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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Influência da doença renal crônica e da hemodiálise na farmacodinâmica e farmacocinética dos isômeros do nebivolol em pacientes hipertensos / Influence of chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of nebivolol isomers in hypertensive patients

Daniel Valente Neves 20 May 2013 (has links)
A doença renal crônica (DRC) está associada com inibição de sistemas enzimáticos e de transportadores de fármacos. O nebivolol, um bloqueador de terceira geração, seletivo para receptores 1 adrenérgicos e com atividade vasodiladora, é metabolizado principalmente por hidroxilação aromática dependente do CYP2D6, hidroxilação alicíclica e por glicuronidação. O estudo avalia a influência da DRC estágios 3 e 4 e da hemodiálise na farmacodinâmica e na farmacocinética dos isômeros do nebivolol. Os pacientes investigados divididos nos Grupos controle (n=12), DRC estágios 3 e 4 (n=12) e Hemodiálise (n=11) receberam dose única p.o. de 10 mg de nebivolol racêmico. As amostras seriadas de sangue foram coletadas até 48h após a administração do fármaco. Em cada tempo de colheita de sangue, a frequência cardíaca foi avaliada na situação de exercício isométrico durante 2 min com o handgrip, a 30% da contratilidade voluntária máxima. Todos os pacientes foram fenotipados como metabolizadores rápidos do metoprolol, exceto um paciente do Grupo controle fenotipado como metabolizador lento. Os isômeros do nebivolol foram analisados em plasma como concentração total empregando LC-MS/MS e coluna de fase quiral. O método foi linear no intervalo de concentrações de 25-2500 pg de cada isômero do nebivolol/mL de plasma. Os parâmetros farmacocinéticos foram calculados empregando o programa WinNonlin. O teste de Wilcoxon foi empregado para avaliar as razões isoméricas diferentes da unidade (p<0,05) e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi empregado para comparar os parâmetros farmacocinéticos entre os três Grupos investigados. A disposição cinética do nebivolol nos pacientes do Grupo controle é enantiosseletiva com acúmulo plasmático (Cmax 1,32 vs 0,88 ng/mL e AUC0-¥ 8,02 vs 4,25 ng.h/mL), menores valores de clearance oral aparente (623,58 vs 1176,40 L/h) e menores valores de volume aparente de distribuição (5383,30 e 6397,70 L) para o isômero lnebivolol. Os parâmetros farmacocinéticos do l-nebivolol e d-nebivolol para os pacientes do Grupo DRC (n=12) permitem inferir, à semelhança do Grupo controle, maiores valores de Cmax e AUC (Cmax 2,40 vs 1,67 ng/mL e AUC0- 10,20 vs 8,37 ng.h/mL) e menores valores de clearance oral aparente (491,51 vs 604,58 L/h) e de volume aparente de distribuição (3527,00 e 5232,50 L) para o isômero l-nebivolol. Semelhante aos Grupos controle e DRC, o Grupo Hemodiálise também apresenta enantiosseletividade com acúmulo acúmulo plasmático (Cmax 1,35 vs 0,78 ng/mL e AUC0- 6,74 vs 4,50 ng.h/mL), menores valores de clearance oral aparente (742,26 vs 1112,10 L/h) e menores valores de volume aparente de distribuição (5704,70 vs 9477,10 L) para o isômero l-nebivolol. A farmacocinética dos isômeros do nebivolol no paciente investigado do Grupo controle, fenotipado como metabolizador lento, difere dos dados apresentados para os pacientes do Grupo controle (n=11), Grupo DRC (n=12) e Grupo Hemodiálise (n=11), fenotipados como metabolizadores rápidos, com observação de razão isomérica de AUC l/d de 4,77 e redução nos valores de clearance oral aparente de ambos os isômeros do nebivolol (67,24 vs 122,07 L/h, respectivamente para os isômeros l-nebivolol e d-nebivolol). Concluindo, a DRC estágios 3 e 4 e a Hemodiálise não alteram a farmacocinética de ambos os isômeros do nebivolol, o volume aparente de distribuição de ambos os isômeros do nebivolol não mostra correlação com o peso dos pacientes, assim como os valores de clearance aparente de ambos os isômeros não mostram correlação com o peso ou com os valores de clearance da creatinina dos pacientes investigados. No entanto, os valores de clearance aparente de ambos os isômeros do nebivolol mostram correlação significativa com a atividade do CYP2D6 avaliada através da RMplasma ix metoprolol/-hidroximetoprolol. A