Understanding, and ultimately, predicting the degradation of bioresorbable composites made of biodegradable polyesters and calcium-based ceramics is paramount in order to fully unlock the potential of these materials, which are heavily used in orthopaedic applications and also being considered for stents. A modelling framework which characterises the degradation of bioresorbable composites was generated by generalising a computational model previously reported in literature. The framework uses mathematical expressions to represent the interwoven phenomena present during degradation. Three ceramic-specific models were then created by particularising the framework for three common calcium-based fillers, namely tricalcium phosphate (TCP), hydroxyapatite (HA) and calcium carbonate (CC). In these models, the degradation of a bioresorbable composite is described with four parameters: the non-catalytic and auto-catalytic polymer degradation rates, $k_1$ and $k_2'$ respectively and the ceramic dissolution rate and exponent, $A_\text{d}$ and $\theta$ respectively. A comprehensive data mining exercise was carried out by surveying the existing literature in order to obtain quantitative degradation data for bioresorbable composites containing TCP, HA and CC. This resulted in a database with a variety of case studies. Subsequently, each case study was analysed using the corresponding ceramic-specific model returning a set of values for the four degradation constants. Both cases with agreement and disagreement between model prediction and experimental data were studied. 76% of the 107 analysed case studies displayed the expected behaviour. In general terms, the analysis of the harvested data with the models showed that a wide range of degradation behaviours can be attained using different polymeric matrix - ceramic filler combinations. Furthermore, the existence of discrepancies in degradation behaviour between a priori similar bioresorbable composites became apparent, highlighting the high number of hidden factors affecting composite degradation such as polymer tacticity or ceramic impurities. The analysis of the case studies also highlighted that the ceramic dissolution rate needed to depict the portrayed degradation behaviours is significantly higher than that reported for ceramics alone in dissolution studies under physiological conditions, indicating that studies of the filler elements alone do not provide a complete picture. Lastly, the computational analysis provided insight into the complex influence of factors such as sample porosity and degradation protocol in the degradation behaviour. In addition to the computational analysis of literature data, an experimental degradation study was carried out with nanocomposites made of calcium carbonate and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide). This study showed the existence of a clear buering effect with the addition of the ceramic filler and confirmed the assumptions employed in the modelling framework in this particular bioresorbable composite. The detailed nature and modest size of these data enabled a more precise and thorough analysis using the CC composites degradation model. In summary, the modelling framework is able to capture the main degradation behaviour of bioresorbable composites and also point to factors responsible for dissimilar behaviours. The degradation maps generated with the values of $k_1$, $k_2'$, $A_\text{d}$ and $\theta$ output by the models appear to be a good tool to summarise, classify and facilitate the analysis and search of specific bioresorbable composites.

Biomineralization refers to the production of mineralized tissues by organisms. The fine control which organisms can exert over this process produces crystals with morphologies and properties contrasting to that of non-biogenic crystals and specifically altered to suit the required functional need. A key model system of biomineralization are a unicellular marine algae, coccolithophores, which produce calcium carbonate scales known as coccoliths. These coccoliths are comprised of arrangements of single crystals of calcite interlocked to form a plate-shaped structure. Coccoliths are developed intracellularly in a specialised compartment called the coccolith vesicle, before being extruded to the cell surface. In this work, two vital components of the coccolith biomineralization process are investigated - a soluble polysaccharide thought to act as a habit modifier and an insoluble organic scaffold known as a baseplate that provides the surface for nucleation and growth of the crystals. Whilst both these elements are thought to play a key part in the biomineralization process, the role of each is not fully understood. To investigate the effect of coccolith-associated polysaccharides (CAPs) on nucleation and polymorph selection, two systems that promote different polymorphs of calcium carbonate were utilised. In both systems, the intracrystalline polysaccharide fraction extracted from one species, Gephyrocapsa oceanica, was able to promote calcite nucleation in vitro, even under conditions favouring the kinetically-privileged polymorphs of calcium carbonate: vaterite and aragonite. As this property is not observed with CAPs extracted from its 'sister species', Emiliania huxleyi, the in vivo function of CAPs may differ between the two species. Both cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryoTEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the mechanism of calcite growth in the presence of G. oceanica CAPs, showing its impact on the forming amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), decreasing the size of the particles and producing irregular, angular particles. Using cryo-electron tomography (cryoET), it was possible to create a 3D representation of the structure of the baseplate from the coccolithophore Pleurochrysis carterae, revealing its two-sided organisation. Examination of several stages of the coccolith growth process demonstrated the interlocking nature of the calcite crystals that make up the coccolith and the progression of the crystal morphologies over time, and the interaction of these crystals with the baseplate rim. Additionally, the effect of inhibiting carbonic anhydrase (CA), an enzyme involved in the regulation of carbonate species, revealed that inhibition of CA can affect coccolithogenesis as well as cell proliferation.

