A gold standard measurement does not exist to assess fatigue symptoms across patient populations. Current tools only consist of self-report measures that may not assess fatigue objectively. The National Institutes of Health-Brief Fatigue Inventory (NIH-BFI) is a clinician-administered instrument developed as a more objective assessment of fatigue symptoms. This study assessed the NIH-BFI's validity in diverse clinical populations, which included patients diagnosed with a mood disorder, Parkinson's disease, cancer, and healthy controls. Results suggest good criterion-related and convergent validity for the NIH-BFI. Results also indicate significant differences in fatigue severity between cohorts. Moreover, the data also suggest significant differences among groups in depression, anxiety, pain catastrophizing, sleep quality, global mental and physical health, and cognitive functioning. This study proposes that the NIH-BFI is a valid clinician-administered measure of fatigue that can be administered in multiple clinical populations.

Thesis (M.Med. (Radiation Oncology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Background Hypothyroidism in head and neck cancer patients after radiotherapy is known to occur, yet thyroid function tests are not routinely monitored in all patients post radiation therapy. Routine post radiation therapy thyroid function testing is currently not part of the follow-up protocol in these patients at Pietersburg Hospital. The aim of this study is to evaluate post radiation therapy hypothyroidism among head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy at Pietersburg Hospital Methods A prospective (cohort) observational study was carried out among head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy at the radiation oncology department in Pietersburg Hospital. Sample size of n=37 was calculated using Statistica V13.0. Thyroid function tests were performed at the start of radiation therapy and repeated on the first day of follow up, 6 weeks after completing radiation therapy. During follow up, participants were also interviewed for the presence of symptoms of hypothyroidism such as dry skin, dry hair, fatigue, cold intolerance, or weight gain. Data analysis was done with STATA version 16. Descriptive statistics were used to characterise variables, and summarised in tables, graphs and charts. Changes in thyroid function tests and other variables were analysed. A p-value of 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. Results Thirty-seven patients were enrolled in the study, 26 males and 11 females. The mean age of the patients was 53.1 ±12.3 standard deviation [SD]) with a range of 40.8 to 65.4 years. The most common diagnoses were cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx, forming 29.7% and oral cavity cancer, 29.7%. Only three patients (8%) had an early stage cancer (Stages 1 and 2), 11 patients (29.7%) moderately advanced cancer (Stage 3) while the majority (62%; n =23) had locally advanced cancer (Stage 4). Majority of the patients received 70Gy in 35 daily fractions, five fractions per week via 3-D conformal radiotherapy. Only 29 patients who had complete pre- and post radiotherapy thyroid function tests were included in the final analysis. Of these, none had clinical hypothyroidism at 3 months. Two patients (6.8%) had sub-clinical hypothyroidism, with post radiation therapy TSH values greater than 3.5mIU/ml. The mean post radiation therapy TSH values increased by 8.3% and the mean fT4 values decreased by 2.05% compared to the pre-radiation therapy values. Both changes were not statistically significant (p=0.99 and p=0.82 respectively). There was no statistically significant correlation between changes in TSH and fT4 versus age (p=0.88 and p=0.92 respectively), sex (p=0.55 and p=0.15 respectively), cancer stage (p=0.21 and p=0.78 respectively), and cancer site (p=0.17 and p=0.74 respectively). The most common post radiotherapy symptom was fatigue (62%) followed by cold intolerance (54%), weight gain (43%) and dry skin or dry hair (43% each). Conclusion The results of the study suggest that sub-clinical hypothyroidism is detectable early post radiation therapy presenting as clinical symptoms.