análise PK-PD foi realizada incluindo os 34 pacientes fenotipados como metabolizadores extensivos. O modelo Emax inibitório descreveu a análise PK-PD empregando a variação da frequência cardíaca como parâmetro farmacodinâmico em função das concentrações plasmáticas do d-nebivolol, resultando em valores de Emax de 15,42 bpm e de EC50 de 2,26 ng/mL, seguindo a administração de dose única oral de 10 mg de nebivolol racêmico. / Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is related to inhibition of enzyme systems and drug transporters. Nebivolol, a third generation -blocker, is a selective 1-adrenoceptor antagonist and has vasodilatory properties. It undergoes aromatic hydroxylation through the CYP2D6, alicyclic hydroxylation and glucuronidation. The study evaluates the influence of CKD stages 3 and 4 and hemodialysis on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of nebivolol isomers. The investigated patients were divided into 3 groups: control group (n = 12), CKD stages 3 and 4 (n = 12) and hemodialysis (n = 11). They received a single oral dose of 10 mg of racemic nebivolol and serial blood samples were collected up to 48h. At each time of blood sampling, heart rate was assessed in the situation of isometric exercise during 2 min with handgrip at 30% of maximal voluntary contractility. All patients were phenotyped as extensive metabolizers (EM) of metoprolol, except one patient in the control group phenotyped as poor metabolizer (PM). The isomers of nebivolol were analyzed in plasma samples by LC-MS/MS using a chiral phase column. The method was linear over the concentration range of 25-2500 pg of each isomer of nebivolol/mL of plasma. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using the WinNonlin program. The Wilcoxon test was used to assess isomeric ratios different from unit (p <0.05) and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters among the 3 groups investigated. The kinetic disposition of nebivolol was stereoselective in control group with plasma accumulation (Cmax 1.32 vs 0.88 ng/mL and AUC0 0- 8.02 vs 4.25 ng.h/mL), lower values of apparent clearance (623.58 vs 1176.40 L/h) and apparent volume of distribution (5383.30 and 6397.70 L) for the l-nebivolol isomer. The kinetic disposition of nebivolol was also stereoselective in CKD group (n=12) showing higher Cmax and AUC (Cmax 2.40 vs 1.67 ng/mL and AUC0- 10.20 vs 8.37 ng.h/mL) and lower values of apparent clearance (491.51 vs 604.08 L/h) and apparent volume of distribution (3527.00 vs 5232.50 L) for the l-nebivolol isomer. Similarly to CKD and control groups, the Hemodialysis Group showed stereoselectivity with plasma accumulation (Cmax 1.35 vs 0.78 ng/mL and AUC0- 6.74 vs 4.50 ng.h/mL), lower values of apparent clearance (742.26 vs 1112.10 L/h) and apparent volume of distribution (5704.70 vs 9477.10 L) for the l-nebivolol isomer. The pharmacokinetics of nebivolol isomers in the patient phenotyped as PM differed from the data presented to the patients phenotyped as EM, with observation of isomeric ratios AUC l/d of 4.77 and reduced values of apparent clearance of both nebivolol isomers (67.24 vs 122.07 L/h, respectively for l- and d-nebivolol). Concluding, CKD stages 3 and 4 and Hemodialysis did not alter the pharmacokinetics of both nebivolol isomers (Kruskal-Wallis test, p> 0.05), the apparent volume of distribution of both nebivolol isomers showed no correlation with the weight of the patients, the apparent clearance of both isomers also showed no correlation with the weight or with the creatinine clearance of the investigated patients. However, the values for apparent clearance for both nebivolol isomers showed a significant correlation with the CYP2D6 activity evaluated by the metabolic ratios plasma metoprolol/-hidroximetoprolol. PK-PD analysis was evaluated including all the investigated patients phenotyped as EM (n=34). The inhibitory Emax model described the PK-PD analysis using heart rate variation as a pharmacodynamic parameter plotted against the plasma concentrations of the isomer dxi nebivolol, showing Emax values of 15.42 bpm and EC50 of 2.26 ng/mL, following administration of a single oral dose of 10 mg of racemic nebivolol.
22