A urolitíase é um problema recorrente na clínica veterinária considerada como causa de morbidade. As urolitíases são estreitamente associadas ao pH urinário e a nutrição exerce um papel fundamental no controle desta afecção, pois através da manipulação da dieta, pode-se modificar o pH urinário. A dieta possui cátions e ânions na sua composição mineral e a diferença entre íons é medida em miliequivalentes (mEq/kg) e denominado excesso de bases (EB) da dieta, calculado através da equação: (49,9 x Ca) + (82,3 x Mg) + (43,5 x Na) + (25,6 x K) – (64,6 x P) – (62,4 x S) – (28,2 x Cl), sendo a concentração dos elementos em g/kg de MS. A finalidade deste estudo, dividido em dois experimentos, foi avaliar o efeito da adição de fontes de enxofre (S) e cálcio nas dietas de felinos sobre o pH urinário e equilíbrio ácido-básico. A adição de fontes de enxofre objetivou demonstrar a eficácia na acidificação urinária. No primeiro experimento avaliaram-se três diferentes fontes de enxofre: sulfato de cálcio (CaSO4), DL-metionina (DLM) e Metionina hidróxi análoga (MHA) adicionados a uma dieta controle em dois níveis cada um. No tratamento controle não houve adição de acidificantes. No primeiro nível adicionou-se 1,28 g de S/kg e no segundo 2,56 g de S/kg, resultando em sete tratamentos. No segundo experimento duas fontes de cálcio foram avaliadas com o objetivo de pesquisar a eficácia destes sais na alcalinização da urina. No tratamento controle não houve adição de fontes de cálcio. Nos tratamentos 2 e 3 foram adicionados à dieta controle carbonato de cálcio e gluconato de cálcio, respectivamente, nas doses de +160 mEq/kg, resultando em três tratamentos. A urina produzida em cada período de 24 horas teve aferida seu volume, densidade e pH. No segundo experimento foi também medida a excreção urinária de cálcio no período de 72h. O equilíbrio ácido-básico foi avaliado pela hemogasometria de sangue venoso. A DLM no maior nível e o MHA diferiram da dieta controle em relação ao pH urinário (p<0,001) e seu poder acidificante foi maior que o do sulfato de cálcio (p<0,05). As duas fontes de cálcio alcalinizaram a urina, mas o carbonato de cálcio atingiu um pH urinário mais alto que o gluconato de cálcio. Concluiu-se que o efeito diferenciado das fontes de S e cálcio sobre o pH urinário é um indicador de que a participação do cálcio é dependente dos ânions a que está associado, o que leva ao questionamento sobre qual a melhor forma de avaliar sua participação no cálculo do EB. / Urolithiasis is a commom problem in the veterinary clinic considered as a cause of morbidity. The urolithiasis are closely associated with urinary pH and nutrition plays a key role in the control of this disease, because through dietary manipulation, it´s possible modify the urinary pH. The diet has cations and anions in their mineral composition and the difference between ions is measured in milliequivalents (mEq/kg) and called base excess (BE) of the diet, calculated by the equation: (49.9 x Ca) + (82, Mg x 3) + (43.5 x Na) + (25.6 x K) - (64.6 x P) - (62.4 x S) - (28.2 x Cl), being the concentration of elements in g/kg DM. The purpose of this study, divided in two experiments, was to evaluate the effect of addition of sources of sulfur (S) and calcium in the diets of cats on the urinary pH and acid-base balance. The addition of sulfur sources aimed to demonstrate the efficacy in urinary acidification. In the first experiment were evaluated three different sources of sulfur, calcium sulfate (CaSO4), DLMethionine (DLM) and Methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA) added to a control diet at two levels each. In the control treatment there was no addition of acidifying. At the first level was added 1.28 g S/kg and in the second 2.56 g S/kg, resulting in seven treatments. In the second experiment two calcium sources were evaluated in order to research the effectiveness of these salts in alkalinize urine. In the control treatment there was no addition of calcium sources. In treatments 2 and 3 were added to the control diet calcium carbonate and calcium gluconate, respectively, at doses of +160 mEq/kg, resulting in three treatments. The urine produced in each period of 24 hours had measured its volume, density and pH. The second experiment also measured the urinary excretion of calcium in the period of 72 hours. The acid-base balance was evaluated by blood gas analysis of venous blood. The DLM at the highest level and MHA differed of the control diet in relation to urinary pH (p<0.001) and their acidifying power was greater than the calcium sulfate (p<0.05). The two sources of calcium alkalinized the urine, but the calcium carbonate reached a urine pH higher than calcium gluconate. It was concluded that the effect of different sources of S and calcium on urinary pH is an indicator that the participation of calcium is dependent of the anions that is associated, which leads to questions about how is the best way to evaluate its participation in calculation of BE.