<p> The Larder Lake Break (LLB) is one of the structures controlling the location of gold deposits in the Kirland Lake camp. This intensly carbonated and often strongly foliated zone is part of the Larder Lake Group as defined by Downs (1980). Protoliths at the LLB are problematical. Misema River is a well exposed occurrence of the LLB, showing chlorite schist, pervasively fuchsite quartz carbonate and syenite dyke material. It is divided into three sections. Section I samples indicate an ultramafic protolith as suggested by Jensen Cation plots, and the section is interpreted as komatiitic flow(s). Section II is well foliated and shows both ultramafic and calc-alkalic components which decrease and increase in intensity respectively away from the section I-section II contact. Section II is interpreted as a polymodal sediment. Section III is similar chemically and texturally to section I, and is therefore a komatiitic flow(s). The intrusion of syenite dykes into section I occurred after initial carbonatization and defonnation of the flows and associated sediments. Radiochemical neutron activation analysis shows all but one of the syenite dyke samples to contain greater than 10 ppb gold whereas the other rock types averages approximately 2 ppb. A peak content of 64 ppb occurred at a dyke contact. The high gold contents clearly originate from the syenite dykes, which also provide a heat source for a second period of carbonatization. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc)

<p> The objectives of the present study were to investigate the reaction mechanisms and the effects of certain physical variables on the overall reaction rate of the conversion of aqueous Na2S to gaseous H2S by bubbling with CO2 gas, which is a simultaneous absorption-desorption reaction.</p> <p> The dependence of reaction rate on the physical variables investigated were the volumetric flow rate and the CO2 partial pressure of inlet gas and reaction temperature. Potential advantages of a pressurized reaction system were also studied. It was found that the effect of reaction temperature on the overall reaction rate was relatively small as compared to that of inlet gas flow rate and CO2 partial pressure.</p> <p> Gas-liquid interfacial area was estimated and the overall reaction rate constant determined. It was found that the carbonation conversion of Na2S is first order with respect to both the HS- ion concentration of the liquid phase and the CO2 partial pressure of the inlet gas.</p> <p> The rate limiting step of the overall conversion reaction, under the present laboratory conditions, appeared to be the desorption of hydrogen sulfide.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Strängbetong krossar kasserade håldäckselement som sedan används som ballast i nya gjutningar. Den krossad betong ligger i en hög utomhus innan den används. Det första materialet krossades under 2020 och det senaste vintern 2022. Betongen karbonatiserar, en process som tar upp koldioxid från luften. Arbetet går ut på att kvantifiera den mängd koldioxid som tas upp samt finna förbättringsåtgärder för att kunna öka karbonatiseringen.  För att förstå hur karbonatisering fungerar utfördes informationssökning genom att leta efter tidigare forskningsrapporter som behandlar ämnet. Då det är brist på information om karbonatisering av krossad betong har antaganden gjorts för att komma vidare i arbetet. Vilket innebär att beräkningarna behöver mer korrekt indata för att visa ett mer rimligt resultat.  Den krossade betongen analyserades med karbonatiseringsindikator för att se om ytan av materialet karbonatiserat beroende på hur länge materialet varit orört.  Teoretiska beräkningar utfördes utifrån två olika exponeringar, regn och skyddad från regn, samt olika exponeringstid, resultatet visar att koldioxidupptaget blir högre om högen är skyddad från regn. Att strukturerat plocka material runt högen medför en längre exponeringstid för materialet, därmed ett högre koldioxidupptag jämfört med hur materialet plockas idag där allt material plockas från samma sida. / Strangbetong crushes discarded hollow core slabs, which are used for filling materials in new castings. The crushed concrete is stored in a pile outside before it is used. The first material was crushed during 2020 and the latest material were crushed in the winter of 2022. The concrete carbonates, a process where the concrete absorbs carbon dioxide from the air. The point of this project is to quantify the carbon dioxide which is absorbed and find solutions to make the carbonation more efficient.  To understand how concrete carbonation works, information has been searched for by studying already existing research reports. As there is a lack of information about carbonation of crushed concrete assumptions have been made to move the project forward. Which means that the calculations need more specific data to show a more reasonable result.  The crushed concrete was analyzed with a carbonation indicator to see how far the material had carbonated, depending on how long the material had been untouched.  Theoretic calculations were made throughout two different exposures, rain and covered from rain and different exposure time, the carbon dioxide uptake increases if the pile is covered from rain. Structured picking of material around the pile results in a longer exposure time for the material, therefore a higher uptake of carbon dioxide compared to how the material is picked today where the material is picked from the same side all the time.