This paper explores the use of quantitative assessments typically used in research to evaluate experiences of cancer patients and survivors receiving group art therapy services. Literature exploring program evaluation as a methodology, how current research selects standardized measurement tools for the evaluation of art therapy interventions with adult cancer patients and survivors, and on the efficacy of art therapy with this population is reviewed. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from four participants, who were clients in two eight-week art therapy groups. Quantitative data were collected in the form of pre- and post-test measurements using six commonly used standardized quality of life assessment tools. Qualitative data were collected via focus groups and art responses. Quantitative data were analyzed to identify general trends in the pre- and post-test measures, demonstrating that no significant positive shifts in symptoms or well-being were documented in the tests. Qualitative data were then analyzed to identify six prominent themes, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the participants’ experience of the tests, the participants’ perceived personal value of the tests, pre- and post-test measures as containment of experience, art responses as accurate representations of the benefits of art therapy, participants’ passion for art therapy, and participants’ feelings that standardized tests did not accurately capture their experience in the group. These findings were then examined in the context of the literature reviewed, and it was concluded that while standardized assessments have a valuable place in research, they do not effectively capture the lived experience of participants in art therapy groups. Furthermore, future research should continue to explore the value of qualitative research, including that which uses art-making, in evaluating art therapy programs and effectiveness.

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 22 novembre 2023) / Le vieillissement est un facteur de risque pour le cancer du sein. Si les progrès dans les traitements du cancer ont permis d'améliorer les taux de survie, ils peuvent laisser des effets secondaires durables qui influencent la qualité de vie et le fonctionnement quotidien des femmes qui les reçoivent. La neuropathie périphérique chimio-induite (NPCI) est un effet secondaire courant de la chimiothérapie du cancer du sein à base de taxane. Elle est associée à plusieurs risques potentiellement liés à l'âge, comme un risque accru de chutes pouvant entraîner des blessures. Il est donc impératif de déceler les schémas liés à l'âge dans l'expérience de la NPCI, ainsi que les facteurs biopsychosociaux spécifiques à l'âge afin d'identifier des interventions ciblées sur les besoins spécifiques des femmes à différents stades de la vie adulte. Cependant, les méthodes d'évaluation de la NPCI ont des limitations méthodologiques et n'ont pas toutes été validées pour l'ensemble des tranches d'âge adulte. Par conséquent, nous disposons actuellement de connaissances limitées sur les différences liées à l'âge dans l'expérience et l'évolution de la NPCI. Pour surmonter ces limites, les tests quantitatifs sensoriels (QST) peuvent être utilisés pour étudier les différences liées à l'âge dans les seuils de sensation et de douleur après des traitements de chimiothérapie neurotoxiques. À ce jour, aucune étude n'a examiné de manière longitudinale, avant et après une chimiothérapie à base de taxane pour le cancer du sein, les différences entre les modalités du QST en fonction de l'âge. La présente étude vise à : 1) examiner les différences entre les âges dans les changements des seuils de sensation et de douleur avant, immédiatement après et 3 mois après un traitement à base de taxane pour le cancer du sein et ; 2) explorer le rôle de l'âge, des facteurs biopsychosociaux et de leurs interactions sur les seuils de sensation et de douleur avant, immédiatement après et 3 mois après un traitement à base de taxane pour le cancer du sein. 124 femmes atteintes d'un cancer du sein (94 plus jeunes et 30 plus âgées) ont été rencontrées avant le début de leurs traitements de chimiothérapie, immédiatement après et 3 mois après la fin de leurs traitements. Pendant les rencontres, des données sociodémographiques et cliniques ont été récoltées. Les participantes ont également été soumises à un protocole de tests quantitatifs sensoriels pour évaluer les seuils de sensations et de douleurs, c'est-à-dire, les seuils de détection thermique du froid et du chaud, de la vibration et du toucher, ainsi que la sensibilité à la douleur thermique causée par le froid et le chaud. Elles ont aussi complété des questionnaires évaluant plusieurs dimensions de la douleur, le bien-être et la détresse psychosociale, la fatigue et la qualité du sommeil. L'objectif 1 a été testé à l'aide d'ANOVA à mesures répétées, estimées par des modèles mixtes linéaires. L'objectif 2 a été testé à l'aide d'une régression multiple pas à pas. Les résultats en lien avec le premier objectif suggèrent