Wnt signalling is indispensible for proper development of organisms and maintaining of adult tissue homeostasis. Its disruption often leads to disease. In nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, Wnt signalling governs vast array of developmental processes, among others also migration of the Q neuroblasts and their descendants. The sole Wnt acting in this process, EGL-20, triggers the canonical β-catenin Wnt signal transduction pathway in QL but not in QR which leads to QL remaining in the posterior while the QR migrates anteriorly. This represents a useful tool for studying Wnt signalling. Recently, mutation of gene cup-4 was found to disrupt migration of the QL neuroblast in a small proportion of the mutant population. cup-4 encodes a ligand-gated ion channel family homologue and it was shown to participate in endocytosis by coelomocytes, specialized phagocytic cells in the C. elegans body cavity. Here, I present the results of my effort to determine the place of CUP-4 action in Wnt signalling and to elucidate the mechanism of its function. I found that CUP-4 acts upstream of PRY- 1/Axin, which is involved in signal transduction in signal receiving cells, and most probably downstream of adaptin AP2, which is important for recycling of Wnt cargo receptor Wntless (Wls) in Wnt producing cell. cup-4 also...

Submitted by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-04-08T14:59:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daiandra de Almeida Fagundez.pdf: 882174 bytes, checksum: 222c1532958a789b40194f55ea6493d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-08T14:59:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daiandra de Almeida Fagundez.pdf: 882174 bytes, checksum: 222c1532958a789b40194f55ea6493d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-27 / Ferro (Fe) é um metal importante para a homeostase do organismo e existe em abundância no ambiente. Níveis moderados de Fe obtidos a partir de alimentos são necessários para a fisiologia celular normal; no entanto, os níveis elevados de Fe(II)/Fe(III) podem causar efeitos citotóxicos através de redução de H2O2 a radical hidroxil (OH •), fenômeno conhecido como Reação de Fenton. Mesmo sendo amplamente utilizado os efeitos efeitos tóxicos do ferro não são bem compreendidos. Buscando modelos experimentais alternativos que possam substituir e oferecer novas possibilidades de ensaios de toxicidade de xenobióticos, o nematoide Caenorhabditis elegans tem sido utilizado como um organismo bioindicador valioso. Assim, este estudo avaliou os efeitos tóxicos de Fe usando C. elegans analisando diferentes parâmetros, a fim de contribuir para a investigação da toxicidade induzida por Fe e validar este modelo visando, em última instância, a busca de alvos terapêuticos mais eficazes do que aqueles usado atualmente. Nosso estudo descreveu que a DL50 Fe em exposição aguda (30min) foi de 1.2 mM. Doses subletais de Fe diminuíram significativamente o tempo de vida dos vermes e sua capacidade reprodutiva em comparação com vermes não-expostos. Também foi observado que os animais expostos ao Fe diminuem a atividade locomotora e a sensibilidade mecânica, o que sugere uma possível disfunção do sistema nervoso. Alterações na expressão de importantes enzimas antioxidantes e o aumento da peroxidação lipídica sugerem que o estresse oxidativo leva a danos neuronais, que podem ser a causa do comportamento alterado e dos demais efeitos encontrados. / Iron (F e) is an important metal to the organism homeostasis and exists abundantly in the environment. Moderate levels of Fe obtained from food are necessary for normal cell physiology; however, abnormally high levels of Fe(II)/Fe(III) can be cytotoxic effects via reducing H2O2 to the highly cytotoxic hydroxyl radical (OH•) (Fenton catalysis). Consequently leading to oxidative stress. Fe is ubiquitous toxicant in the environment and also widely used in food products, however its effects to the nervous system is not well understood. Seeking for alternative experimental models that may substitute and offer new possibilities to assay xenobiotics toxicity, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been found favorable as a valuable bioindicator organism. Hence, this study evaluated the toxic effects of Fe using C. elegans and investigating different parameters in order to contribute to the investigation of Fe-induced toxicity and to validate this model aiming, ultimately, the search for therapeutic targets that are more effective than those currently used. Our study depicted that the Fe LD50 in acute exposure (30min) was 1.2 mM, as we verified that worms can uptake this metal. Furthermore, sublethal Fe concentrations decreased significantly the worms lifespan and brood size compared to non-exposed worms. We also observed that animals exposed to Fe showed decreased locomotor activity and decreased mechanic sensitivity, which suggests possible dysfunction of the nervous system. In agreement, we found cholinergic and dopaminergic alterations in the worms. In summary, we suggest that iron exposure leads to damage of certain neurons, which could be the cause of altered behavior and of the defects of reproduction.

