Orientador: Idomeo Bonetti Filho / Banca: Juliane M. Guerreiro Tanomaru / Banca: Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra / Resumo: O cimento endodôntico Sealapex® (SL) contém óxido de cálcio e resina de salicilato. Apexit® Plus (AP) é um cimento com sais de cálcio (hidróxido, óxido, fosfato) que apresenta reação química com resina salicilato. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as propriedades físicas, químicas, antimicrobianas e biológicas do cimento AP comparando-os ao SL. Os testes para avaliação de pH, tempo de presa, solubilidade, escoamento e radiopacidade foram realizados. A atividade antimicrobiana dos cimentos endodônticos foi avaliada por meio de contato direto com Entrococcus faecalis em fase planctônica. Os resultados mostram que os cimentos endodônticos estão de acordo com os padrões mínimos sugeridos pela ADA, para os testes de escoamento e radiopacidade. Entretanto, SL apresenta tempo de presa e solubilidade maiores comparado ao AP. Os materiais apresentam potencial de alcalinização semelhante em todos os períodos de avaliação, entretanto, o AP apresenta maior atividade antimicrobiana em comparação ao SL. Para avaliação da reação tecidual provocada pelos materiais, foram implantados tubos de polietileno com os cimentos endodônticos e vazios (Controle) em subcutâneo de ratos. Após 7, 15, 30 e 60 dias, os animais foram sacrificados e os tubos com o tecido adjacente removidos e submetidos ao processamento histológico. Os cortes foram corados em H/E para a realização da análise morfológica, considerando a presença ou não de processo inflamatório, bem como a sua extensão e o tipo de células in... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Endodontic sealer Sealapex® (SL) presents calcium oxide and salicylate resin in its formulation. Apexit® Plus (AP) is a sealer that contains calcium salts (hydroxide, oxide, phosphate) and has chemical reaction with salicylate resin. This study aims to evaluate the physical, chemical, antimicrobial and biological properties of AP, comparing to SL. Tests of pH, setting time, solubility, flow and radiopacity were done for both materials. . The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the direct contact test with Enterococcus faecalis in bacterial suspension. Results confirm that these endodontic sealers are according to #57 ADA specification, to the flow and radiopacity tests. However, SL presented higher setting time and solubility compared to AP. The materials showed similar alkalization potential in all periods, the AP has larger antimicrobial activity compared to SL. For the evaluation of the tissue reaction induced by the materials, polyethylene tubes containing the sealers were implanted in the rat subcutaneous; empty tubes were used as control. After 7, 15, 30 and 60 days, the animals were euthanized and the tubes with adjacent tissue were removed and submitted to histological procedures. HE-stained sections were used to morphologic analysis, considering the presence or abscence of inflammation, as well as the extent and type of inflammatory cells, the presence of multinucleated giant cells, blood vessels, fibroblasts. Sections staining with Picrosirius red was used to me... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

With the increasing demand for biodiesel, the accumulation of byproduct, crude glycerol has become a problem which needs to be solved. Lactic acid is one of the value-added chemical which can be produced from glycerol that has wide uses in food and chemical industry. Although glycerol can be converted to lactic acid with an alkali as the catalyst at high glycerol conversion (100 mol%) and lactic acid yield (around 90 mol%), the high alkalinity would cause severe corrosiveness to a stainless steel reactor. In this study two tasks were performed to convert glycerol to lactic acid with satisfactory conversion and selectivity, and to reduce the corrosiveness of reaction medium. First, CaO was used as solid base catalyst. The highest lactic acid yield achieved was 40.8 mol% with a 97.8 mol% glycerol conversion, when operating at 290°C after 150 min reaction with molar ratio of CaO: glycerol=0.3. Also CaO has advantages such as high lactic acid productivity (3.35 g/(min·L)) and reusability. Meanwhile, CaO can be used as the catalyst for both biodiesel production and the following crude glycerol conversion to lactic acid. Second, for glycerol conversion with NaOH as catalyst, a fed-batch reactor was applied to continuously supply NaOH during reaction process, compensating the OH- neutralized by newly formed lactic acid. The optimal lactic acid yield of 80.5 mol%, with 92.8% glycerol conversion was obtained at 300 °C for 220min, with 1.1 M glycerol initial concentration. A first-order kinetic model for glycerol concentration versus time was developed and verified experimentally under conditions with different initial glycerol concentration and reaction temperature. Although crude glycerol samples contained large amount of impurities, both methods, conversion with solid base catalyst and with fed-batch reactor, were applied successfully to three crude glycerol samples provided by biodiesel manufacturers, and the lactic acid yield reached 52.3 mol% and 72.7 mol% respectively. Finally, the corrosion issue of different methods was compared based on the Fe3+ concentration (analyzed with atomic-absorption spectroscopy) in the products. Both methods of glycerol conversions, with solid base catalyst and fed-batch reactor, can reduce the corrosiveness of glycerol conversion with an alkali as the catalyst.