qu'il y avait peu de différences entre les groupes âges en ce qui concerne les changements de seuil de détection de la sensation et de la douleur entre les différents temps de mesure. Toutefois, lorsqu'une perspective développementale du modèle biopsychosocial de la NPCI est considérée, il a été possible de démontrer que l'âge avancé était associé à un seuil de détection thermique plus faible avant et après le traitement, et à une plus grande sensibilité à la douleur thermique uniquement après le traitement. Cela suggère que les adultes plus âgés pourraient être plus à risque d'hyperalgésie thermique après un traitement à base de taxane. Des interactions importantes liées à l'âge et aux facteurs biopsychosociaux ont été identifiées : les qualificatifs de la douleur avant les traitements étaient associés à une moins bonne détection de la sensation de la chaleur après les traitements chez les adultes plus âgés, mais pas chez les plus jeunes, et une tendance à la catastrophisation et une évaluation plus négative de la douleur après les traitements était associée à une plus grande sensibilité à la douleur causée par le froid après les traitements chez les adultes plus jeunes, mais pas chez les plus âgés. Ces résultats mettent en évidence des cibles potentielles d'intervention en fonction de l'âge. Aussi, indépendamment de l'âge, une moins bonne détection des sensations après les traitements était associée à une dose de paclitaxel plus élevée, à la réception d'un traitement adjuvant, à un moins bon statut fonctionnel après les traitements et à un niveau plus élevé de douleurs neuropathiques ; une plus grande sensibilité à la douleur thermique après les traitements était associée à la réception d'un traitement adjuvant, à la consommation d'alcool avant les traitements, à un moins bon sommeil après les traitements et à un niveau plus élevé de symptômes dépressifs. Notre étude, la première du genre à se consacrer à l'évaluation des changements sensoriels en utilisant un protocole de QST en contexte de chimiothérapie tout en employant des groupes appariés selon l'âge, soutient un modèle biopsychosocial de l'âge et de la NPCI. Elle a permis d'identifier des différences liées à l'âge dans la trajectoire de la NPCI, et elle offre des pistes d'interventions générales et spécifiques en fonction de l'âge, afin de réduire le risque de développer des symptômes de neuropathie et, potentiellement, d'en atténuer le fardeau associé. / Aging is a risk factor for breast cancer. While advances in cancer treatments have improved survival, they can leave women with lasting side effects that influence quality of life and daily functioning. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common side-effect following taxane-based breast cancer chemotherapy. It is associated with several potentially age-related effects, such as an increased risk of falls, which can lead to injury. Therefore, it is imperative to identify age-related patterns in the experience of CIPN and age-specific biopsychosocial factors to identify interventions targeted to the unique needs of women at different life stages. Because CIPN assessment methods suffer from methodological limitations and have not been validated across the adult lifespan, age-related patterns in CIPN remain unclear. Quantitative sensory testing (QST) may overcome limitations, allowing us to investigate whether there are age-related differences in sensation and pain thresholds following neurotoxic chemotherapy treatments. To date, no study has examined age differences in QST modalities longitudinally from before to after taxane-based chemotherapy for breast cancer, and 3 months later. This study aims to 1) examine age differences in changes in sensation and pain thresholds before treatment, immediately after, and 3 months after taxane treatment for breast cancer and; 2) explore the role of age, biopsychosocial factors and their interactions on sensation and pain thresholds before treatment, immediately after, and 3 months after taxane treatment for breast cancer. 124 women with breast cancer (94 younger and 30 older) were interviewed before the start of chemotherapy treatments, immediately after, and 3 months after the end of treatments, to collect sociodemographic and clinical data. They underwent a QST protocol to assess sensation detection threshold to thermal, vibration, and touch stimuli and thermal pain sensitivity, and completed questionnaires assessing pain, psychosocial wellbeing, fatigue, and sleep. Repeated measures ANOVAs estimated with linear mixed models and stepwise multiple regression models were used. There were few age differences in sensation and pain threshold changes over time. However, when taking into account a lifespan developmental, biopsychosocial model of CIPN, older age was associated with worse sensation detection threshold before and after treatment, and greater thermal pain sensitivity only after treatment, suggesting that older adults may be at risk of thermal hyperalgesia following taxane-based treatment. There were important age-related interactions, such