Effects of genotype and RNA expression on activity of cytochrome P450 2D6 : a highly polymorphic drug metabolizing enzyme /

McConnachie, Lisa A. January 2002 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-146).
23

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity: The Role of Hepatic Enzymes Cytochrome P450 2D6 and Catechol-O-Methyltransferase and Contribution of Microglia

Herndon, Joseph Menzel January 2013 (has links)
3,4-(±)-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is a widely abused amphetamine derivative. The metabolism of MDMA is thought to be a necessary component of MDMA-induced neurotoxicity, as direct administration of MDMA into the central nervous system of rats failed to reproduce the hallmark serotonin deficits seen following systemic administration of MDMA. Mechanistic questions remain regarding how MDMA elicits this neurotoxicity. Work of this thesis was undertaken to examine how MDMA-induced neurotoxicity is affected by the activity of two polymorphic enzymes involved in the metabolism of MDMA, namely cytochrome P450 family member 2D6 (CYP2D6) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), as well as the potential role microglia play in the facilitation of this neurotoxicity. Inhibition of CYP2D1, the homolog of human CYP2D6 in the rat, resulted in an attenuation of serotonergic neurotoxicity following MDMA-administration. In both a pharmacological model and a genetic model of CYP2D1 inhibition, serotonin deficits were alleviated when compared to normal-activity CYP2D1 counterparts. Inhibition of COMT, the primary detoxication enzyme in the MDMA pathway, resulted in potentiation of MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. In a pharmacological model of COMT inhibition, rats displayed greater long-term serotonin deficits after COMT inhibition. Mice devoid of COMT proved sensitive to the lethal hyperthermic effects of MDMA, illustrating the importance of this enzyme in preventing the acute toxicity of MDMA. Brain lesions often elicit a microglial response. Microglia have the potential of both beneficial and deleterious actions in the brain. Whether microglia are activated by nerve terminal degeneration produced by MDMA is an area of ongoing debate. Systemically delivered MDMA produces a modest increase in the amount of microglial cells present in the parietal cortex of rats over a one-week period. MDMA also increased the phagocytic activity of microglia in the cortex. The studies described herein support the hypothesis that metabolism is critical in MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. Furthermore, as both CYP2D6 and COMT are polymorphic in the human population, certain individuals are more at risk for severe serotonergic toxicity following MDMA administration. Finally, while microglia are likely not the cause of MDMA-induced neurotoxicity, contributions of these cells cannot be dismissed.
24

Variantes polimórficas del citocromo P450 2D6 y su influencia sobre su actividad catalítica debrisoquina 4-hidroxilasa in vivo

