Cette thèse est consacrée à une étude d'un point de vue général de jeux d'accessibilité dans des systèmes munis de compteurs. Dans ce type de jeux, l'objectif de l'un des deux joueurs est d'atteindre une configuration particulière, qui est composée d'un sommet de l'arène où le jeu se déroule et d'un n-uplet de valeurs pour les compteurs. Ces valeurs de compteurs sont mises à jour, généralement par des additions de vecteurs, lorsqu’un arc est emprunté. Le problème de décision associé à un jeu d’accessibilité est de savoir si le joueur en question a une stratégie gagnante depuis une configuration donnée. Lorsque ce problème est décidable, on s’intéresse à la possibilité de décrire l’ensemble de ces configurations dites gagnantes. Au cours de l’étude, des caractéristiques des jeux d’accessibilités avec des compteurs sont mises en parallèle, en cherchant des similarités, ou au contraire des différences, au niveau de la décidabilité et de la complexité du problème de décision, quand l’une de ces caractéristiques est modifiée. On retiendra en tant que caractéristique majeure le comportement quand un compteur devrait devenir négatif. Nous nous focalisons principalement sur trois sémantiques. Nous considérons également d’autres caractéristiques selon lesquelles il était possible de comparer décidabilité et complexité. Nous nous penchons sur un modèle intitulé « robot games », sur lequel nous obtenons des résultats majeurs : un algorithme de complexité asymptotiquement optimale en dimension un et une preuve d’indécidabilité en dimension trois. / This thesis is devoted to a general study of a reachability games on systems with counters. In this kind of games, the objective of one of two players is to reach a particular configuration, which is a pair composed of a vertex of the game arena and a tuple of values for the counters. The values of the counters are updated, usually by vector additions, when a edge is taken. The decision problem associated with a reachability game is whether a player has a winning strategy for the game from a given configuration, in other words whether the configuration is winning. When the problem of determining the winner from a given configuration is decidable, we wonder whether it is even possible to describe the set of winning configurations. In our study, we look at various features of counter reachability games, finding similarities or, on the contrary, differences with regard to decidability or complexity of the decision problem, when one of the features is modified. The main feature that we consider is what happens when a counter should become negative. We focus primarily on three semantics. We also consider other features that allow to compare decidability and complexity. We introduce a model, called “robot games”, on which we obtain our main results: an algorithm with an optimal complexity for dimension one, and undecidability for dimension three.

Le sujet visé par cette dissertation est la logique ordinale de Turing. Nous nous référons au texte original de Turing «Systems of logic based on ordinals» (Turing [1939]), la thèse que Turing rédigea à Princeton sous la direction du professeur Alonzo Church. Le principe d’une logique ordinale consiste à surmonter localement l’incomplétude gödelienne pour l’arithmétique par le biais de progressions d’axiomes récursivement consistantes. Étant donné son importance considérable pour la théorie de la calculabilité et les fondements des mathématiques, cette recherche méconnue de Turing mérite une attention particulière. Nous retraçons ici le projet d’une logique ordinale, de ses origines dans le théorème d’incomplétude de Gödel jusqu'à ses avancées dans les développements de la théorie de la calculabilité. Nous concluons par une discussion philosophique sur les fondements des mathématiques en fonction d’un point de vue finitiste. / The main subject of this dissertation is Turing’s ordinal logic, i.e. Turing’s attempt to locally overcome Gödel’s incompleteness by means of transfinite recursive progressions. We shall refer to the original 1939 text «Systems of logic based on ordinals» which is, in fact, Turing’s Ph.D thesis at Princeton University under the direction of Professor Alonzo Church. Considering its importance for the theory of computability and the foundations of mathematics, Turing’s paper certainly didn’t get enough attention in the literature. Therefore, we want to retrace Turing’s project of an ordinal logic from its very foundation in Gödel’s incompleteness theorem to its further development in calculability theory. A discussion on the foundations of mathematics from a computational point of view will conclude this memoir.

Le sujet visé par cette dissertation est la logique ordinale de Turing. Nous nous référons au texte original de Turing «Systems of logic based on ordinals» (Turing [1939]), la thèse que Turing rédigea à Princeton sous la direction du professeur Alonzo Church. Le principe d’une logique ordinale consiste à surmonter localement l’incomplétude gödelienne pour l’arithmétique par le biais de progressions d’axiomes récursivement consistantes. Étant donné son importance considérable pour la théorie de la calculabilité et les fondements des mathématiques, cette recherche méconnue de Turing mérite une attention particulière. Nous retraçons ici le projet d’une logique ordinale, de ses origines dans le théorème d’incomplétude de Gödel jusqu'à ses avancées dans les développements de la théorie de la calculabilité. Nous concluons par une discussion philosophique sur les fondements des mathématiques en fonction d’un point de vue finitiste. / The main subject of this dissertation is Turing’s ordinal logic, i.e. Turing’s attempt to locally overcome Gödel’s incompleteness by means of transfinite recursive progressions. We shall refer to the original 1939 text «Systems of logic based on ordinals» which is, in fact, Turing’s Ph.D thesis at Princeton University under the direction of Professor Alonzo Church. Considering its importance for the theory of computability and the foundations of mathematics, Turing’s paper certainly didn’t get enough attention in the literature. Therefore, we want to retrace Turing’s project of an ordinal logic from its very foundation in Gödel’s incompleteness theorem to its further development in calculability theory. A discussion on the foundations of mathematics from a computational point of view will conclude this memoir.