that pre-treatment pain quality was associated with worse post-treatment warm sensation detection among older but not younger adults and greater post-treatment negative pain appraisals were associated with greater post-treatment cold pain sensitivity among younger, but not older adults, highlighting potentially important age-related treatment targets. Regardless of age, worse post-treatment sensation detection was associated with greater paclitaxel dose, adjuvant-treatment, poorer post-treatment functional status, and greater neuropathic pain; greater post-treatment pain sensitivity was associated with adjuvant-treatment, pre-treatment alcohol-consumption, poorer post-treatment sleep, and greater depression. As the first CIPN and QST study to use age-matched groups, this study supports a biopsychosocial model of aging and CIPN, helps to identify age-related differences in the trajectory of CIPN and age specific and general intervention targets to reduce CIPN risk and associated burden.

A model was developed in this study to understand women's cervical screening behaviour. It revealed that the interaction among institutional factors, risk appraisal, coping appraisal, and health beliefs and cultural factors contributed to the complex nature of screening behaviour among Chinese women. The institutional component provided the contextual factors within which women perceived the risk of cervical cancer, perceived the practice of cervical screening, and decided to take or not to take cervical screening. Risk appraisal provided the premise factor that induces women to seek coping strategies to reduce or remove the risk. During the process of coping appraisal, women's motivation to have cervical screening could be increased or decreased as the perceived benefits and costs of screening interacted with each other. The importance of the women's health beliefs and cultural factors was reflected in the way that they were affected by their notions of health behaviour and their cultural beliefs about cervical cancer risk and cervical screening participation. Commitment to participate in screening was a reinforcing factor inducing women to take up an offer of cervical screening. / Aim: To explore the knowledge and the perception of the risk of cervical cancer, identify the factors determining cervical screening behaviour, and develop a model to understand cervical screening behaviour among women in mainland China. / Background: Cervical cancer is the most common type of cancer, and is the second most common cause of cancer death in women in mainland China. Cervical screening is the most important intervention for the secondary prevention of cervical cancer. Theories of health behaviour and empirical research highlight risk perception as a significant factor motivating people to opt for cancer screening. However, little is known about the risk perception of cervical cancer and the factors influencing the screening participation of women in mainland China. / Conclusion: This study provides evidence of the complex factors influencing cervical screening behaviour and contributes new knowledge to the understanding of cervical screening behaviour within the Chinese cultural context. It further informs programmes for the promotion of cervical screening among this population. / Methods: A mixed method design consisting of two phases was used, employing both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. First, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to collect a baseline assessment of women's knowledge of cervical cancer and screening, their perceptions of the risk of cervical cancer, and the relationship between these factors and their cervical screening behaviour. Findings from this phase also guided the purposive sampling of participants in phase two. / Results: The findings from phase one demonstrated that the availability of an organized screening programme was a major motivator for women to opt for cervical screening. Multivariate analysis shows that having children (OR=2.57, p=0.026), a perception that visiting doctors regularly is important for health (OR-2.66, p=0.025), average (OR-4.84, 1)=0.006) and high levels of knowledge about cervical screening (OR-9.66, p=0.001) were significantly associated with having been screened in the previous three years. / Then in phase two, qualitative research was conducted using semi-structured interviews of 27 women, 16 of whom had been screened and 11 had not. The interview structure was based on an initial analysis of the data from phase one and from a review of the related literature. The data from the interviews were analyzed using latent content analysis, involving an interpretative reading of the symbolism underlying the surface structure in the text. The audio recordings of the interviews were transcribed verbatim in Chinese, and then the key phrases which were important for the objectives of the study were identified. The key phrases and words were grouped according to their commonality of meaning. Then, these groups of data were sorted and classified to create