Garay Cortesi, Joselyn Ivonne January 2012 (has links)
Tesis para optar al Grado Académico de Magíster en Bioquímica Área de Especialización: Toxicología y Diagnóstico Molecular y Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Bioquímica / Los médicos prescriben fármacos sobre la base de sus características farmacológicas y sobre la posibilidad de obtener resultados clínicamente reproducibles. Sin embargo, muchos de los fármacos son eficaces en sólo 25% a 60% de los pacientes, por lo tanto, muchos pacientes no responden a los tratamientos e incluso experimentan reacciones adversas e intoxicaciones. Existen variaciones individuales en las respuestas a fármacos que pueden deberse a diversos efectos, pero en la actualidad se sabe que muchas de estas variaciones se encuentran predeterminadas genéticamente; éste es el blanco de estudio de la farmacogenética. La debrisoquina-4-hidroxilasa (CYP2D6) es una de las enzimas más importante del metabolismo de fármacos que actúan tanto a nivel del sistema nervioso central (SNC) como del sistema circulatorio. Los polimorfismos de CYP2D6 presentan grandes diferencias en las frecuencias alélicas según la población y etnia. En este estudio se analizaron a través de PCR-AS semianidada, PCR RFLP y PCRL las variables CYP2D6*2, CYP2D6*3, CYP2D6*4 y la duplicación del gen CYP2D6 en 321 voluntarios sanos. Las frecuencias alélicas encontradas son muy similares a las registradas para la población española: para *2 un 40,5%, para *3 un 1,09%, para *4 un 11,8%. No se encontraron duplicaciones del gen CYP2D6 en un subgrupo de 20 voluntarios analizados. Para determinar con exactitud la influencia de los polimorfismos del gen CYP2D6 en su actividad debrisoquina hidroxilasa, se seleccionaron 23 voluntarios del grupo en estudio que presentaban genotipos relevantes, los cuales debieron ingerir el marcador metabólico debrisoquina. Se recolectaron las muestras de orina de 0-8 horas y se analizaron a través de HPLC. Presentaron el fenotipo esperado 18 voluntarios, de los cuales el más relevante es el genotipo *4/*4 que presentó una actividad catalítica muy disminuida en comparación al grupo wt/wt. Se obtuvo una correlación genotipo-fenotipo para algunos voluntarios logrando el objetivo fundamental que busca un estudio farmacogenético, es decir, la determinación de la respuesta individual
25

Association between CYP2D6 Genotypes and the Risk of Antidepressant Discontinuation, Dosage Modification and the Occurrence of Maternal Depression during Pregnancy

Bérard, Anick, Gaedigk, Andrea, Sheehy, Odile, Chambers, Christina, Roth, Mark, Bozzo, Pina, Johnson, Diana, Kao, Kelly, Lavigne, Sharon, Wolfe, Lori, Quinn, Dee, Dieter, Kristen, Zhao, Jin-Ping 17 July 2017 (has links)
Importance: Polymorphic expression of drug metabolizing enzymes affects the metabolism of antidepressants, and thus can contribute to drug response and/or adverse events. Pregnancy itself can affect CYP2D6 activity with profound variations determined by CYP2D6 genotype. Objective: To investigate the association between CYP2D6 genotype and the risk of antidepressant discontinuation, dosage modification, and the occurrence of maternal CYP2D6, Antidepressants, Depression during pregnancy. Setting: Data from the Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS) Antidepressants in Pregnancy Cohort, 2006-2010, were used. Women were eligible if they were within 14 completed weeks of pregnancy at recruitment and exposed to an antidepressant or having any exposures considered non-teratogenic. Main Outcomes and Measures: Gestational antidepressant usage was self-reported and defined as continuous/discontinued use, and non-use; dosage modification was further documented. Maternal depression and anxiety were measured every trimester using the telephone interviewer-administered Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Beck Anxiety Inventory, respectively. Saliva samples were collected and used for CYP2D6 genotype analyses. Logistic regression models were used to calculate crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. Results: A total of 246 pregnant women were included in the study. The majority were normal metabolizers (NM, n = 204, 83%); 3.3% (n = 8) were ultrarapid metabolizers (UM), 5.7%(n = 14) poor metabolizers (PM), and 8.1%(n= 20) intermediate metabolizers (IM). Among study subjects, 139 women were treated with antidepressants at the beginning of pregnancy, and 21 antidepressant users (15%) discontinued therapy during pregnancy. Adjusting for depressive symptoms, and other potential confounders, the risk of discontinuing antidepressants during pregnancy was nearly four times higher in slow metabolizers (poor or intermediate metabolizers) compared to those with a faster metabolism rate (normal or ultrarapid metabolizers), aOR = 3.57 (95% CI: 1.15-11.11). Predicted CYP2D6 metabolizer status did not impact dosage modifications. Compared with slow metabolizers, significantly higher proportion of women in the fast metabolizer group had depressive symptomin the first trimester (19.81 vs. 5.88%, P = 0.049). Almost 21% of treated women remained depressed during pregnancy (14.4% NM-UM; 6.1% PM-IM). Conclusions and Relevance: Prior knowledge of CYP2D6 genotype may help to identify pregnant women at greater risk of antidepressant discontinuation. Twenty percent of women exposed to antidepressants during pregnancy remained depressed, indicating an urgent need for personalized treatment of depression during pregnancy.
26

Untersuchung zum Auftreten genetischer Varianten im CYP2D6-Gen bei Patienten mit postoperativer(m) Übelkeit und/ oder Erbrechen