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar o potencial das imagens do sensor ASTER, utilizando a região do infravermelho de ondas curtas (SWIR), para discriminação espectral de rochas carbonáticas aflorantes na região Noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, complementando produtos existentes de mapeamento geológico. As rochas carbonáticas servem de matéria-prima para produção de cimento, que atualmente apresenta forte demanda dado o crescimento de obras civis devido à expansão da infraestrutura do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Este crescimento no consumo oferece desafios às companhias produtoras, tornando-se de vital importância a identificação de novas áreas para exploração de insumos para a indústria civil. Neste sentido, o carbonato tem sofrido grande pressão com relação a sua produção pois é a principal matéria-prima utilizada na fabricação do cimento. Imagens do sensor Aster vem sendo utilizadas na área da geologia com êxito, discriminando litologias e minerais como quartzo, óxido de ferro e calcita. Na região do intervalo de ondas entre 2,235-2,285 &#956;m e 2,295-2,365 &#956;m , as bandas 7 e 8 do sensor ASTER na região do SWIR, mostram-se adequadas para a identificação de minerais de calcita e dolomita. Como metodologia, foram aplicadas as técnicas de razões de bandas para separação de calcários e dolomitos e para a classificação espectral, foi utilizada a técnica SAM. Tornou-se como referência para a classificação espectral amostras de áreas de rochas carbonáticas aflorantes e espectros da biblioteca espectral da USGS. As classificações espectrais obtiveram resultados significativos na discriminação espectral das áreas carbonáticas, no entanto as técnicas de razões de bandas não obtiveram resultados suficientes para a discriminação de calcários e dolomitos. Para trabalhos futuros sugere-se a realização de trabalho de campo para a coleta de espectros, através da espectrorradiometria dos afloramentos dos carbonatos. / This work had as main objective to evaluate the potential of ASTER images using the region of shortwave infrared (SWIR), for spectral discrimination of carbonate rocks outcropping in the northwestern part of the State of Rio de Janeiro region, complementing existing products geological mapping . The carbonate rocks serve as raw material for cement production, which currently presents strong demand given the growth of civil works due to the expansion of the State of Rio de Janeiro's infrastructure. This growth in consumption offers challenges to production companies, making it vitally important to identify new areas for exploration of inputs for civil industry. In this sense, the carbonate has undergone great pressure with respect to its production as it is the main raw material used in cement production. Aster images sensor is being used in the field of geology successfully discriminating lithologies and minerals such as quartz, iron oxide and calcite. In the interval between waves from 2.235 to 2.285 m and 2.295 to 2.365 &#956;m region, the bands 7 and 8 in the ASTER SWIR region are adequate for identifying minerals calcite and dolomite. As a methodology, techniques of reasons for separation of bands of limestones and dolomites and the spectral classification were applied, the SAM technique was used. Became as reference samples for the spectral classification of areas of outcropping carbonate rocks and spectra from the USGS spectral library. The spectral classifications obtained significant results in the spectral discrimination of the carbonate areas, however the techniques of reasons bands did not achieve sufficient results for the discrimination of limestones and dolomites. For future work is suggested to conduct fieldwork to collect spectra by spectroradiometry outcrops of carbonates