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) formation by carbothermic reduction of B2O3 under nitrogen atmosphere at 1500&deg / C and effect of CaO addition into the initial B2O3 &amp / #8211 / active C mixture were investigated during this study. Reaction products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantitative chemical analysis. Main aim of this study was to investigate the presence of a second reaction mechanism that catalytically affects h-BN formation during CaO or CaCO3 addition into the initial mixture. It was found that similar to CaCO3 addition, CaO addition has a catalytic effect on carbothermic formation h-BN. In order to investigate the reaction mechanism experiments with B2O3 &amp / #8211 / CaO mixtures without active carbon addition into the mixture were conducted. Furthermore nucleation of h-BN from calcium borate melts had been investigated and experiments were conducted with h-BN addition into CaO &amp / #8211 / B2O3 mixtures. It was concluded that nucleation of h-BN in calcium borate slags under experimental conditions is not possible. Hexagonal BN should be present in the system in order to activate the second nitrogen dissolution followed by h-BN precipitation mechanism. Highest efficiency was achieved in the experiment conducted with CaCO3 addition and largest particle size was observed during the experiment conducted to investigate the effect of nucleation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:06:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 siqueira_gr_dr_jabo.pdf: 544285 bytes, checksum: 28ebf007d54d505f0189cd8dd0b85c2f (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Foram realizados três experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do L. buchneri (LB) e/ou do óxido de cálcio (CaO) na ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar in natura ou queimada. No primeiro experimento os tratamentos foram cana-de-açúcar in natura (CI) ou tratada com L. buchneri (CIB) e cana-de-açúcar queimada (CQ) ou tratada com L. buchneri (CQB), avaliadas com 0, 1, 4, 7, 14, 28 e 56 dias de fermentação, com três repetições por tratamento. A digestibilidade verdadeira in vitro da matéria seca sofreu severa redução já no primeiro dia de armazenamento, chegando a reduzir em cerca de 20 unidades percentuais aos 56 dias de armazenamento. No segundo experimento os tratamentos avaliados foram: silagens de cana-de-açúcar in natura sem aditivo, com LB, com CaO (1% da matéria natural) e com a associação do LB e do CaO e silagem de cana-de-açúcar queimada sem aditivos, com LB, com CaO e LB + CaO. Pelas análises multivariadas, foi possível constatar que a presença de CaO foi o fator que propiciou a maior discriminação dos grupos. No terceiro experimento, avaliaram-se rações contendo silagem de milho (SM), cana-de-açúcar fresca (CF) e as silagens de cana-de-açúcar CI, CIB, CQ e CQB. O ganho médio de peso não apresentou diferença, tendo como média geral do confinamento o valor de 0,895 kg/dia. Silagens de cana-de-açúcar queimada apresentaram maiores perdas e alterações fermentativas e nutricionais, que as silagens de cana-de-açúcar in natura. O L. buchneri deve ser utilizado em silagens de cana-de-açúcar queimada e nas de cana-de-açúcar in natura seu uso é dispensável. O uso de silagens de cana-de-açúcar em relação a SM e CF não alterou o desempenho de novilhas de corte confinadas. O óxido de cálcio pode ser considerado um aditivo promissor, na ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar. / Three trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of L. buchneri (LB) and/or calcium oxide (CaO) “in nature” or burned sugarcane silage. In the first experiment the treatments were “in nature” sugarcane silage (IS) or treated with L. buchneri (ISB) and burned sugarcane silage (BS) or treated with L. buchneri (BSB), evaluated after 0, 1, 4, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days of storage, with three replications per treatment. The true in vitro dry matter digestibility reduced severely in the first days of the fermentation phase, the values was about 20 percentage loss during the 56 days of storage. In the second experiment the treatments were: “in nature” without additive, plus LB, or CaO (1% wet basis), and association of the LB and CaO, and burned sugarcane silage without