published_or_final_version / Community Medicine / Master / Master of Public Health

A pesquisa, desenvolvida entre universitários da cidade de Lubango - Angola, teve o objetivo de identificar a prevalência da hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e os fatores de risco associados naquela população. Adotou-se como referencial teórico o Modelo de “Campo de Saúde" de Lalonde, composto pelos elementos de biologia humana, meio ambiente, estilo de vida e organização dos serviços de saúde. A população estudada foi composta de 667 universitários, entre 18 e 55 anos de idade, média 29 anos e desvio padrão de 8. Obtiveram-se os dados por meio de entrevista individual, realizada na própria escola onde estudavam. Ao término de cada entrevista, procedeu-se à aferição do peso, altura, valores da pressão arterial (PA), circunferência abdominal e do quadril. Para avaliação do peso, utilizou-se balança portátil; para mensuração da estatura utilizou-se fita métrica inelástica, afixada em parede plana a 50 centímetros do chão. Aferiu-se a PA usando o método auscultatório, com esfigmomanometros do tipo aneróides testados e devidamente calibrados e manguitos de bolsa de borracha compatíveis com a circunferência braquial do indivíduo. Os dados relativos à biologia humana indicaram que 17,1% dos indivíduos apresentavam sobrepeso; 3,2%, obesidade. Identificou-se uma prevalência de HAS de 23,5%. Ao se analisarem os antecedentes familiares, 40,3% relataram que tinham pelo menos um dos pais hipertenso e 22,0% possuíam, no mínimo, um parente do 1º grau com a doença. Quanto ao meio ambiente; 36,1% tinham dedicação exclusiva aos estudos; 55,5% trabalhavam no setor público; 28,9% não possuíam renda individual; 51,3% tinham renda individual de até 250 dólares. Quanto à renda familiar, 27,0% não souberam informar; 33,1% indicaram renda de até 250 dólares; 51,9% indicaram que somente uma pessoa da família contribuía com a renda familiar. Em relação ao estilo de vida, 86,2% realizavam atividade física, 61,2% a praticavam três ou mais vezes por semana; 60,6% indicaram preferência à ingestão de alimentos salgados; 4,0% eram fumantes; 47,6% dos fumantes começaram com o hábito próximo aos 19 anos; 8,4% dos não-fumantes compartilhavam locais fechados com fumantes no dia-dia; 40,6% faziam uso de bebida alcoólica; 59,8% consideravam-se estressados; 15,3% das mulheres usavam contraceptivo hormonal. Quanto ao atendimento à saúde, 82,8% já haviam aferido a PA em alguma ocasião e 65,4% deles não se lembravam do valor encontrado; 12,7% não tinham conhecimento prévio da causa da HAS; 92,1% utilizavam algum tipo de serviço de saúde; 73,6% buscavam serviços de saúde somente em casos de necessidade, para tratamento médico. Conclui-se que estes dados revelam uma elevada prevalência de HAS, considerando que a maioria dos participantes eram jovens; falta de maiores informações sobre a HAS e presença de hábitos autocriados que se constituem em fatores de risco para as doenças hipertensiva e cardiovasculares em geral, que podem ser modificados mediante implementação de programas educativos com ações voltadas à promoção da saúde, visando ao controle dessas doenças. / This research, developed among college students Lugango city - Angola, aimed at identifying the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and associated risk factors in this population. The theoretical reference adopted was the Lalonde model for “Population health", with elements from human biology, environment, life style and management of health services. The population studied was composed of 667 college students from 18 to 55 years old, mean 29 and standard deviation of 8. The data was obtained by means of individual interviews, performed in the college where they studied. At the end of each interview, the body weight, height, waist perimeter, arterial pressure (AP) values, abdominal and hip circumference were assessed. The body weight assessment was evaluated utilizing a portable balance; the height assessment with a non-elastic tape measure, fixed in a flat wall 50 centimeters from the floor. The arterial pressure was assessed by the auscultatory method, with aneroid sphygmomanometers tested and properly calibrated and rubber bladder compatible to the arm circumference of each individual. Data related to human biology indicated that 17.1% of the interviewed were over weight; 3.2% were obese. The prevalence of SAH was of 23.5%. When the familiar antecedents were analyzed, 40.3% declared that at least one of their parents presented hypertension and 22.0% had, at least, one first grade parent with the disease. With respect to environment; 36.1% had exclusive dedication to studies; 