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-09-19T20:22:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE LUCIANA DAMACENA SILVA (PDF).pdf: 994771 bytes, checksum: 9ea236448331d81f6039a107c7c58960 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-19T21:28:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE LUCIANA DAMACENA SILVA (PDF).pdf: 994771 bytes, checksum: 9ea236448331d81f6039a107c7c58960 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-19T21:28:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE LUCIANA DAMACENA SILVA (PDF).pdf: 994771 bytes, checksum: 9ea236448331d81f6039a107c7c58960 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-26 / Biomphalaria snails act as intermediate hosts that harbor the Schistosoma mansoni parasite, the causative agent of schistosomiasis. As population increases, snails have their geographical distribution conditioned to the presence of calcium in the environment, which is essential for their energetic metabolism. The objective of this study was the assessment on the influence of exposure to different concentrations of CaCO3 (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/L) at different intervals (1, 14, 21 and 30 days) forthe concentrations of glucose, calcium, total proteins, urea, uric acid and creatinine in hemolymph B. glabrata. All substances were dosed using specific kits with a spectrophotometer reading at 545 nm. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was the technique applied to quantify the presence of organic acids: pyruvate, oxaloacetate, citrate, succinate, fumarate, propionate, acetoacetate and βhydroxybutyrate in the hemolymph of mollusks exposed to CaCO3. Results revealed that the calcium concentration in the hemolymph did not present significant difference (p>0.05) with regard to control as well as to the concentrations assessed. The glucose concentration decreased (p<0.05) in exposures to 20mg and 40mg and increased in exposures to 80mg and 100mg of CaCO3 with regard to control. The organic acids pyruvate, oxaloacetate, citrate, succinate fumarate and lactate had their concentrations increased; propionate in turn had its concentration decreased set against control in exposure to CaCO3. In the exposures to the concentrations assessed, acetoacetate decreased and β-hidroxibutirato increased. Total proteins and urea presented decrease. The uric acid concentration increased in the exposure to 20mg of CaCO3; the creatinine concentration increased in the exposures to 40mg and 100mg of CaCO3. It was possible to conclude that snails exposed to different concentrations of CaCO3 had their major metabolic alterations occurring from the 14th day of exposure. / Moluscos do gênero Biomphalaria são conhecidos pelo seu papel como hospedeiro intermediário do parasito Schistosoma mansoni, causador da doença esquistossomose mansônica. O aumento da população desses moluscos, consequentemente sua distribuição geográfica está condicionada a presença de cálcio no mbiente, também considerado um elemento essencial no metabolismo energético do molusco. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a influência da exposição às diferentes concentrações de CaCO3 (20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 mg/L), em diferentes intervalos de tempo (1, 14, 21 e 30 dias) sobre às concentrações de glicose, cálcio, proteínas totais, ureia, ácido úrico e creatinina na hemolinfa de B. glabrata, ambas as substâncias foram dosadas através de kits específicos e lidas em espectrofotômetro em 545 nm. Através da técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), foi quantificado a presença de ácidos orgânicos: piruvato, oxaloacetato, citrato, succinato, fumarato, propionato, acetoacetato e β-hidroxibutirato na hemolinfa dos moluscos expostos ao CaCO3. Os resultados demonstraram que a concentração de cálcio na hemolinfa não apresentou diferença significativa (p>0,05) em relação ao controle, bem como, entre as concentrações testadas. A concentração de glicose diminuiu (p<0,05) nas exposições a 20mg e 40mg e aumentou nas exposições a 80mg e 100mg de CaCO3 em relação ao controle. Os ácidos orgânicos piruvato, oxaloacetato, citrato, succinato, fumarato e lactato tiveram suas concentrações aumentadas e propionato diminuída comparada ao controle na exposição ao CaCO3. A concentração de acetoacetato diminuiu e a de β-hidroxibutirato aumentou na exposição às concentrações testadas. Houve diminuição na concentração de proteínas totais e de ureia. A concentração de ácido úrico aumentou na exposição a 20mg de CaCO3 e, a concentração de creatinina aumentou nas exposições à 40mg e 100mg de CaCO3. Concluiu-se que moluscos expostos às diferentes concentrações de CaCO3, principalmente a partir de 14 dias, alteram o metabolismo como acontece em situações de estresse fisiológico, com a finalidade de regular o sistema redox do molusco.