Mühlmann-Gerlach, Konstanze 15 May 2012 (has links)
Postoperative Übelkeit und/oder Erbrechen (PONV: postoperative nausea and/or vomiting) stellen mit einer Inzidenz von etwa 30-80% eine häufige und für den Patienten unangenehme Nebenwirkung von Narkosen dar, die zu schweren postoperativen Komplikationen führen können und nicht unerhebliche Kosten für das Gesundheitssystem verursachen. Zur medikamentösen PONV-Prophylaxe werden u.a. die vom sog. CYP2D6-Enzym metabolisierten 5HT3A-Antagonisten verwendet. Das CYP2D6 ist ein hochpolymorphes Enzym aus der Cytochrom-P450 Familie. Mittlerweile sind ca. 80 Allele bekannt, die unterschiedliche Enzymaktivitäten repräsentieren. Man unterscheidet eine hohe Enzymaktivität beim Extensive Metabolizer (EM) vom Poor Metabolizer (PM) mit fehlender Enzymaktivität. Der Intermediate Metabolizer (IM) besitzt eine niedrige Enzymaktivität und der Ultrarapid Metabolizer (UM) hat eine sehr hohe Enzymaktivität. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die CYP2D6-Genotypisierung von PONV-Patienten, die abhängig von ihrer PONV-Risikostratifizierung eine Emesisprophylaxe erhielten oder nicht. Zur Genotypisierung wurde bei 97 Patienten das komplette CYP2D6-Gen sequenziert. Bei der Suche nach genetischen Varianten wurden auch nicht-kodierende Intronbereiche eingeschlossen. Zusätzlich wurden PCR-Assays zur Prüfung auf eventuelle CYP2D6-Duplikationen und –Deletionen angewandt. Nachfolgend wurden die ermittelten Genotypen durch ein Punktwertsystem einem Phänotyp zugeordnet. Bezüglich der Fragestellung der Wirksamkeit einer applizierten PONV-Prophylaxe in Abhängigkeit der vom Genotyp abgeleiteten individuellen Metabolisierungskapazität erfolgten statistische Gruppenanalysen nach Auftreten oder Nicht-Auftreten von PONV. Hierbei sollten ergänzende Informationen zur praktischen Anwendung im anästhesiologischen Sektor und mögliche Prädiktoren für PONV herausgearbeitet werden.:Inhaltsverzeichnis BIBLIOGRAPHISCHE BESCHREIBUNG C REFERAT C I ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS F II ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS H III TABELLENVERZEICHNIS J 1. EINLEITUNG 1 1.1. PONV 1 1.1.1. Definition 1 1.1.2. Pathophysiologie des Erbrechens 1 1.1.3. Bedeutung von PONV 2 1.1.4. PONV-Risikofaktoren 2 1.1.5. PONV-Prophylaxe 4 1.2. PHARMAKOGENETIK 5 1.3. DAS CYTOCHROM P450 SYSTEM 6 1.3.1. Das Cyp 2D6 6 1.3.4. Genort und Regulierung des CYP2D6 8 1.3.5. CYP2D6 Allele und ihre Metabolisierungskapazität 10 1.4. PHÄNOTYPISIERUNG DES CYP2D6 11 2. MATERIAL UND METHODEN 13 2.1. STUDIENDESIGN 13 2.2. EDV 13 2.3. GERÄTE 14 2.4. METHODIK 14 2.4.1. DNA – Extraktion aus Vollblut 15 2.4.2. Die Polymerase-Kettenreaktion 16 2.4.3. Genotypisierung von CYP2D6 17 2.4.4. PCR-Duplikation 23 2.4.5. PCR-Deletion 25 2.5. PRÄDIKTION DES RESPONSEVERHALTENS ÜBER DEN GENOTYP 27 3. ERGEBNISSE 29 3.1. PATIENTENCHARAKTERISIERUNG 29 3.2. ERGEBNISSE GENOTYPISIERUNG CYP2D6 30 3.2.1 Nachgewiesene genetische Varianten im CYP2D6 Gen 30 3.2.2 Häufigkeitsverteilung der detektierten CYP2D6-Allele 32 3.2.3 Genotypen und Metabolisierungskapazität 33 3.3. AUSMAß VON PONV NACH APPLIZIERTER ANTIEMETHISCHER THERAPIE MIT ONDANSETRON UND DEXAMETHASON 36 3.3.1. Analyse der Gruppe ohne PONV-Prophylaxe (Gruppe 0) 37 3.3.2. Gruppe mit PONV-Prophylaxe (Gruppe 1) 41 3.3.3. Auftreten von PONV unabhängig einer applizierten Emesisprophylaxe im gesamten Patientengut 46 3.4. ANALYSE MÖGLICHER PRÄDIKTOREN FÜR PONV 50 4. DISKUSSION 52 5. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 69 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS I ANHANG XI PRIMERHERSTELLUNG XI HERSTELLUNG DNTP´S XI HERSTELLUNG DES LADDERS XI HERSTELLUNG VON 10XBROMPHENOLBLAU XI HERSTELLUNG VON 0,5 M EDTA XI HERSTELLUNG VON 10X-TE-PUFFER XI HERSTELLUNG VON 10X-TBE-PUFFER (TRIS-BORAT-PUFFER) XII HERSTELLUNG DES AGAROSEGELS (1%) XII PRIMER P100/200 UND SEQUENZIERPRIMER XII VERWENDETE PRIMER XVII AUSGEWÄHLTE SEQUENZKURVENAUSSCHNITTE DER NACHGEWIESENEN SNP´S XVIII POLYMORPHISMUS (STELLENANGABEN NACH KIMURA ET AL., 1989, M33388) XVIII BEMERKUNGEN XVIII ERKLÄRUNG ÜBER DIE EIGENSTÄNDIGE ABFASSUNG DER ARBEIT XXV DANKSAGUNG XXVI
27