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yes / The non-isothermal kinetic and thermal behaviour of a naturally formed dolomite in conditions that approach in situ CO2 capture in chemical looping reforming, were investigated. The performance of this dolomite was studied at micro-scale in ‘dry’ conditions, as well as at macro-scale in ‘dry’ and ‘wet’ conditions to investigate the effects of scale (3 mg, 2.5 g), partial pressures of CO2 (<15 kPa) and steam, and deactivation upon limited cycling. The carbonation and calcination kinetics were modelled using an improved iterative Coats–Redfern method. Increasing CO2 partial pressures on the ‘dry’ macroscale exacerbated the experimental carbonation conversions in an inversely proportional trend when compared with those at micro-scale. The presence of steam had a positive effect on CO2 chemisorption. Steam had a negligible influence on the calcination activation energies. The activation energies of carbonation were increased for the experiments at the highest CO2 partial pressures under wet conditions.

Water and other volatiles (e.g. CO2, H2, CH4, etc.) are crucial components on Earth that ensure the habitability of the planet and play an important role in many geological processes. Small aliquots of these fluids can be preserved in the geological record as fluid inclusions and can provide valuable information about the physical and chemical environment in which they formed. The ocean is the largest water reservoir on the Earth's surface, and seawater participates in important water-rock reactions such as hydrothermal alteration of the ocean floor, a process that is currently in the spotlight for hypotheses on the origin of life, as it is an environment where generation of abiotic carbohydrates occur. The ocean chemistry varied in the geologic past to reflect major changes in the intensity of weathering, rates of midocean ridge hydrothermal discharge, changes in the climate and atmospheric CO2 concentration, and also played an important part in mass extinction events. Understanding the history of Earth's ancient oceans may hold the key to answer some of the important questions about the future of the Earth. Today, oceans hold valuable resources, such as offshore basalt formations which have been considered for submarine CO2 sequestration to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions associated with global warming. In the chapters of this dissertation, the reader will be presented with studies using fluid inclusions to advance our knowledge about the chemical evolution of seawater and reaction kinetics involving CO2, seawater and olivine – an abundant mineral in the oceanic lithosphere. Chapter I "Redox conditions in Late Permian seawater based on trace element ratios in fluid inclusions in halite from the Polish Zechstein Basin" describes application of a new redox proxy for paleo-seawater that involves analysis of redox-sensitive trace elements (e.g., Fe, Mn, U, V, Mo) in ancient seawater trapped as fluid inclusions in halite. Chapter II "Partitioning behavior of trace elements during evaporation of seawater" investigates the behavior of trace elements during the evaporation of seawater. This information is required to interpret trace element data from fluid inclusions in halite. In Chapter III "In situ monitoring of the carbonation of olivine under conditions relevant to carbon capture and storage using synthetic fluid inclusion micro-reactors: Determination of reaction rates", fluid inclusions are used as micro-reactors to monitor the reaction progress of olivine carbonation in situ and in real time at elevated temperatures (50-200 °C) and pressures using non-destructive analytical techniques such as Raman spectroscopy. / Doctor of Philosophy / Many geological processes on Earth involve water and other volatiles (e.g. CO2, H2, CH4, etc.) which are crucial components that ensure the habitability of the planet. These fluids can be preserved in the geological record in the form of fluid inclusions which are small aliquots of fluids trapped in minerals that provide information about the physical and chemical environment in which they formed. The majority of water on the Earth's surface is stored in the oceans. Seawater participates in important water-rock reactions, one of which is the hydrothermal alteration of the ocean floor. This reaction is in the spotlight currently because it represents an environment where generation of abiotic carbohydrates occur, giving rise for hypotheses about the origin of life on Earth. The chemical composition of seawater varied in the geologic past reflecting major changes in the intensity of weathering, discharge rate of midocean ridge hydrothermal systems, climate, and atmospheric CO2 concentration, and affected the survival of various marine species throughout Earth's history. For example, periodic extensions of oxygen minimum zones in the oceans played an important part in mass extinction events in the last 488 million years. Understanding the history of Earth's ancient oceans may hold the key to answer some of the important questions about the future of the Earth. Today, oceans hold valuable resources, such as offshore basalt formations which have been considered for submarine CO2 sequestration to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions associated with global warming. This dissertation explores ways to use fluid inclusions to advance our knowledge about the chemical evolution of seawater in the past and present, and the reaction of seawater with CO2 and olivine – an abundant mineral in the oceanic lithosphere – to facilitate long-term storage of CO2 in minerals to decrease the rate of global warming. Chapter I describes the application of a new redox proxy for paleo-seawater that involves analysis of redox-sensitive trace elements (elements whose solubility changes significantly as the oxidation state changes, such as Fe, Mn, U, V, Mo) in ancient seawater trapped as fluid inclusions in halite. The results suggest that trace element abundances in fluid inclusions in halite vary in response to redox changes in seawater and provide a potential redox proxy. Chapter II investigates the behavior of trace elements during the evaporation of seawater. This information is required to interpret trace element data from fluid inclusions in halite. The results of this study indicate that some elements remain in the water during evaporation of seawater (e.g. Li, B, Mo, U), while others are partially removed by precipitation of various mineral phases (e.g. Ba, Sr, Cs, Rb, Mn, V) as seawater evaporates. In Chapter III, fluid inclusions are used as micro-reactors to monitor the reaction progress of olivine carbonation in situ and in real time at elevated temperatures (50-200 °C) and pressures using non-destructive analytical techniques such as Raman spectroscopy. The results highlight that this reaction occurs rapidly, which makes it an ideal candidate for safe storage of CO2 by commercial CO2 injection projects in mafic and ultramafic rocks.