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-19T17:29:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JonnyFerreira.pdf: 3245371 bytes, checksum: 31437c781c5f38b977832295aa4ecd66 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T17:29:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JonnyFerreira.pdf: 3245371 bytes, checksum: 31437c781c5f38b977832295aa4ecd66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-16 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Therefore, this research proposes the glycerol transformation in a product with a larger value aggregated the glycerol carbonate. For this, catalysts were synthesized under the influence of modified alumina with calcium and magnesium, produced by methods of polymeric precursors and impregnating in a wet system. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy and dispersive energy spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (FRX). The glycerol reaction with the dimethyl carbonate was processed in 95º C, with 3.5 dimethyl carbonate/glycerol and 20% of the mass of the catalyst relative to glycerol. The sprectroscopic analysis in the infared region of the reactional product suggested the formation of the carbonyl group (C = O), vibrational mode in the region 1770cm-1 , what is characteristic of a glycerol carbonate Chromatograms confirmed the formation of glycerol carbonate. The conversion values of carbonation of the glycerol with the Al-Ca01 and Al-Ca02 catalysts were 96.5 and 68.6%, respectively, whereas for Al-Mg01 and Al-Mg02, 50.9 and 39.6%, respectively, noting that the conversion potential of glycerol to glycerol carbonate followed the sequence Al-Ca01 <AlCa02 <Al-Mg01 <Al-Mg02. It was observed the formation of glycidol as a minor product. It was fullfilled a 24 factorial planning to evaluate the efects of the variables, composition of the catalyst, molar ration between glycerol and dimethyl carbonate, time and temperature on the reaction of the formation of the glycerol carbonate and determine if the ideal conditions of the process for better results of conversion and selectivity. / Este trabalho propõe a transformação do glicerol em um produto de maior valor agregado, o carbonato de glicerol. Para tanto, foram sintetizados catalisadores a base de alumina modificada com cálcio e magnésio, produzidos pelos métodos de precussor polimérico e impregnação via úmida. A caracterização dos catalisadores ocorreu por meio das análises de difração de raios X (DRX), Infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectrometria de energia dispersiva (MEV-EDS) e Espectroscopia de fluorescência de raios X (FRX). A reação do glicerol com o carbonato de dimetila se processou a 95 °C com uma razão carbonato de dimetila / glicerol de 3,5 e 20% em massa do catalisador relativo ao glicerol. A análise espectroscópica na região do infravermelho do produto reacional indicou a formação do grupo carbonila (C=O), modo vibracional na região de 1770 cm-1 , aspecto característico do carbonato de glicerol. Os cromatogramas confirmaram a formação do carbonato de glicerol. Os valores de conversão de carbonatação do glicerol com a utilização dos catalisadores Al-Ca01 e Al-Ca02 foram 96,5 e 68,6%, respectivamente enquanto que para os sistemas Al-Mg01 e Al-Mg02, 50,9 e 39,6%, respectivamente, notando que o potencial de conversão de glicerol à carbonato de glicerol seguiu a sequência Al-Ca01 < Al-Ca02 < Al-Mg01 < AlMg02. A formação do glicidol foi observado no emprego do catalisador de AlCa01 como um produto minoritário. Foi realizado um planejamento fatorial 24 para avaliar os efeitos das variáveis, composição do catalisador, razão molar entre glicerol e carbonato dimetila, tempo e temperatura na reação de formação do carbonato de glicerol e determinar se as condições ideais do processo para melhores resultados de conversão e seletividade.

