is very important if negative polarity is used. The above recommendations are based on a small group of impaired vision readers. Visual impairments vary widely and the sample used in this experiment represented only a portion of them, with respect to both cause and severity. Wherever possible, computer text should be tailored to the unique needs of its users. / Master of Science

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is characterized by presence of specific molecules including surface exposed calreticulin (CRT) and the heat shock proteins HSP70 and HSP90. Release of ATP and high- mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) belongs to other typical characteristics. For induction of ICD in lung cancer cells high-hydrostatic pressure (HHP) was used. Treatment by HHP induces expression of immunogenic markers CRT, HSP70 and HSP90 on the cell surface. HHP also induces secretion of ATP to the extracellular milieu. Dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with HHP-treated tumor cells showed fenotypic maturation characterized by upregulation of maturation molecule CD83, costimulation molecules CD80 and CD86, chemokine receptor CCR7 and MHC class II molecule HLA-DR. Pulsed DCs have also higher rate of phagocytosis of HHP-treated tumor cells and they induce lower numbers of regulatory T cells compared to immature DCs. Moreover, activation of caspases (-8, -9, -3) and other proteins (phosphorylation of eIF2α) which are crucial in ER-stress mediated apoptotic pathway, was observed after HHP treatment. Using wide range of methods it was confirmed that HHP treatment is able to induce ICD in lung cancer cell lines, fenotypic and functional characteristics were described and the decreased induction of regulatory T-lymphocytes...

The aim of this thesis is comparison of selected classification methods which are logistic regression (binary and multinominal), multilayer perceptron and classification trees, CHAID and CRT. The first part is reminiscent of the theoretical basis of these methods and explains the nature of parameters of the models. The next section applies the above classification methods to the six data sets and then compares the outputs of these methods. Particular emphasis is placed on the discriminatory power rating models, which a separate chapter is devoted to. Rating discriminatory power of the model is based on the overall accuracy, F-measure and size of the area under the ROC curve. The benefit of this work is not only a comparison of selected classification methods based on statistical models evaluating discriminatory power, but also an overview of the strengths and weaknesses of each method.

I högskolelagen 1 kap 5 § stycke 4 finns bestämmelsen ”Högskolorna skall också aktivt främja och bredda rekryteringen till högskolan.”. Bestämmelsen infördes för att motarbeta den sociala och etniska snedrekryteringen på Sveriges högskolor och aktivt främja mångfald genom breddad rekrytering. Breddad rekrytering är olika slags aktiva åtgärder, bland annat användandet av alternativt urval i antagningsprocessen till högskolor och universitet. Under åren har det kommit ett antal rättsfall om användandet av positiv särbehandling vid antagning till högskolor och universitet, både baserat på etnisk tillhörighet i någon mån och baserat på kön, för att ge förmån till underrepresenterade grupper. I svensk gällande rätt står det numera klart att positiv särbehandling baserat på etnisk tillhörighet inte är tillåtet. Den här uppsatsen är indelad i två delar. Den första delen undersöker de rättsliga gränserna för jämlikhetsfrämjande åtgärder vid antagning till högskolor och universitet utifrån konstitutionell rätt, diskrimineringsrätt, utbildningsrätt och EU-rätt för att precisera hur ramarna ser ut enligt de olika rättsområdena samt klargöra vilket rättsområde som medger ett större utrymme och var det utrymmet åtstramas. Det framkommer att det konstitutionellrättsligt inte finns något hinder för att tillämpa positiv särbehandling för att främja underrepresenterade grupper. Enligt diskrimineringslagen är dock positiv särbehandling baserat på etnisk tillhörighet diskriminering eftersom det inte finns något undantag för att främja jämlikhet avseende etnisk tillhörighet (ett sådant undantag finns dock med syfte att främja jämställdhet mellan könen). Vidare medger inte heller högskoleförordningen, som har bestämmelser om antagningsregler, positiv särbehandling. I EU-rätten finns ett visst utrymme för positiv särbehandling, både avseende kön och etnisk tillhörighet, i EU-rättsliga direktiv. EU-domstolen har i flera rättsfall klargjort när positiv särbehandling är otillåtet, men har ännu inte uttalat sig om hur stor skillnaden får vara i meriter innan positiv särbehandling anses vara diskriminering. I den andra delen diskuteras om det borde införas en möjlighet att positivt särbehandla baserat på etnisk tillhörighet vid antagning till högskolor och universitet. I diskussionen används Critical Race-teori, vilket är en teori utvecklad i amerikansk kontext för att kritiskt analysera samhället och rätten. Med hjälp av Critical Race-teori kritiskt granskas argument för och emot positiv särbehandling, särskilt argument om rättvisa, jämlikhet och etnisk tillhörighet/ras. Jag argumenterar att det finns en tydlig dubbelhet i rätten, ställer visioner om faktisk rättvisa mot diskrimineringsförbud och diskuterar neutraliteten i dagens antagningssystem.

In der Dissertation wurde die Möglichkeit des gemeinsamen Recycling von Bleiglas und LCD-Glas zur Gewinnung der Hauptmetalle Blei und Indium (sowie weiterer Begleitmetalle) und die Erzeugung einer wirtschaftlich verwertbaren Glasphase untersucht. Durch die Anpassung der Glaszusammensetzung über die Zugabe von Soda und Kalk, die Einstellung der Arbeitstemperatur und die Untersuchung der prozesstechnischen Erfordernisse, wie die Trennung von Schmelzvorgang und Reduktion, konnte gezeigt werden, dass Blei zu über 98% und Indium zu über 80% aus den Schrotten gewonnen werden kann. Die erzeugte Glasphase ist durch Verdünnung mit Quarz und Feineinstellung der Zusammensetzung direkt verwendbar. Durch die Reduktion des Glases und die Kreislaufführung von zugeführtem Natriumoxid konnte gezeigt werden, dass sogar höherwertige Gläser hergestellt werden können. Die durchgeführte Wirtschaftlichkeitsbetrachtung der beiden Verfahrensalternativen bestätigte den ökonomischen Vorteil der Kreislaufführung.