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a model organism for understanding sensory molecules of multicellular organisms. Ovulating hermaphrodites produce putative pheromone(s) that cause male attraction. Because pheromones are produced in such small quantities, adult conditioned-media from large-scale synchronous culture is necessary to analyze these pheromones. Current protocols for culture synchronization have volume constraints that limit large-scale synchronous cultures and current methodology for adult conditioned-media production is impractical. Modification of Tangential Flow Filtration (TFF) systems was investigated for use as a method to increase the volume limits of bleach egg harvest for C. elegans culture synchronization. Also, an adult retention device built within the culture vessel was investigated to optimize the environment for aseptic conditioned-media production from dense large-scale C. elegans cultures. During this investigation, we have shown that synchronous C. elegans cultures for adult conditioned-media production can be grown at scales larger than reported before, with potential for further scale up. Our growth methodologies have also yielded denser cultures than previously achieved at large scales. Since rapid bleach harvesting appears to be the bottleneck for large-scale production of synchronous C. elegans cultures, our approach of using modified TFF systems with mesh to retain C. elegans eggs increased the amount of eggs that could be bleach harvested at one time. Using this method we have been able to achieve up to 5x103 synchronous C. elegans per mL at a 50L scale. Since scale-up of TFF is straightforward, our results suggest that the technique reported here can easily be applied to larger scale systems for production of adult conditionedmedia from C. elegans. Further, the adult retention device within the culture vessel can ensure that the whole process remains aseptic.

microRNAs are single-stranded small RNAs that function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. We are studying the mir-44 family, specifically mir-44 and mir-45, which have identical sequence. Loss of mir-44 and mir-45 results in defects that suggest that the mir-44 family acts to negatively regulate the MAPK pathway. The MAPK pathway regulates sex myoblast migration, a process which is required for normal egg laying. We hypothesized that the mir-44 family of microRNAs is necessary for normal sex myoblast migration and subsequent formation of the functional egg laying structure in the hermaphrodite. We created a mutant that had mutations in both mir-44 and mir-45 and a transgene that expresses GFP in the sex myoblast cells. Then we observed the migration and division of the sex myoblasts in wild-type and mutant worms using fluorescence microscopy. In all cases, the mutant worms displayed a greater percent difference from average sex myoblast migration and division. However, a two-tailed two-proportions z-test found no significant difference between wild type and mutant sex myoblast migration (p=0.9148), nor in mutant sex myoblast division along the axial (p=0.4205) and sagittal (p=0.3583) planes of the body. This allows us to conclude that mir-44 and mir-45 are unlikely to be responsible for the migration nor division of the sex myoblasts, and the defects are likely due to interference with a different biological mechanism.

Caenorhabditis elegans est un organisme modèle bien adapté à l'analyse du fonctionnement de son réseau de neurones, de l'intégration des informations sensorielles qu'il reçoit à l'élaboration d'une réponse comportementale. Au cours de cette thèse, je me suis intéressée à l'étude de quelques paramètres cellulaires, moléculaires et environnementaux de la stratégie locomotrice de ce nématode. J'ai développé une méthode originale d'analyse quantitative de l'alternance des phases d'activité de C. elegans en présence de bactéries. J'ai montré que la phase inactive est induite par la perception interne de bactéries nutritives alors que la phase active est favorisée par la perception chemosensorielle. Ce comportement bimodal est aussi contrôlé par la concentration en nourriture de l'environnement et est modulé par son état de satiété. On observe en effet une transition d'un état constamment actif à un comportement majoritairement inactif en une décade de concentrations en bactéries. J'ai également montré que ce comportement est régulé par les voies de signalisation de la sérotonine, de l'insuline et des TGF-beta. J'ai par ailleurs développé un nouveau système d'imagerie permettant l'enregistrement simultané de l'activité calcique de neurones uniques et du comportement de vers se déplaçant librement en conditions standard de laboratoire. J'ai pu montrer que les mouvements de recul spontanés de C. elegans reflètent précisément l'activité calcique des neurones de commande AVA. Par ailleurs, j'ai pu détecter des pics d'activité calcique spontanés des neurones mécanosensoriels PLM lors du déplacement libre du ver corrélés à de courtes phases d'accélération de l'animal.