Na costa do leste do Brasil, destacam-se importantes acumulações de carbonatos lacustres do Cretáceo (Aptiano) relacionadas à fase de rift que precede a abertura do Oceano Atlântico, estes carbonatos consistem principalmente em espessos pacotes de bivalves associados a sedimentos siliciclásticos finos. Na bacia de Campos este intervalo equivale a Formação Coqueiros e é portador de hidrocarbonetos sendo reservatório nos campos de Badejo, Linguado, Pampo e Trilha. Estes reservatórios são o foco deste estudo, que teve como objetivo aprofundar o conhecimento desses depósitos através da análise das fácies e associações de fácies para definição de sequências seguindo a compreensão atual dos conceitos de estratigrafia de sequência. Foram descritos testemunhos de poços associados a análise de dados de perfil e sísmica através das quais foram definidas dezesseis fácies. A classificação das fácies utilizou critérios sedimentológicos associados a conceitos tafonômicos o que permitiu a intepretação dos processos sedimentares envolvidos em sua deposição Estas fácies foram agrupadas em associações de acordo com gradiente hidrodinâmico de uma plataforma dominada por ondas o que permitiu a interpretação dos padrões de empilhamento e definição de tratos de sistema transgressivos e regressivos. Foi proposto um ciclo ideal de alta frequência com a sucessão esperada de fácies para cada trato que serviu de base para interpretação de sequências de alta e média frequência. Esta análise permitiu a definição de três sequências internas no intervalo conhecido como Coquina Inferior, correlacionadas entre os poços que possuíam a melhor amostragem do intervalo permitindo assim analisar a variação vertical e lateral de fácies. A metodologia proposta permite a intepretação da estratigrafia em uma escala de maior detalhe auxiliando a interpretação da ocorrência de fácies e sua distribuição espacial na escala de dezenas a centenas de metros. Este tipo de análise é importante para desenvolvimento da produção de campos de hidrocarbonetos sendo útil na construção de modelos geológicos. Pode ser aplicável a ambientes análogos com similaridades quanto à composição das rochas e os processos envolvidos em sua deposição, como a Formação Itapema análoga na Bacia de Santos. / On the eastern Brazilian coast there is an important accumulation of Cretaceous lacustrine carbonates linked to the rift phase, which precedes the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. These carbonates consist mainly of bivalve packages associated with fine siliciclastic sediments. In the Campos Basin this interval is denominated Coqueiros Formation and constitutes a hydrocarbon reservoir in the fields of Badejo, Linguado, Pampo and Trilha. These reservoirs are the focus of this study, which aimed to detail the knowledge of these deposits through the analysis of facies and their associations in order to define sequences according to the present understanding of sequence stratigraphy concepts. Core samples description, well logs and seismic data analyses have been carried out, allowing the definition of sixteen facies. The facies classification was based on sedimentary characteristics associated with taphonomic concepts that allowed the interpretation of sedimentary processes involved in the deposition. These facies were grouped in associations according to a hydrodynamic gradient of a wave-dominated platform, which allowed the interpretation of stacking patterns and the definition of both transgressive and regressive system tracts It was proposed an ideal high frequency cycle with the facies succession from each tract which was used for the interpretation of high and medium frequency sequences. This analysis allowed the definition of three internal sequences in the so-called Lower Coquina Interval correlated among the best sampled wells, and the analysis of vertical and lateral variation of facies. The proposed methodology allows the interpretation of the stratigraphy in a small scale contributing to the interpretation of the occurrence of facies and their spatial distribution in a scale of tens to hundreds of meters. This type of analysis is important for the development of production in a hydrocarbon field and is useful for the construction of geological models and is applicable to similar environments with same composition of the rocks and similarities in the processes involved in their deposition, such as the Itapema Formation in the Santos Basin.