additives, with LB, with CaO and LB plus CaO. According the multivariate analysis, it was possible to observe that the CaO application was the factor that provided the greatest discrimination for the groups formations. In the third experiment, were evaluated diets containing corn silage (CS), fresh sugarcane (FC) and sugarcane silages, IS, ISB, BS and BSB. Average weight gain showed no statistical difference among treatments, the general means value was 0.895 kg/day. Burned sugarcane silage show highest fermentation losses and nutritional changes, that the silage from “in nature” sugarcane. The L. buchneri acted partly in the burned sugarcane silage; however in the “in nature” sugarcane silages the additive doesn’t present positive effect. In the beef cattle feedlot, replacement of conventional forage (CS or SF) for sugarcane silages is feasible. Calcium oxide can be considered a promising additive in sugarcane silage production.

Resumo: Foram realizados três experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do L. buchneri (LB) e/ou do óxido de cálcio (CaO) na ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar in natura ou queimada. No primeiro experimento os tratamentos foram cana-de-açúcar in natura (CI) ou tratada com L. buchneri (CIB) e cana-de-açúcar queimada (CQ) ou tratada com L. buchneri (CQB), avaliadas com 0, 1, 4, 7, 14, 28 e 56 dias de fermentação, com três repetições por tratamento. A digestibilidade verdadeira in vitro da matéria seca sofreu severa redução já no primeiro dia de armazenamento, chegando a reduzir em cerca de 20 unidades percentuais aos 56 dias de armazenamento. No segundo experimento os tratamentos avaliados foram: silagens de cana-de-açúcar in natura sem aditivo, com LB, com CaO (1% da matéria natural) e com a associação do LB e do CaO e silagem de cana-de-açúcar queimada sem aditivos, com LB, com CaO e LB + CaO. Pelas análises multivariadas, foi possível constatar que a presença de CaO foi o fator que propiciou a maior discriminação dos grupos. No terceiro experimento, avaliaram-se rações contendo silagem de milho (SM), cana-de-açúcar fresca (CF) e as silagens de cana-de-açúcar CI, CIB, CQ e CQB. O ganho médio de peso não apresentou diferença, tendo como média geral do confinamento o valor de 0,895 kg/dia. Silagens de cana-de-açúcar queimada apresentaram maiores perdas e alterações fermentativas e nutricionais, que as silagens de cana-de-açúcar in natura. O L. buchneri deve ser utilizado em silagens de cana-de-açúcar queimada e nas de cana-de-açúcar in natura seu uso é dispensável. O uso de silagens de cana-de-açúcar em relação a SM e CF não alterou o desempenho de novilhas de corte confinadas. O óxido de cálcio pode ser considerado um aditivo promissor, na ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar. / Abstract: Three trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of L. buchneri (LB) and/or calcium oxide (CaO) "in nature" or burned sugarcane silage. In the first experiment the treatments were "in nature" sugarcane silage (IS) or treated with L. buchneri (ISB) and burned sugarcane silage (BS) or treated with L. buchneri (BSB), evaluated after 0, 1, 4, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days of storage, with three replications per treatment. The true in vitro dry matter digestibility reduced severely in the first days of the fermentation phase, the values was about 20 percentage loss during the 56 days of storage. In the second experiment the treatments were: "in nature" without additive, plus LB, or CaO (1% wet basis), and association of the LB and CaO, and burned sugarcane silage without additives, with LB, with CaO and LB plus CaO. According the multivariate analysis, it was possible to observe that the CaO application was the factor that provided the greatest discrimination for the groups formations. In the third experiment, were evaluated diets containing corn silage (CS), fresh sugarcane (FC) and sugarcane silages, IS, ISB, BS and BSB. Average weight gain showed no statistical difference among treatments, the general means value was 0.895 kg/day. Burned sugarcane silage show highest fermentation losses and nutritional changes, that the silage from "in nature" sugarcane. The L. buchneri acted partly in the burned sugarcane silage; however in the "in nature" sugarcane silages the additive doesn't present positive effect. In the beef cattle feedlot, replacement of conventional forage (CS or SF) for sugarcane silages is feasible. Calcium oxide can be considered a promising additive in sugarcane silage production. / Orientador: Ruben Pablo Schocken-Iturrino / Coorientador: Ricardo Andrade Reis / Banca: Antonio Ricardo Evangelista / Banca: Clóves Cabreira Jobim / Banca: Luiz Gustavo Nussio / Banca: Flávio Dutra de Resende / Doutor