Parental Reasons and Reactions toward Return of CYP2D6 Research Results and Perceived Benefits and Harms toward Hypothetical Incidental Findings

Adelsperger, Sarah 19 June 2015 (has links)
No description available.
28

Influência de fatores genéticos e ambientais na atividade da CYP2D6 e CYP3A4 e sua relação com a bioativação do tamoxifeno em pacientes com câncer de mama

Antunes, Marina Venzon January 2014 (has links)
Introdução: a ação antiestrogênica do tamoxifeno (TAM) é dependente da bioativação à endoxifeno (EDF) e 4-hidroxitamoxifeno (HTF). É bastante provável que sua eficácia terapêutica esteja relacionada ao alcance de um limiar nos níveis de EDF (>5,9 ng mL-1). Entretanto, as concentrações plasmáticas de EDF são altamente variáveis, em parte devido a polimorfismos no gene da CYP2D6 e ao uso de inibidores da enzima. A CYP3A4 também contribui para a formação do EDF e pode ser influenciada por interações medicamentosas e exposição solar. Recentemente, o polimorfismo CYP3A4*22 foi associado à redução da atividade da enzima. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre seu impacto na formação do EDF. Objetivo: Em virtude da alta variabilidade na resposta terapêutica e os múltiplos fatores associados ao metabolismo do TAM, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito dos polimorfismos da CYP2D6 e CYP3A4, interações medicamentosas e exposição à vitamina D na bioativação do TAM. Adicionalmente, dois métodos analíticos para a otimização do tratamento através da medida das razões metabólicas da CYP2D6 e quantificação do TAM e metabólitos em manchas de sangue seco (DBS) foram desenvolvidos. Patientes & métodos: Cento e dezesseis pacientes em tratamento adjuvante com o TAM forneceram amostras de plasma para dosagens do TAM, metabótilos e 25OHD3 no inverno e verão. As concentrações de TAM e metabólitos em plasma e DBS foram medidas por LCMS/ MS. Foram avaliados os genótipos da CYP2D6 e CYP3A4, bem como fenótipos obtidos pelas razões metabólicas determinadas após administração dos fármacos sonda dextrometorfano e omeprazol. As concentrações de vitamina D3 em plasma foram quantificadas por HPLC-UV. Foram obtidas informações sobre uso de inibidores ou indutores das enzimas e suplementação de vitamina D. Resultados: Cerca de 20% das pacientes apresentaram atividade metabólica reduzida para a CYP2D6 e 7% para a CYP3A4. Aproximadamente 30% das metabolizadoras lentas (ML), 56% das metabolizadoras intermediárias (MI) e 11.3% das metabolizadoras rápidas (MR) usavam fármaco inibidor da CYP2D6. As concentrações de EDF diminuiram proporcionalmente à redução da atividade metabólica da CYP2D6 (ML 2,79 ng mL-1, MI 5.36 ng mL-1 e MR 10,65 ng mL-1, P<0.01). A mediana das concentrações plasmáticas de TAM e HTF em pacientes CYP2D6 MI com metabolismo reduzido da CYP3A4 (161,50 ng mL-1 e 1,32 ng mL-1, respectivamente) foram superiores as encontradas nos pacientes CYP2D6 MI com metabolismo funcional da CYP3A4 (122,07 ng mL-1 e 0.61 ng mL-1, respectivamente, P<0.05). Adicionalmente, as concentrações de HTF e TAM foram aproximadamente 50% superiores em pacientes com genótipo CYP3A4*22 em comparação aos pacientes *1/*1. A sazonalidade também contribuiu para a variabilidade das concentrações dos metabólitos ativos, os níveis de EDF foram 24% e HTF 42% superiores no verão. Nas análises de DBS, foi possível identificar 96% dos pacientes com concentrações de EDF abaixo do limiar clínico, indicando seu potencial uso no monitoramento terapêutico do TAM. Conclusão: a CYP3A4 contribui para a bioativação do TAM através da formação de HTF, tornando-se mais importante em condições de atividade diminuída ou ausente da CYP2D6. Os níveis plasmáticos de EDF e HTF demonstraram ser influenciados pela sazonalidade, com aumento significativo no verão. Entretanto o mecanismo relacionado a associação da vitamina D, exposição solar e bioativação do TAM permanecem por ser elucidados. / Background: The therapeutic antiestrogenic effect of tamoxifen (TAM) requires metabolic activation to endoxifen (EDF) and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (HTF). Adequate therapeutic outcome seems to be dependent on the achievement of a threshold of EDF concentration (>5.9 ng mL-1). EDF plasma levels are highly variable among patients, which could be partly explained by polymorphisms in the CYP2D6 gene and the use of enzymes inhibitor drugs. In a lesser extent, CYP3A4 also contributes to EDF formation and can be influenced by drug interactions and sun exposure. From a genetic point of view, a recently described CYP3A4*22 polymorphism has been associated with reduced enzyme activity. However, there is little knowledge about the impact of CYP3A4 polymorphisms on EDF formation. Objective: In view of the large variability on therapeutic response and the multiple factors associated to TAM metabolic activation, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 polymorphisms, drug interactions and vitamin D exposure on TAM metabolic activation. Additionally, two analytical methods for optimization of TAM treatment by measurement of CYP2D6 metabolic ratios and quantification of TAM and metabolites in dried blood sopts (DBS) were developed. Patients & methods: One hundred and sixteen patients under TAM therapy provided blood samples for measurement of TAM, NDT, EDF, HTF and 25OHD3 at Winter and Summer. TAM and metabolites were measured in plasma and DBS by LC-MS/MS. CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 genotypes and phenotypes, given according to [DMT]/[DTP] and [OME]/[OMS] metabolic ratios after administration of probe drugs, were also evaluated. Vitamine D3 was measured in plasma by HPLC-UV. Data on use of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibitor or inducer drugs and vitamin D supplementation were recorded. Results: About 20% of patients had reduced CYP2D6 metabolic activity and 7% CYP3A4 impaired metabolism. Approximately 30% of CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PM), 56% of intermediate metabolizers (IM) and 11.3% of extensive metabolizers (EM) were using CYP2D6 inhibitor drugs. EDF levels diminished proportionally to the reduction of CYP2D6 metabolic activity (PM 2.79 ng mL-1, IM 5.36 ng mL-1 and EM 10.65 ng mL-1, P<0.01). Median plasma levels of TAM (161.50 ng mL-1) and HTF (1.32 ng mL-1) in CYP2D6 IM patients with reduced CYP3A4 metabolism were higher (P<0.05) than those from CYP2D6 IM patients with functional CYP3A4 metabolism (122.07 ng mL-1 and 0.61 ng mL-1, respectively). Indeed, HTF and TAM plasma levels were approximately 50% higher in patients with CYP3A4*22 genotype compared to patients with alleles *1/*1. Seasonality also contributed to EDF and HTF variability, summer concentrations were 24% and 42% higher compared to winter. The DBS method was able to identify 96% of patients with plasma EDF concentrations below the clinical threshold and can be used in therapeutic monitoring of TAM. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that CYP3A4 contributes to the bioactivation of TAM through formation of HTF and becomes increasingly important in conditions of diminished or absent CYP2D6 activity. A significant variability on EDF and HTF exposure related to seasonality was identified, with considerable higher plasma concentrations during summer. The mechanism relating vitamin D status, seasonality and biotransformation of TAM still remains to be elucidated.
29