Tendo em vista a busca por matérias-primas de fontes renováveis e menos poluentes, e o crescente aproveitamento de subprodutos gerados por estas fontes, surgiu o interesse em estudar a síntese do carbonato de glicerina a partir da glicerina obtida como subproduto principal na fabricação de biodiesel. Sintetizou-se este composto no Laboratório de Química Orgânica Aplicada. Este tensoativo não é disponível no Brasil e possui propriedades cosméticas interessantes, que, no entanto, ainda devem ser mais exploradas na atualidade. No estudo, adicionou-se o carbonato a sabões líquidos obtidos a partir dos ácidos graxos provenientes dos óleos de soja e de mamona. Os sabões produzidos apresentaram baixa alcalinidade, reduzindo, assim, as adições de agentes químicos que podem ser agressivos à pele, como mostraram os resultados parciais. A partir do planejamento experimental, verifica-se a influência da temperatura e o tempo de reação da síntese do carbonato, assim como o tipo de catalisador utilizado. Análises de espectroscopia vibracional Raman e infravermelho, juntamente com ensaios de viscosidade, mostraram que a temperatura ideal para a carboxilação é de 140 °C, sendo que o tempo reacional deve ser de 6 a 7 h, utilizando-se como catalisador o sulfato de magnésio. Demonstrou-se também, a sensibilidade das duas técnicas na identificação dos picos das reações de síntese de carbonato de glicerila. Comparativamente, foram realizados testes de espuma dos sabões adicionados de carbonato de glicerila e de lauril sulfato de sódio. De um modo geral, a adição de carbonato de glicerila aos sabões propiciou a formação de uma espuma mais densa e persistente. A utilização de água dura reduziu o volume de espuma formado para todas as amostras. Comparando os dois óleos vegetais, soja e mamona, percebeu-se que os sabões produzidos a partir de óleo de mamona apresentaram menor formação de espuma. A adição de dietanolamina reduziu significativamente a estabilidade das espumas em todas as amostras. Estudos reológicos demonstraram que o tensoativo carbonato de glicerila é um fluido newtoniano, comportamento semelhante ao da glicerina pura. / In order to search for raw materials from cleaner and renewable sources, and the growing use of byproducts generated by these sources, has appeared the interest in studying the synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol obtained as a main byproduct in the manufacture of biodiesel. This compound was synthesized at the Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry. This surfactant is not available in Brazil and has interesting cosmetic properties, which, however, should be more exploited at present. In the study, carbonate was added to liquid soaps from the fatty acids from soybean oil and castor oil. Soaps produced had low alkalinity, thereby reducing the additions of chemicals that can be aggressive to the skin, as partial results showed. From the experimental design, the influence of temperature and reaction time of the synthesis of carbonate is investigated, as well as the type of catalyst used. Analysis of partial Raman vibrational spectroscopy, together with viscosity experiments showed that the optimal temperature for carboxylation is 140 °C, and the reaction time should be from 6 to 7 h, using magnesium sulphate as the catalyst. It also demonstrated the sensitivity of both techniques in identifying the peaks of the reactions of synthesis of glycerol carbonate. In comparison,foam tests were made of soaps added glycerol carbonate and sodium laurylsulfate. Overall, the addition of glycerol carbonate to soap provided the formation of denser and persistent foam. The use of hard water reduced the volume of foam formed for all samples. Comparing the two vegetable oils, soy and castor bean, it was noticed that soaps produced from castor oil had lower foaming. The addition of diethanolamine significantly reduced the stability of foams in all samples. Rheological studies demonstrated that the surfactant glycerol carbonate is neuwtonian fluid, behavior similar to that of pure glycerin.