Orientador: Mauro Dal Secco de Oliveira / Banca: Ricardo Andrade Reis / Banca: Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel / Banca: Selma de Fátima Grossi / Banca: Ricardo Dias Signoretti / Resumo: Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o valor nutritivo da cana-de-açúcar na alimentação de bovinos. Foram avaliados as variáveis correlacionados com a estabilidade aeróbia, pH microrganismos, composição bromatológica, teores de macro, microminerais, metais tóxicos, digestibilidade, ganho de peso e consumo. Para análise estatística do consumo e ganho de peso foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições por tratamento, a análise estatítica das demais variáveis foi feita utilizando o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo as doses de cal alocados nas parcelas (0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 %) e os tempos de exposição ao ar nas subparcelas (0, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas), com quatro repetições por tratamento. As médias em ambos os casos foram comparadas utilizando-se o teste de Tukey ao nível de 5 % de probabilidade. Foi encontrado efeito significativo para todas as variáveis estudas com exceção daquelas relacionadas ao desempenho e consumo. A cal virgem foi capaz de aumentar a estabilidade aeróbia e controlar o desenvolvimento dos microrganismos (leveduras principalmente), solubilizar a fração fibrosa da cana e aumentar a digestibilidade, porém estes efeitos não ocasionaram um maior consumo nem maior desempenho dos animais alimentados com este volumoso, indicando que outros fatores podem estar influenciando no desempenho dos animais. Com o passar das horas a cana-de-açúcar diminui o seu valor nutritivo porém esta diminuição é menor para os tratamentos que continham a cana-de-açúcar tratada com cal virgem. / Abstract: This study objective was evaluete sugar cane nutritional value of in cattle feeding. Variables correlated were evaluated with aerobic stability, pH microorganisms, bromatologic composition, levels of macro, microminerals, toxic metals, digestibility, weight gain and consumption. For consumption and weight gain statistical analysis a randomized design with four replicates per treatment was used, analysis statistical for other variables were made using randomized design in a split-plot, and the doses of lime allocated in pieces (0 , 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%) and the time of exposure to air the subplots (0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours), with four replicates per treatment. The averages in both cases were compared using the Tukey test at 5% level of probability. Significant effect was found for all the variables studied except those related to the performance and consumption. The lime was able to increase aerobic stability and control the microorganisms (mainly yeasts) development, solubilizing cane fibrous fraction cane and increasing digestibility, but these effects do not lead to higher consumption and higher performance of animals fed with forage, indicating that other factors may be influencing animals performance. With the passing of the hours the sugar cane diminish their nutritional value but this reduction is lower for the treatments that contained the sugar cane treated with lime. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:55:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6618.pdf: 14780649 bytes, checksum: 12370eef2a8b5f5105a2507b63fdd2eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-16 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The petroleum crisis associated with global warming and environmental pollution has motivated researchers to investigate more profoundly the feasibility of alternative energy sources. Biofuels have been recently regaining popularity as one of the greatest promises of the high-tech future. Among the different forms of biofuels, biodiesel stands out for being a biodegradable compound, free of sulfur and aromatics. In this context, we developed different routes to synthesize heterogeneous catalysts made of calcium oxide (CaO) supported on magnetic ferrites and evaluated their activity in the transesterification reaction of ethyl. The first synthetic method employed in the preparation of magnetic supports was co-precipitation. The nanometer scale of ferrite particles was achieved by monitoring the flow rate of the reagents and the aging time of the products. The second method involved the usage of the precursor citrate not only due to its low cost but also because it helped in making the synthesis of nanoparticles easier. Furthermore, the wet impregnation method of the respective nitrate was employed in the production of the CaO catalysts which was calcined at 650°C afterwards. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, N2 physisorption, TEM-EDX, SQUID, DTP-CO2 IR and SEM-EDS. The catalysts containing different amounts of CaO were evaluated in the transesterification reaction between methyl acetate and ethanol. The results suggest that a high conversion rate (up to 85%) can be achieved depending on the CaO content on the catalyst. These high conversion rates encouraged us to study the effect of other catalysts on the ethyl transesterification of soybean oil at various reaction times and ethanol/oil molar ratios. Indeed, it was observed that the maximum conversion rate of esters obtained during the ethyl transesterification of soybean oil was higher than 50% in the presence of 50-CaO/ CuFe2O4 catalyst. Moreover, the stability tests showed that these catalysts can be used up to 6 reaction cycles and that Ca2+ leached does not catalyze the homogeneous phase. Therfore, the results suggest that CaO/ MFe2O4 are promising catalysts to replace the base homogeneous catalysts industrialy used for biodiesel production. / A crise no petróleo aliada ao aquecimento global e poluição ambiental, tem motivado pesquisadores na busca de fontes alternativas de energia. Os biocombustíveis têm sido apontados como alternativa capaz de minimizar esses problemas. Entre os biocombustíveis, o biodiesel se destaca por ser um composto biodegradável, livre de enxofre e compostos aromáticos. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal a obtenção de catalisadores heterogêneos de óxido de cálcio (CaO) suportados em ferritas magnéticas. Esses materiais serão sintetizados sintetizadas por diferentes métodos, com a finalidade de serem avaliados na reação de transesterificação etílica. Um dos métodos de síntese empregado na preparação do suporte magnético foi o de co-precipitação, onde foram monitorados o fluxo de gotejamento dos reagentes e o tempo de envelhecimento, afim de obter partículas nanométricas de ferrita. Outro método utilizado foi o do citrato precursor, devido ao baixo custo, simplicidade de síntese e facilidade de obtenção de nanopartículas. Os catalisadores contendo 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50% CaO foram obtidos através de impregnação húmida do respectivo nitrato e posteriormente calcinado a 650°C. Os materiais foram caracterizados por DRX, Fisissorção de N2, METEDX, SQUID, DTP-CO2, MEV-EDS e IR. Primeiramente os catalisadores com diferentes teores de CaO foram avaliados na reação transesterificação modelo entre acetato de metila e etanol, mostrando que a conversão depende do teor de CaO impregnado no suporte. Os resultados obtidos na transesterificação modelo apresentaram valores de conversão elevados, chegando a 85%. Os catalisadores mais ativos na reação modelo foram avaliados na transesterificação etílica do óleo de soja, variando o tempo de reação e a razão molar etanol/óleo. O valor máximo de conversão de ésteres obtidos na transesterificação etílica do óleo de soja foi superior a 50% para o catalisador 50-CaO/CuFe2O4. Os testes de estabilidade, investigada através de ensaios de reuso dos catalisadores, mostram que estes podem ser usados por até 6 ciclos de reação. Foi detectado Ca+2 lixiviado para a solução, porém o mesmo não catalisa a reação em meio homogêneo. Deste modo, os catalisadores CaO/MFe2O4 mostraram-se promissores para substituir catalisadores homogêneos básicos na produção de biodiesel.

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