<p>In the European Union political visions of a ‘Social Europe’ are being fuelled by the creation of common EU employment and social policy. The aim of the study is to investigate the workings and dynamics of policy-making in the area of employment, as an integral part of the fashioning of the European Union. Policies are channels for the cultural flows of ideas and notions and are in this way a part of forming ‘society’.</p><p>The study is an ethnography of the work of bureaucrats in the European Union institutions and the member state governments, in particular in the European Commission and the Swedish government. In this bureaucratic culture of policy-making the Eurocrats move between different EU meetings to negotiate, discuss and decide on common ‘EU’ positions, in this way creating a postnational EU.</p><p>At the core of the study is the tracing of the policy process of framing the vision of ‘Social Europe’ by the notion of ‘quality in work’. Particular focus is placed on turning this idea into ‘quality in work’ indicators. More specifically, the study explores the processes of making policy decisions quantifiable and transparent, and the assumptions underlying these processes. The development of indicators may be seen as part of a general global trend responding to demands for accountability, transparency and control over policy processes, a trend labelled audit society or audit cultures.</p>

In the European Union political visions of a ‘Social Europe’ are being fuelled by the creation of common EU employment and social policy. The aim of the study is to investigate the workings and dynamics of policy-making in the area of employment, as an integral part of the fashioning of the European Union. Policies are channels for the cultural flows of ideas and notions and are in this way a part of forming ‘society’. The study is an ethnography of the work of bureaucrats in the European Union institutions and the member state governments, in particular in the European Commission and the Swedish government. In this bureaucratic culture of policy-making the Eurocrats move between different EU meetings to negotiate, discuss and decide on common ‘EU’ positions, in this way creating a postnational EU. At the core of the study is the tracing of the policy process of framing the vision of ‘Social Europe’ by the notion of ‘quality in work’. Particular focus is placed on turning this idea into ‘quality in work’ indicators. More specifically, the study explores the processes of making policy decisions quantifiable and transparent, and the assumptions underlying these processes. The development of indicators may be seen as part of a general global trend responding to demands for accountability, transparency and control over policy processes, a trend labelled audit society or audit cultures.

This thesis concerns the trade union reaction to immigration as a phenomenon and toimmigrants as a labour force on the Swedish labour market. It concerns trade union politicsregarding immigration and immigrants, from the political decision taken in 1946 to recruitworkers from other countries because of the labour shortage in Sweden, to 2009 when theconflict in the Swedish town of Vaxholm, that was a consequence of the EU’s expansion to theeast and which received such enormous attention in the Swedish media, was given its finalverdict and the continued existence of the “Swedish model” was placed under question. Thestudy focuses on the labour movement’s central trade union organisation in Sweden, in otherwords the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (Landsorganisationen, or LO as it is commonlyabbreviated in Sweden).The basis for the thesis has been that the process of immigration must naturally in the longterm lead to the addition of workers on the labour market, and consequently increasedcompetition amongst workers. The question has been how the interest organisation LO, whoseprimary mission is to protect the wage rates and social conditions for its members, and whichhas the restriction of competition as an overriding strategy, would handle the phenomenon ofimmigration and the existence of immigrants as a labour force on the Swedish labour marketand within the trade union movement, during the course of the study. The choice of LO as afundamental starting point for the study, being as it is an interest organisation with the shorttermobjective of protecting its members’ interests, but also given the organisation’s more longtermobjectives of being an important actor on the labour market and within society, hasinfluenced the choice of the thesis’ central theoretical concepts; strategy, restriction ofcompetition, calculability, power and hegemony. This very starting point, but also the natureof the source materials and a reflection over the immigration process (from immigration toimmigrant workers on the labour market and finally to trade union members), has meant that Ihave chosen to structure the thesis and present my findings based on three different problemareas. I have chosen to refer to these problem areas as boundaries, there LO have dealt withvarious problems concerning the phenomena of immigration and immigrants on the Swedishlabour market, as well as problems related to some of its own members having foreignbackgrounds. These boundaries consist firstly of an outer boundary that is a physicalboundary, coincident with national boundaries and influencing immigration politics, there LOwas able to consider the scope of the immigration process and make calculations about whatthe resultant addition of new workers, that is a natural consequence of the immigrationprocess, would mean for the labour market. Secondly an inner boundary, that encompasses thelabour market but is more transparent to members of society and influences immigrant politics,there LO was able to consider the terms and conditions that should be made available to theimmigrant workers, in general within society and in particular on the labour market. Finally aninnermost boundary, encompassing the trade union membership, there LO was able to managethe terms and conditions for the immigrant workers within the trade union movement.The thesis’ overriding objective has been to examine LO’s strategies for these threeboundary areas and to see if there is a coherent pattern behind LO’s actions on these threevarying levels. A more theoretical objective with this thesis has been to examine if the possiblepatterns that would appear in LO’s actions within these three boundary areas, could bediscussed from the perspective of a power structure.