Influência de fatores genéticos e ambientais na atividade da CYP2D6 e CYP3A4 e sua relação com a bioativação do tamoxifeno em pacientes com câncer de mama

Antunes, Marina Venzon January 2014 (has links)
Introdução: a ação antiestrogênica do tamoxifeno (TAM) é dependente da bioativação à endoxifeno (EDF) e 4-hidroxitamoxifeno (HTF). É bastante provável que sua eficácia terapêutica esteja relacionada ao alcance de um limiar nos níveis de EDF (>5,9 ng mL-1). Entretanto, as concentrações plasmáticas de EDF são altamente variáveis, em parte devido a polimorfismos no gene da CYP2D6 e ao uso de inibidores da enzima. A CYP3A4 também contribui para a formação do EDF e pode ser influenciada por interações medicamentosas e exposição solar. Recentemente, o polimorfismo CYP3A4*22 foi associado à redução da atividade da enzima. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre seu impacto na formação do EDF. Objetivo: Em virtude da alta variabilidade na resposta terapêutica e os múltiplos fatores associados ao metabolismo do TAM, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito dos polimorfismos da CYP2D6 e CYP3A4, interações medicamentosas e exposição à vitamina D na bioativação do TAM. Adicionalmente, dois métodos analíticos para a otimização do tratamento através da medida das razões metabólicas da CYP2D6 e quantificação do TAM e metabólitos em manchas de sangue seco (DBS) foram desenvolvidos. Patientes & métodos: Cento e dezesseis pacientes em tratamento adjuvante com o TAM forneceram amostras de plasma para dosagens do TAM, metabótilos e 25OHD3 no inverno e verão. As concentrações de TAM e metabólitos em plasma e DBS foram medidas por LCMS/ MS. Foram avaliados os genótipos da CYP2D6 e CYP3A4, bem como fenótipos obtidos pelas razões metabólicas determinadas após administração dos fármacos sonda dextrometorfano e omeprazol. As concentrações de vitamina D3 em plasma foram quantificadas por HPLC-UV. Foram obtidas informações sobre uso de inibidores ou indutores das enzimas e suplementação de vitamina D. Resultados: Cerca de 20% das pacientes apresentaram atividade metabólica reduzida para a CYP2D6 e 7% para a CYP3A4. Aproximadamente 30% das metabolizadoras lentas (ML), 56% das metabolizadoras intermediárias (MI) e 11.3% das metabolizadoras rápidas (MR) usavam fármaco inibidor da CYP2D6. As concentrações de EDF diminuiram proporcionalmente à redução da atividade metabólica da CYP2D6 (ML 2,79 ng mL-1, MI 5.36 ng mL-1 e MR 10,65 ng mL-1, P<0.01). A mediana das concentrações plasmáticas de TAM e HTF em pacientes CYP2D6 MI com metabolismo reduzido da CYP3A4 (161,50 ng mL-1 e 1,32 ng mL-1, respectivamente) foram superiores as encontradas nos pacientes CYP2D6 MI com metabolismo funcional da CYP3A4 (122,07 ng mL-1 e 0.61 ng mL-1, respectivamente, P<0.05). Adicionalmente, as concentrações de HTF e TAM foram aproximadamente 50% superiores em pacientes com genótipo CYP3A4*22 em comparação aos pacientes *1/*1. A sazonalidade também contribuiu para a variabilidade das concentrações dos metabólitos ativos, os níveis de EDF foram 24% e HTF 42% superiores no verão. Nas análises de DBS, foi possível identificar 96% dos pacientes com concentrações de EDF abaixo do limiar clínico, indicando seu potencial uso no monitoramento terapêutico do TAM. Conclusão: a CYP3A4 contribui para a bioativação do TAM através da formação de HTF, tornando-se mais importante em condições de atividade diminuída ou ausente da CYP2D6. Os níveis plasmáticos de EDF e HTF demonstraram ser influenciados pela sazonalidade, com aumento significativo no verão. Entretanto o mecanismo relacionado a associação da vitamina D, exposição solar e bioativação do TAM permanecem por ser elucidados. / Background: The therapeutic antiestrogenic effect of tamoxifen (TAM) requires metabolic activation to endoxifen (EDF) and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (HTF). Adequate therapeutic outcome seems to be dependent on the achievement of a threshold of EDF concentration (>5.9 ng mL-1). EDF plasma levels are highly variable among patients, which could be partly explained by polymorphisms in the CYP2D6 gene and the use of enzymes inhibitor drugs. In a lesser extent, CYP3A4 also contributes to EDF formation and can be influenced by drug interactions and sun exposure. From a genetic point of view, a recently described CYP3A4*22 polymorphism has been associated with reduced enzyme activity. However, there is little knowledge about the impact of CYP3A4 polymorphisms on EDF formation. Objective: In view of the large variability on therapeutic response and the multiple factors associated to TAM metabolic activation, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 polymorphisms, drug interactions and vitamin D exposure on TAM metabolic activation. Additionally, two analytical methods for optimization of TAM treatment by measurement of CYP2D6 metabolic ratios and quantification of TAM and metabolites in dried blood sopts (DBS) were developed. Patients & methods: One hundred and sixteen patients under TAM therapy provided blood samples for measurement of TAM, NDT, EDF, HTF and 25OHD3 at Winter and Summer. TAM and metabolites were measured in plasma and DBS by LC-MS/MS. CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 genotypes and phenotypes, given according to [DMT]/[DTP] and [OME]/[OMS] metabolic ratios after administration of probe drugs, were also evaluated. Vitamine D3 was measured in plasma by HPLC-UV. Data on use of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibitor or inducer drugs and vitamin D supplementation were recorded. Results: About 20% of patients had reduced CYP2D6 metabolic activity and 7% CYP3A4 impaired metabolism. Approximately 30% of CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PM), 56% of intermediate metabolizers (IM) and 11.3% of extensive metabolizers (EM) were using CYP2D6 inhibitor drugs. EDF levels diminished proportionally to the reduction of CYP2D6 metabolic activity (PM 2.79 ng mL-1, IM 5.36 ng mL-1 and EM 10.65 ng mL-1, P<0.01). Median plasma levels of TAM (161.50 ng mL-1) and HTF (1.32 ng mL-1) in CYP2D6 IM patients with reduced CYP3A4 metabolism were higher (P<0.05) than those from CYP2D6 IM patients with functional CYP3A4 metabolism (122.07 ng mL-1 and 0.61 ng mL-1, respectively). Indeed, HTF and TAM plasma levels were approximately 50% higher in patients with CYP3A4*22 genotype compared to patients with alleles *1/*1. Seasonality also contributed to EDF and HTF variability, summer concentrations were 24% and 42% higher compared to winter. The DBS method was able to identify 96% of patients with plasma EDF concentrations below the clinical threshold and can be used in therapeutic monitoring of TAM. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that CYP3A4 contributes to the bioactivation of TAM through formation of HTF and becomes increasingly important in conditions of diminished or absent CYP2D6 activity. A significant variability on EDF and HTF exposure related to seasonality was identified, with considerable higher plasma concentrations during summer. The mechanism relating vitamin D status, seasonality and biotransformation of TAM still remains to be elucidated.
30

Influência de fatores genéticos e ambientais na atividade da CYP2D6 e CYP3A4 e sua relação com a bioativação do tamoxifeno em pacientes com câncer de mama