categories and sub-categories, which were mutually exclusive, explicit and accurate without overlapping. / Two themes emerged from the qualitative data from phase two. Theme I was that perceptions of cervical cancer and cervical screening included five categories: the perceived effects of suffering from cervical cancer; the perception of cervical screening; a lack of understanding about cervical cancer and screening; the perceived risk of cervical cancer; and factors related to the cultural beliefs system. Theme II was that the institutional and health care practitioner system included two categories: availability of an organised physical examination programme and the role of the health care practitioner in encouraging cervical screening utilization. / Gu, Can. / Adviser: Chan, Carmen. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-02, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 244-267). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

MCur / Department of Advanced Nursing Science / Historically, cancer is regarded as a disease with very devastating effects on human beings because it leads to many deaths across the world, compared to AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria collectively. Cancer diagnosis has impacted negatively on patients and their immediate families and has caused unbearable consequences. Unlike other chronic diseases, cancer patients undergo different types of treatments which affect their well-being and as a result they tend to have different experiences to those of other chronic diseases sufferers. The study design used was a quantitative cross sectional survey. The purpose was to investigate the impact of cancer diagnosis on cancer patients in Vhembe district. The target population included all patients in the Vhembe District of Limpopo, South Africa who have been diagnosed with cancer in the past six months. Using a probability simple random, a sample of 207 patients diagnosed with cancer, from seven selected hospitals in Vhembe District were selected as respondents and a self -administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data was analysed using a software package for descriptive statistics (SPSS version 23). Graphs, tables and charts were used to display the results visually and chi-square to compare variables. Ethical principles of privacy, anonymity, informed consent were considered. The findings revealed that cancer diagnosis has negative outcomes as patients experience physical hardship, psychological stress, financial difficulties, as well as interference with family and social life. The study recommended that cancer patients and their families, be supported through the cancer journey. / NRF

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Translation Initiation in protein synthesis is a crucial step controlling gene expression that enhanced by eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs). eIF3a, the largest subunit of eIF3 complexes, has been shown to regulate protein synthesis and cellular response to cisplatin treatment. Its expression has also been shown to negatively associate with prognosis. In this study, we tested a hypothesis that eIF3a regulates synthesis of proteins important for repair of double strand DNA breaks induced by ionizing radiation (IR). We found that eIF3a up-regulation sensitizes cellular response to IR while its knockdown causes resistance to IR. We also found that eIF3a over-expression increases IR-induced DNA damage and decreases Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) activity by suppressing expression level of NHEJ repair proteins such as DNA-PKcs and vice versa. Together, we conclude that eIF3a plays an important role in cellular response to DNA-damaging treatments by regulating synthesis of DNA repair proteins and, thus, eIIF3a likely plays an important role in the outcome of cancer patients treated with DNA-damaging strategies including ionizing radiation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate breast cancer patients’ experiences of their illness and of traditional nursing care (TNC) or supportive nursing care (SNC) respectively, as well as nurses' experiences of support and of caring for cancer patients. An intervention including extended co-operation between the surgical ward and primary health care, shorter waiting times, and changed routines concerning the information about the diagnosis, as well as training and systematic clinical supervision for the nurses, was implemented. Newly diagnosed breast cancer patients (n=47) from two county councils in the south-east of Sweden were interviewed (IV, V). Thirty-four of them completed scales about well-being, burnout, hopelessness, anxiety and depression (VII). The women who had TNC reported lack of professional support during the initial phase of the disease and suggested changes in the care similar to those implemented in the SNC. In the SNC group the women expressed feelings of safety and security after the professional support and the organizational changes in the care. There were significantly more