Caenorhabditis elegans est un modèle animal de choix pour l'identification à partir d'animaux mutants des gènes intervenant dans différents comportements. En revanche, la caractérisation des mutants à l'échelle cellulaire a longtemps été limitée par la taille restreinte de l'animal. La mise au point de la dissection et l'application de la technique de patch-clamp et d'imagerie Ca2+ sur la cellule musculaire striée de C. elegans nous ont permis de caractériser pour la première fois les principales conductances ioniques de cette cellule. Nous avons montré le rôle crucial que jouaient les canaux Ca2+ EGL-19 dans le couplage excitation-contraction et mis en évidence les propriétés d'activation de canaux K+ voltage-dépendants et Ca2+-activés. Nous avons aussi démontré que le canal Na+ UNC-105, de la famille des dégénérines, n'était pas mécanosensible comme le supposaient les études génétiques, tandis qu'un autre membre de cette famille s'est avéré sensible à l'acidification extracellulaire

The control of growth is a poorly understood aspect of animal development. This thesis focuses on body size regulation in Caenorhabditis elegans, and in particular, how worms grow to a certain size. In C. elegans, a key regulator of size is the TGFβ homologue DBL-1. Mutations that deplete the worm of DBL-1 result in a small body size, whereas overexpression of the gene renders long animals. The small mutants have the same number of cells as wild type suggesting that some or all cells are smaller. DBL-1 activates a TGFβ receptor leading to the nuclear localization of three Smad proteins which then initiate a transcriptional program for size control whose targets are mainly unknown. In order to learn more about how body size in C. elegans is regulated, we set up EMS mutagenesis screens to identify new loci that caused a long phenotype. A subset of the genes we have identified might function in the TGFβ signaling pathway regulating growth while others likely function in parallel pathways. One gene that we found in this screen, lon-3, encodes a cuticle collagen that genetically lies downstream of the DBL-1 TGFβ signaling pathway. Interestingly, loss of function mutations in lon-3 result in a Lon phenotype, whereas increasing the amount of LON-3 protein cause the worms to be dumpy, i.e. shorter, but slightly fatter than wild type. LON-3 is expressed in the hypodermis, the tissue from which the cuticle is synthesized and in which TGFβ signaling, regulating body size, has its focus. This study and previous work have shown that DBL-1 may affect body volume via effects on hypodermal nuclear ploidy, however this is unaffected in lon-3 mutants. Consistent with this finding, the volume of lon-3 mutant worms is not different from wild type. Taken together, our results suggest that another mechanism, by which TGFβ signaling can regulate body length, is by altering the shape of the cuticle via its effect on lon-3 and possibly other cuticle collagens. Studies in worms, flies and mice show that body size and nutrient allocation are closely connected. p70 S6-kinase (S6K) is a known regulator of cell and body size that also plays a role in metabolism. In mice and flies S6K mutants are much smaller than wild type. Our work on the worm homolog, rsks-1, shows that in worms as well, this gene is important for growth regulation and cell size. However, this effect seems to be at least in part independent of DBL-1 TGFβ signaling. Furthermore, rsks-1mutants have a 50 % increase in the amount of stored fat. Fatty acid metabolism has been shown to play an important role in environmental adaptation, especially in regards to temperature changes. Consistent with this idea, rsks-1 mutants appear to have difficulties in adjusting to such changes, reflected in a much-decreased fecundity at 15 and 25 °C compared to their cultivation temperature (20 °C). Within the nervous system the gene is specifically expressed in a subset of the chemosensory neurons that, when nutrients are abundant, secrete signals that promote growth. Intriguingly, this expression seems to be negatively regulated by insulin- like signaling, in contrast to the positive regulation of S6K by insulin in Drosophila and mice. Taken together we show that rsks-1 is an important regulator of growth and fat metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Vibrio cholerae, the causal agent of cholera typically encodes two critical virulence factors: cholera toxin (CT), which is primarily responsible for the diarrhoeal purge, and toxin-co-regulated pilus (TCP), an essential colonisation factor. Nontoxigenic strains expressing TCP can efficiently acquire the CT gene through lysogenic conversion with CTXΦ, a filamentous phage that encodes CT and uses TCP as a receptor.  V. cholerae is a Gram-negative bacterium and a natural inhabitant of estuarine and coastal waters throughout both temperate and tropical regions of the world. In the aquatic environment, V. cholerae encounters several environmental stresses, such as change in salinity, UV stress, nutrient limitation, temperature fluctuations, viral infections and protozoan predation. To fully understand the pathogenic and virulence potential of V. cholerae, knowledge is required of its interactions with, not only human, but also environmental factors. By using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as host model, we were able to identify a previously uncharacterised protein, the extracellular protease PrtV. PrtV was shown to be required for the killing of. elegans and also necessary for survival from grazing by the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis and the flagellate Cafeteria roenbergensis. The PrtV protein, which belongs to a M6 family of metallopeptidases was cloned and purified for further characterisations. The purified PrtV was cytotoxic against the human intestinal cell line HCT8. By using human blood plasma, fibrinogen, fibronectin and plasminogen were identified as candidate substrates for the PrtV protease. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are released to the surroundings by most Gram-negative bacteria through “bulging and pinching” of the outer membrane.  OMVs have been shown to contain many virulence factors important in pathogenesis. Therefore, we investigated the association of PrtV with OMVs. PrtV was not associated with OMVs from the wild type O1 strain. In contrast, in an LPS mutant lacking two sugar chains in the core oligosaccharide PrtV was found to be associated with the OMVs. The OMV-associated PrtV was shown to be proteolytically and cytotoxically active. V. cholerae strains are grouped into >200 serogroups. Only the O1 and O139 serogroups have been associated with pandemic cholera, a severe diarrhoeal disease.  All other serogroups are collectively referred to as non-O1 non-O139 V. cholerae. Non-O1 non-O139 V. cholerae can cause gastroenteritis and extraintestinal infections, but unlike O1 and O139 strains of V. cholerae, little is known about the virulence gene content and their potential to become human pathogens. We analysed clinical and environmental non-O1 non-O139 isolates for their putative virulence traits. None of them carry the genes encoding CT or the TCP, but other putative virulence factors were present in these isolates. The incidence of serum resistance was found to vary considerably and was independent of encapsulation. Three strains were strongly serum-resistant, and these same strains could also kill C. elegans.