The Greater Aneth Buildup (GAB) is comprised of the 3rd-order middle Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) Desert Creek sequence of the Paradox Formation. A hierarchy of 4th- and 5th order, carbonate-dominated cycles comprise the Upper Desert Creek (UDC) 4th-order sequence. A SE to NW trending transect line, utilizing core and petrophysical data from six oil and gas wells (from SE to NW wells R-19, Q-16, O-16, J-15, K-430, E-313), revealed deposition of seven carbonate facies within four 5th-order parasequences in the UDC. While each of the seven carbonate facies are present across the transect line, the UDC parasequences are dominated by a shallow-water oolite facies. Laterally and vertically, a general facies transition is evident in each of the four parasequences from a dominantly deeper-water succession of facies in the SE, to a more shallow-water, open marine to restricted lagoon, succession of facies to the NW. Parasequence UDC-3 contains the best representation of this facies transition with the SE wells (R-19, Q-16, and O-16) displaying the deeper-water/mixed algal facies grades into the shoaling oolite facies in the NW wells (J-15, K-430, and E-313). Within UDC strata, porosity and permeability correlate well to each other, but poorly to facies type. Porosity and permeability are predominantly controlled by diagenesis. Minor appearances of fibrous isopachus rim cements, and more common micritization (both whole grain and envelope) suggest that early-marine diagenesis occurred within the oolite facies. Meteoric diagenesis is demonstrated by abundant calcite spar, and drusy dogtooth cements within oomoldic pores, intraparticle pores, and interparticle pores, in addition to neomorphism of early marine diagenetic fabrics. Spastolithic ooids, stylolitization, and grain brecciation are representative of burial diagenesis within these strata. Dolomitization is present in each of the six studied core, but only in minor amounts. The Upper Desert Creek 3rd-order sequence has preserved laminamoldic diagenetic fabric that is the oldest known example of selective leaching in a meteoric vadose environment. Lithofacies trends along transect line A to A' demonstrate an increase in ooid-rich grainstone NSCF both vertically and laterally from the SE to the NW. Lithofacies type, combined with diagenesis, are the major drivers for porosity and permeability creation and destruction within Upper Desert Creek strata. NSCF, specifically ooid grainstones, have the greatest diagenetic potential of the seven UDC lithofacies.

The Greater Aneth Buildup (GAB) is comprised of the 3rd-order middle Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) Desert Creek sequence of the Paradox Formation. A hierarchy of 4th- and 5th order, carbonate-dominated cycles comprise the Upper Desert Creek (UDC) 4th-order sequence. A SE to NW trending transect line, utilizing core and petrophysical data from six oil and gas wells (from SE to NW wells R-19, Q-16, O-16, J-15, K-430, E-313), revealed deposition of seven carbonate facies within four 5th-order parasequences in the UDC. While each of the seven carbonate facies are present across the transect line, the UDC parasequences are dominated by a shallow-water oolite facies. Laterally and vertically, a general facies transition is evident in each of the four parasequences from a dominantly deeper-water succession of facies in the SE, to a more shallow-water, open marine to restricted lagoon, succession of facies to the NW. Parasequence UDC-3 contains the best representation of this facies transition with the SE wells (R-19, Q-16, and O-16) displaying the deeper-water/mixed algal facies grades into the shoaling oolite facies in the NW wells (J-15, K-430, and E-313). Within UDC strata, porosity and permeability correlate well to each other, but poorly to facies type. Porosity and permeability are predominantly controlled by diagenesis. Minor appearances of fibrous isopachus rim cements, and more common micritization (both whole grain and envelope) suggest that early-marine diagenesis occurred within the oolite facies. Meteoric diagenesis is demonstrated by abundant calcite spar, and drusy dogtooth cements within oomoldic pores, intraparticle pores, and interparticle pores, in addition to neomorphism of early marine diagenetic fabrics. Spastolithic ooids, stylolitization, and grain brecciation are representative of burial diagenesis within these strata. Dolomitization is present in each of the six studied core, but only in minor amounts. The Upper Desert Creek 3rd-order sequence has preserved laminamoldic diagenetic fabric that is the oldest known example of selective leaching in a meteoric vadose environment. Lithofacies trends along transect line A to A<&trade> demonstrate an increase in ooid-rich grainstone NSCF both vertically and laterally from the SE to the NW. Lithofacies type, combined with diagenesis, are the major drivers for porosity and permeability creation and destruction within Upper Desert Creek strata. NSCF, specifically ooid grainstones, have the greatest diagenetic potential of the seven UDC lithofacies.