Knowledge of price responsiveness of energy is important for designing effective price-based controls to curb the GHG emissions in Canada. The translog and logit models are developed in this study to analyze the demand for four types of energy inputs: coal, electricity, natural gas and refined petroleum products in Ontario's pulp and paper industry. The results suggest that the industry is inelastic to price change of energy consumed. Tests indicate that the translog model behaves slightly better than the logit model. The translog model was then applied to study the feasibility of imposing a carbon tax on energy inputs on Ontario's pulp and paper industry, which indicated that this sector does not seem to response to changes in energy inputs prices. Therefore, a carbon tax does not seem to be a good policy option for decreasing greenhouse gas emissions in this sector.

Thesis (D.Phil.)--University of Oxford, 2009. / Supervisor: Professor Gordon L. Clark. Bibliography: leaves 239-260.

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This thesis investigates the link between optimal carbon tax and endogenous longevity. It considers an overlapping generation model with clean and dirty intermediate goods. Externality caused by producing dirty intermediate goods damages the final goods productionas well as the agents’ longevity. From the social planner’s problem, the cost of carbon emission is formulated. Then, the Pigouvian carbon tax rate is used to internalize such costs. With the two channels of impact of carbon emission combined, the theoretical results suggest that (i) the current carbon tax may abstract from local health costs of carbon emission, especially in rich economies, (ii) in poor economies, the government may be lowering the carbon tax at the expense of their elderly’s welfare, and (iii) the government in economies transitioning from poverty to richness should raise their carbon tax level above that of poor economies. Deeper investigation into the mechanism and a quantitative analysis would beneeded. Future studies can also include endogenous technological change or extend to amulti-economy model.

In 1997 industrialized nations, the Third Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, met in Kyoto, Japan to sign a treaty (the “Kyoto Protocol”) in terms of which industrialized nations would be required to reduce their greenhouse gas emission by at least five percent below 1990 levels by the end of the “first commitment period” 2008-2012. South Africa is not regarded as an industrialized nation, but nonetheless acceded to the Kyoto Protocol in 2002. The literature reviewed in the present research reveals that, although idealistic, the Kyoto Protocol has been problematic. Fourteen meetings of the Conference of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol between 1997 and 2011 have achieved little more than to repeatedly defer and redefine Kyoto obligations. This research was undertaken to document the existing environmental taxation policies employed in selected international jurisdictions with a view to providing a framework for environmental tax policy formation in South Africa to assist this country in meeting its “greenhouse gas” emission targets, while at the same time promoting economic growth. A doctrinal research methodology was adopted in this study as it mainly analysed and interpreted legislation and policy documents and therefore the approach was qualitative in nature. An extensive literature survey was performed to document the various environmental policies that have been legislated in the selected jurisdictions. Comparisons were drawn with proposed tax policy measures for South Africa. The literature indicates that in the selected international jurisdictions carbon taxes achieved less-than-optimal results, largely due to political and industry-competitive agendas. With South Africa planning to introduce a carbon tax, it is submitted that the implementation of a carbon tax regime in isolation will be counter-productive, given South Africa’s economic profile. On the basis of the literature reviewed, it was concluded that South Africa should consider “recycling” carbon tax revenues within the economy to fund a broad-based tax incentive regime that will stimulate the change to non-carbon energy whilst promoting growth through sustainable development

The demand for fossil fuels by Ontario's conventional steam power generation sector is examined. It is hypothesised that the enactment of a carbon fee policy will induce a change in the relative prices of the three fuels used in this sector (coal, natural gas and heavy fuel oil). This would lead to substantial interfuel substitution and greenhouse gas abatement. The demand share equations for the three fuels are derived from the translog functional form and set in a simulation model to estimate the value of a carbon fee necessary, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in compliance with the Kyoto Protocol. Results suggest that a fuel specific carbon fee policy would be successful in achieving the desired emissions reduction at a negligible net cost to society.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