Genetically identical cells and organisms growing in homogenous environmental conditions can show significant phenotypic variation. Furthermore, mutations often have consequences that vary among individuals (incomplete penetrance). Biochemical processes such as those involved in gene expression are subjected to fluctuations due to their inherent probabilistic nature. However, it is not clear how these fluctuations affect multicellular organisms carrying mutations and if stochastic variation in gene expression among individuals could confer any advantage to populations. We have investigated the consequences of stochastic gene expression using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model. Here we show that inter-individual stochastic variation in the induction of both specific and more general buffering systems combine to determine the outcome of inherited mutations in each individual. Also, we demonstrate that genetic and environmental robustness are coupled in C. elegans. Individuals with higher induction of stress response are more robust to the effect of mutations, however they incur a fitness cost, thus suggesting that variation at the population level could be beneficial in unpredictable environments. / Células y organismos genéticamente idénticos y creciendo en un ambiente homogéneo pueden mostrar diferencias en sus fenotipos. Además, una misma mutación puede afectar de un modo distinto a individuos de una misma población. Es sabido que los procesos bioquímicos responsables de la expresión de genes están sujetos a fluctuaciones debido a su inherentemente naturaleza probabilística. Sin embargo, el rol que juegan estas fluctuaciones en individuos portadores de mutaciones ha sido poco estudiado, así cómo si la expresión estocástica de genes puede conferir alguna ventaja al nivel poblacional. Para investigar las consecuencias de la expresión estocástica de genes usamos como modelo al nemátodo Caenorhabditis elegans. En este trabajo demostramos que existe variación entre individuos en la inducción de mecanismos (tanto gen-específicos como globales) que confieren robustez al desarrollo. En consecuencia, diferencias fenotípicas entre mutantes están determinadas por su variación. También, demostramos que la robustez a perturbaciones genéticos y ambientales están estrechamente ligadas en C. elegans. Individuos que inducen estocásticamente una mayor respuesta a stress, están fenotípicamente mejor protegidos al efecto de mutaciones pero incurren en un costo reproductivo importante. Eso sugiere, que variaciones estocásticas al nivel poblacional pueden ser benéficas cuando las poblaciones afrontan ambientes impredecibles.

The neuromuscular junction (nmj) is a commonly studied synapse, used often to investigate reciprocal signaling between a motor neuron and the appropriate target muscle. In Caenorhabditis elegans, ectopic nmjs can be created by eliminating selected embryonic muscle cells that act as guideposts for the migration of post-embryonic muscles. The ectopic muscles are required to induce sprouting from DD motor neurons, indicating the presence of a muscle derived signaling molecule that interacts with the neurons. A TGF-β homolog, unc-129, is reported to be transiently expressed in the dorsal body wall muscles. The timing of the expression of TGF-β coincides with the time that the DD motor neurons respecify their synapses. In this study, we show that TGF-β is expressed by the ectopic muscle and that in unc-129 mutant animals, the ectopic muscle is unable to induce sprouting from the DD motor neurons. Therefore, we conclude that TGF-β is necessary for ectopic nmj formation in C.elegans.