Cement is the construction building material with higher responsibility by carbon dioxide emission of all industrial human activities, besides be a considerably expensive material, more than the rice husk ash in nature. Environmental benefits are generated in its utilization, because rice husk ashes are industrial process residues of the grain processing, that are discarded in the environment without none care. The using of these ashes in partial cement substitution in structural concrete, beside of the economical and environmental benefits, proportionate, in general, a higher useful life to the reinforced concrete structures. Based in theses environmental principles, this work aims at to study the technical and economical viability of the RHA utilization, substituting the cement partially, in concrete mixtures for conventional concrete. concrete prototypes with 20 x 20 x 70 cm, with and without ground and non-ground RHA, in 0%, 15% and 25% contents of cement substitution, with water/binder ratios of 0,45, 0,55 and 0,65. Exposed in natural environmental conditions (0,3 0,4% of CO2) the concrete prototypes were analyzed at 18, 24 and 30 months, to the axial compressive strength and carbonation by means of extraction of specimens perpendicularly cut to the casting direction, with 10 x 20 cm dimensions. The axial compressive strength at 18 months of the ground RHA mixtures were higher to the reference concrete, while the natural RHA ones were lower than the latter, with higher decreases for the 25% content than for 15%. The natural carbonation coefficients of reference concrete were the smallest ones, followed by the ground RHA with 15% and 25% and, after, with natural RHA, 15% and 25%. The results show that is possible substitute until 15% of cement by natural rice husk ash without pronounced strength losses (around 20%) and with carbonation coefficients between 4 and 5 mm.ano-0,5, values considered adjusted for conventional concrete. / O cimento é o material de construção com maior responsabilidade pela emissão do dióxido de carbono de todas as atividades industriais humanas, alem de ser um material consideravelmente mais caro do que as CCA s, in natura. Benefícios ambientais são gerados na sua utilização, pois as cinzas de casca de arroz são resíduos de processos industriais do beneficiamento do grão, que muitas vezes são descartados no meio ambiente, sem nenhuma preocupação ambiental. Usá-las em substituição parcial do cimento em concretos estruturais, além de benefícios econômicos e ambientais, proporciona, geralmente, uma maior vida útil às estruturas de concreto armado. Baseado nestes preceitos ambientais, esta pesquisa tem por objetivo o estudo da viabilidade técnica e econômica da utilização da cinza de casca de arroz (CCA), substituindo parcialmente o cimento nas misturas de concretos para uso em concreto convencional. Foram moldados protótipos de concreto de 20 x 20 x 70 cm, com CCA natural e moída, nos teores de 0, 15 e 25%, em substituição ao cimento, nas relações água/aglomerante 0,45, 0,55 e 0,65. Expostos em condições ambientais naturais (0,3 0,4% de dióxido de carbono), os protótipos de concreto foram analisados nas idades de 18, 24 e 30 meses, quanto à resistência, compressão axial e frente ao fenômeno de carbonatação natural, por meio da extração de testemunhos cortados perpendiculares à direção de moldagem, com dimensões 10 x 20 cm. A resistência à compressão axial a 18 meses dos traços com CCA moída foram superiores ao concreto de referência, enquanto que os de cinza natural foram menores do que as misturas com CCA moída, com quedas maiores para o teor de 25% do que para 15%. Os coeficientes de carbonatação natural do traço referência foram os menores de todos, seguidos dos CCA moída, com 15 e 25% e, após, com a CCA natural, de 15% e 25%. Os resultados mostram que é possível substituir até 15% de cimento por cinza de casca de arroz natural, sem moagem, sem perdas acentuadas de resistência (ao redor de 20%) e com coeficientes de carbonatação entre 4 e 5 mm.ano-0,5, valores que podem ser considerados adequados para concreto convencional.