O patrimônio ecológico, assim como outros bens de titularidade coletiva correspondentes a direitos humanos, tornou-se passível de mercantilização no contexto neoliberal. O meio ambiente, bem integrante do rol de direitos e deveres fundamentais previstos pela Constituição de 1988, é de uso comum de todos, voltado à satisfação das necessidades mais elementares relacionadas à vida e à dignidade. Nessa perspectiva, a temática dos créditos de carbono remete à temática geopolítica de fundo, que é o conflito entre a via da privatização dos recursos naturais e a via da proteção do meio ambiente enquanto patrimônio comum. Dessa forma, mediante o direcionamento teórico analítico baseado no método dialético e na metodologia denominada análise de conteúdo procurou-se responder às questões de pesquisa: os mecanismos de desenvolvimento limpo e o comércio de créditos de carbono se constituem como um arranjo estrutural do Estado? E, ainda, tais mecanismos ofereceram, desde a sua criação, uma contribuição importante ou imprescindível para o controle das mudanças climáticas, a ponto de serem tomados como medida suficiente de preservação ambiental nessa vertente? Em poucas palavras, quais as vantagens e as limitações destes mecanismos desde o ponto de vista jurídico, considerando sua potencial eficácia? Através da análise dos documentos provenientes das reuniões de Cúpula das Américas, aliada à apropriação do aparato teórico e conceitual de David Harvey, pretende-se realizar a leitura e interpretação da conjuntura em que foram criados os mecanismos de desenvolvimento limpo e os créditos de carbono, a fim de oferecer elementos para uma análise academicamente crítica do problema jurídico-político das mudanças climáticas. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2016-07-05T12:43:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Karen Arieli Mello dos Santos.pdf: 1325531 bytes, checksum: e3671488870dda35003dd5c17aa1aa2c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-05T12:43:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Karen Arieli Mello dos Santos.pdf: 1325531 bytes, checksum: e3671488870dda35003dd5c17aa1aa2c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES. / The ecological heritage, as well as other goods of collective ownership corresponding to human rights, became liable of commercialization in the neoliberal context. The environment, integrant good of the list of fundamental rights and duties provided by the Constitution of 1988, is a common use of everyone, directed to the satisfaction of the most elementary needs related to life and dignity. In this perspective, the theme of carbon credits refers to the geopolitis theme of funds, which is the conflict between the via of privatization of natural resources and the via of protection of the environment as a common heritage. This way, upon the analytical theoretical directing based on the dialectical method and on the methodology denominated analysis of content, it was searched to answer the research questions: Do the mechanisms of clean development and the carbon credit commerce constitute a structural arrangement of the State? And, still, such mechanisms offer, since their creation, an important or indispensable contribution for the control of climate changes, about to be taken as a sufficient measure of environmental preservation on this slope? In a few words, what are the advantages and limitations of these mechanisms since the juridical point of view, considering its efficacy potential? Through the analysis of documents provenient from the meeting of the Cupola of Americas, allied to the appropriation of the theoretical and conceitual display of David Harvey, is intended to do the reading and interpretation of the conjuncture in which were created the mechanisms of clean development and the carbon credits, in order to offer elements to a critical academic analysis of the political-juridic problem of climate changes.

O patrimônio ecológico, assim como outros bens de titularidade coletiva correspondentes a direitos humanos, tornou-se passível de mercantilização no contexto neoliberal. O meio ambiente, bem integrante do rol de direitos e deveres fundamentais previstos pela Constituição de 1988, é de uso comum de todos, voltado à satisfação das necessidades mais elementares relacionadas à vida e à dignidade. Nessa perspectiva, a temática dos créditos de carbono remete à temática geopolítica de fundo, que é o conflito entre a via da privatização dos recursos naturais e a via da proteção do meio ambiente enquanto patrimônio comum. Dessa forma, mediante o direcionamento teórico analítico baseado no método dialético e na metodologia denominada análise de conteúdo procurou-se responder às questões de pesquisa: os mecanismos de desenvolvimento limpo e o comércio de créditos de carbono se constituem como um arranjo estrutural do Estado? E, ainda, tais mecanismos ofereceram, desde a sua criação, uma contribuição importante ou imprescindível para o controle das mudanças climáticas, a ponto de serem tomados como medida suficiente de preservação ambiental nessa vertente? Em poucas palavras, quais as vantagens e as limitações destes mecanismos desde o ponto de vista jurídico, considerando sua potencial eficácia? Através da análise dos documentos provenientes das reuniões de Cúpula das Américas, aliada à apropriação do aparato teórico e conceitual de David Harvey, pretende-se realizar a leitura e interpretação da conjuntura em que foram criados os mecanismos de desenvolvimento limpo e os créditos de carbono, a fim de oferecer elementos para uma análise academicamente crítica do problema jurídico-político das mudanças climáticas. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES. / The ecological heritage, as well as other goods of collective ownership corresponding to human rights, became liable of commercialization in the neoliberal context. The environment, integrant good of the list of fundamental rights and duties provided by the Constitution of 1988, is a common use of everyone, directed to the satisfaction of the most elementary needs related to life and dignity. In this perspective, the theme of carbon credits refers to the geopolitis theme of funds, which is the conflict between the via of privatization of natural resources and the via of protection of the environment as a common heritage. This way, upon the analytical theoretical directing based on the dialectical method and on the methodology denominated analysis of content, it was searched to answer the research questions: Do the mechanisms of clean development and the carbon credit commerce constitute a structural arrangement of the State? And, still, such mechanisms offer, since their creation, an important or indispensable contribution for the control of climate changes, about to be taken as a sufficient measure of environmental preservation on this slope? In a few words, what are the advantages and limitations of these mechanisms since the juridical point of view, considering its efficacy potential? Through the analysis of documents provenient from the meeting of the Cupola of Americas, allied to the appropriation of the theoretical and conceitual display of David Harvey, is intended to do the reading and interpretation of the conjuncture in which were created the mechanisms of clean development and the carbon credits, in order to offer elements to a critical academic analysis of the political-juridic problem of climate changes.

No description available.