single women and women who had had breast conserving surgery in the SNC group than in the TNC (VII). The hopelessness scores in the SNC group were significantly higher than in the TNC group. Thirty-nine district nurses (DNs) were interviewed at baseline (I), and thirty-three of them completed scales about burnout, empathy, and sense of coherence (SOC) before and after systematic clinical supervision (VI). Twenty-three of the 39 DNs, as well as 9 hospital nurses (HNs) who participated in the clinical supervision, were interviewed about their experiences of this intervention (III). Twenty-nine tape-recorded supervision sessions in three groups of DNs (n=23) were analysed (II). Baseline interviews and analyses of the content of the supervisory sessions strongly emphasized that DNs experienced problems in the home care of seriously ill cancer patients. Deep human contacts were a source of both strain and enrichment. The clinical supervision was said to provide relief from undesirable thoughts and feelings, confirmation of themselves both as individuals and in their professional role, a broader and deeper knowledge and increased self-confidence. There were no significant differences in the burnout, empathy, and SOC scores between the supervisory group (n=21) and a comparison group (n=12) at the first and second measures, nor over time within the groups. There were some correlations between these phenomena and the Karolinska scales of personality, as well as cor­relations between burnout, empathy and SOC. The groups of women were not entirely similar as regards demographic and medical characteristics, and the sample size of patients and nurses was small. It is obvious that patients in the TNC missed those factors that were implemented in the SNC, at the same time the latter women expressed hopelessness more often than those who had received TNC. This result may be due to the fact that support from nurses had made the women more prepared to express their feelings, that support had not been provided to an adequate extent or in the right way, or that the applied scales were not appropriate. The finding that the nurses experienced the clinical supervision as very positive but that, despite this, there were no significant differences in attitudes measured by scales within or between the groups, can be interpreted in a similar way. Consequently, further research is needed to judge the effects of intervention. The study has, above all, produced qualitative descriptions of patients' experiences of the nursing care after discharge from hospital, and of DNs’ experiences of the care of cancer patients in their homes, and of systematic clinical supervision. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1995, härtill 7 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

This insider research journey explores the meaning-making processes of female spousal caregivers in anticipatory mourning and the knowledges which they have gained in retrospect. The research traces the social constructions of meaning and how they influence the process of meaning-making. A phenomenological study was undertaken in which unstructured interviews were conducted with five bereaved participants, highlighting the unique way in which each woman made meaning of loss in anticipatory mourning. The main phenomenological themes to emerge from their meaning-making were: a) the significance of time; b) challenges and gifts; c) witnessing the decline; d) paradoxes; e) the significance of the spousal relationship; and f) spirituality. The therapeutic effect of telling the life story is explored in this study and the need for contextual pastoral care that is specific to the state of anticipatory mourning is highlighted. Finally, possibilities for co-constructive pastoral care are raised in the light of the research findings. / Practical Theology / M. Th. ( Practical Theology, with Specialisation in Pastoral Therapy)

The purpose of this research is to explore how narrative practices can be meaningful in pastoral conversations with women living with breast cancer. A theoretical collaboration between narrative therapy, feminism and pastoral theology has been used in order to facilitate meaning-making, to give ‘voice’ to local knowledge, and to co-create a more holistic understanding of the experiences of illness narratives and breast cancer. The methodology of this research is ‘interdisciplinary’ and uses qualitative, co-participatory action research and reflexivity as its research design. Conversations with the co-researchers explore illness narratives, breast cancer, spirituality and faith, life-giving relationships, femininity and body image, socially constructed discourses and pivotal moments that enable alternative stories. Values of respect, curiosity and listening have been upheld in order to provide a safe place for the co-researchers to give voice to their stories and experiences of breast cancer in a way that supports the researcher position of ‘witness’. / Practical Theology / M. Th. (Practical Theology, with specialisation in Pastoral Therapy)