Antunes, Marina Venzon January 2014 (has links)
Introdução: a ação antiestrogênica do tamoxifeno (TAM) é dependente da bioativação à endoxifeno (EDF) e 4-hidroxitamoxifeno (HTF). É bastante provável que sua eficácia terapêutica esteja relacionada ao alcance de um limiar nos níveis de EDF (>5,9 ng mL-1). Entretanto, as concentrações plasmáticas de EDF são altamente variáveis, em parte devido a polimorfismos no gene da CYP2D6 e ao uso de inibidores da enzima. A CYP3A4 também contribui para a formação do EDF e pode ser influenciada por interações medicamentosas e exposição solar. Recentemente, o polimorfismo CYP3A4*22 foi associado à redução da atividade da enzima. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre seu impacto na formação do EDF. Objetivo: Em virtude da alta variabilidade na resposta terapêutica e os múltiplos fatores associados ao metabolismo do TAM, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito dos polimorfismos da CYP2D6 e CYP3A4, interações medicamentosas e exposição à vitamina D na bioativação do TAM. Adicionalmente, dois métodos analíticos para a otimização do tratamento através da medida das razões metabólicas da CYP2D6 e quantificação do TAM e metabólitos em manchas de sangue seco (DBS) foram desenvolvidos. Patientes & métodos: Cento e dezesseis pacientes em tratamento adjuvante com o TAM forneceram amostras de plasma para dosagens do TAM, metabótilos e 25OHD3 no inverno e verão. As concentrações de TAM e metabólitos em plasma e DBS foram medidas por LCMS/ MS. Foram avaliados os genótipos da CYP2D6 e CYP3A4, bem como fenótipos obtidos pelas razões metabólicas determinadas após administração dos fármacos sonda dextrometorfano e omeprazol. As concentrações de vitamina D3 em plasma foram quantificadas por HPLC-UV. Foram obtidas informações sobre uso de inibidores ou indutores das enzimas e suplementação de vitamina D. Resultados: Cerca de 20% das pacientes apresentaram atividade metabólica reduzida para a CYP2D6 e 7% para a CYP3A4. Aproximadamente 30% das metabolizadoras lentas (ML), 56% das metabolizadoras intermediárias (MI) e 11.3% das metabolizadoras rápidas (MR) usavam fármaco inibidor da CYP2D6. As concentrações de EDF diminuiram proporcionalmente à redução da atividade metabólica da CYP2D6 (ML 2,79 ng mL-1, MI 5.36 ng mL-1 e MR 10,65 ng mL-1, P<0.01). A mediana das concentrações plasmáticas de TAM e HTF em pacientes CYP2D6 MI com metabolismo reduzido da CYP3A4 (161,50 ng mL-1 e 1,32 ng mL-1, respectivamente) foram superiores as encontradas nos pacientes CYP2D6 MI com metabolismo funcional da CYP3A4 (122,07 ng mL-1 e 0.61 ng mL-1, respectivamente, P<0.05). Adicionalmente, as concentrações de HTF e TAM foram aproximadamente 50% superiores em pacientes com genótipo CYP3A4*22 em comparação aos pacientes *1/*1. A sazonalidade também contribuiu para a variabilidade das concentrações dos metabólitos ativos, os níveis de EDF foram 24% e HTF 42% superiores no verão. Nas análises de DBS, foi possível identificar 96% dos pacientes com concentrações de EDF abaixo do limiar clínico, indicando seu potencial uso no monitoramento terapêutico do TAM. Conclusão: a CYP3A4 contribui para a bioativação do TAM através da formação de HTF, tornando-se mais importante em condições de atividade diminuída ou ausente da CYP2D6. Os níveis plasmáticos de EDF e HTF demonstraram ser influenciados pela sazonalidade, com aumento significativo no verão. Entretanto o mecanismo relacionado a associação da vitamina D, exposição solar e bioativação do TAM permanecem por ser elucidados. / Background: The therapeutic antiestrogenic effect of tamoxifen (TAM) requires metabolic activation to endoxifen (EDF) and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (HTF). Adequate therapeutic outcome seems to be dependent on the achievement of a threshold of EDF concentration (>5.9 ng mL-1). EDF plasma levels are highly variable among patients, which could be partly explained by polymorphisms in the CYP2D6 gene and the use of enzymes inhibitor drugs. In a lesser extent, CYP3A4 also contributes to EDF formation and can be influenced by drug interactions and sun exposure. From a genetic point of view, a recently described CYP3A4*22 polymorphism has been associated with reduced enzyme activity. However, there is little knowledge about the impact of CYP3A4 polymorphisms on EDF formation. Objective: In view of the large variability on therapeutic response and the multiple factors associated to TAM metabolic activation, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 polymorphisms, drug interactions and vitamin D exposure on TAM metabolic activation. Additionally, two analytical methods for optimization of TAM treatment by measurement of CYP2D6 metabolic ratios and quantification of TAM and metabolites in dried blood sopts (DBS) were developed. Patients & methods: One hundred and sixteen patients under TAM therapy provided blood samples for measurement of TAM, NDT, EDF, HTF and 25OHD3 at Winter and Summer. TAM and metabolites were measured in plasma and DBS by LC-MS/MS. CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 genotypes and phenotypes, given according to [DMT]/[DTP] and [OME]/[OMS] metabolic ratios after administration of probe drugs, were also evaluated. Vitamine D3 was measured in plasma by HPLC-UV. Data on use of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibitor or inducer drugs and vitamin D supplementation were recorded. Results: About 20% of patients had reduced CYP2D6 metabolic activity and 7% CYP3A4 impaired metabolism. Approximately 30% of CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PM), 56% of intermediate metabolizers (IM) and 11.3% of extensive metabolizers (EM) were using CYP2D6 inhibitor drugs. EDF levels diminished proportionally to the reduction of CYP2D6 metabolic activity (PM 2.79 ng mL-1, IM 5.36 ng mL-1 and EM 10.65 ng mL-1, P<0.01). Median plasma levels of TAM (161.50 ng mL-1) and HTF (1.32 ng mL-1) in CYP2D6 IM patients with reduced CYP3A4 metabolism were higher (P<0.05) than those from CYP2D6 IM patients with functional CYP3A4 metabolism (122.07 ng mL-1 and 0.61 ng mL-1, respectively). Indeed, HTF and TAM plasma levels were approximately 50% higher in patients with CYP3A4*22 genotype compared to patients with alleles *1/*1. Seasonality also contributed to EDF and HTF variability, summer concentrations were 24% and 42% higher compared to winter. The DBS method was able to identify 96% of patients with plasma EDF concentrations below the clinical threshold and can be used in therapeutic monitoring of TAM. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that CYP3A4 contributes to the bioactivation of TAM through formation of HTF and becomes increasingly important in conditions of diminished or absent CYP2D6 activity. A significant variability on EDF and HTF exposure related to seasonality was identified, with considerable higher plasma concentrations during summer. The mechanism relating vitamin D status, seasonality and biotransformation of TAM still remains to be elucidated.

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