55.5% worked on the public service, 28.9% did not received individual income; 51.3% received an individual income of up to 250 dollars. With regard to familiar income, 27.0% did not know to inform; 33.1% indicated an income of up to 250 dollars; 51.9% related that only one person of the family contributed to the familiar income. With regard to life style, 86.2% used to practice some physical activity, 61.2% practice it three or more times a week; 60.6% indicated salty food preference; 4.0% were smokers; 47.6% of the smokers started with the addiction when they were around 19 years old; 8.4% of nonsmokers used to share closed places with smokers day by day; 40.6% use to drink alcoholic drinks; 59.8% considered themselves as stressed; 15.3% of the women utilized hormonal contraceptives. With regard to the management of health services, 82.8% had already assessed their AP in some occasion and 65.4% of them did not remember the obtained value; 12.7% did not have previous knowledge of the possible causes for SAH; 92.1% utilized some type of health service; 73.6% used to look for health services just in extremely need, in order to obtain medical care. The data show a high prevalence of SAH, considering that most of the subjects were young; a lack of information about arterial hypertension and the presence of auto-created habits that are considered as risk factors to hypertensive and cardiovascular diseases that can be modified by means of implementation of educative programs with actions directed to health promotion, in order to control these diseases.

Furthermore, ACS patients with a high N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and a high ROCK activity on admission had a five-fold risk to experience a cardiovascular event, when compared to those with low NT-proBNP and low ROCK activity. In addition, patients with high NT-proBNP and high ROCK activity were also more likely to die or experience a cardiovascular event at two years when comparing to those with high NT-proBNP and low ROCK activity. / In both ACS and CHF study cohorts, all the clinical parameters were recorded and analyzed. / In the first part of this thesis, 176 ACS patients and 51 control subjects were studied. All The patients were enrolled between December 2007 and May 2009 and followed up till 15th March 2010 (mean: 15.4+/-7.6 months, from 0.5 month to 27.5 months). The main outcome measures were all cause mortality, readmission with ACS or congestive heart failure (CHF) at 2 years from presentation. Altogether, there were 23 deaths (13.1%),33 readmissions with ACS (18.8%) and 13 admissions with CHF (7.4%) within 2 years. / Recent studies have shown that ROCK may playa pivotal role in cardiovascular diseases such as vasospastic angina, ischemic stroke, heart failure and metabolic syndrome via its involvement in regulation of vascular tone, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and remodeling. Indeed, inhibition of ROCK by statins or other selective inhibitors leads to upregulation and activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and reduction of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. In this thesis, we hypothesized that ROCK activity is increased in a selected population of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and congestive heart failure (CHF) and that ROCK activity is able to predict long-term clinical outcomes in these two populations. / Rho/rho-kinase (ROCK) is a serine-threonine protein kinase, which is one of the first immediate downstream targets of RhoA and expressed ubiquitously. ROCK is involved in many cellular functions, such as, cell growth, migration, apoptosis via actin cytoskeleton organization, and gene expression. They regulate cell contraction through serine-threonine phosphorylation of adducin, ezrin-radixin-moesin proteins, LIM kinase, myosin light chain phosphatase, and Sodium-Hydrogen ion (Na/H) exchanger. / The main findings are: ROCK activity was increased in ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-STEMI (NSTEMI) and unstable angina (UA) groups when comparing with disease controls and healthy controls. On multivariate analysis, heart failure symptom on presentation, LDL-C level, and number of diseased coronary vessels were independent predictors of ROCK activity in ACS patients. / The ROCK activity in CHF patients was significantly higher than that of the disease control and normal control groups. New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and high creatinine were independent predictors of the baseline ROCK activity in CHF. In terms of long-term heart failure mortality, ROCK activity was not an independent predictor. However, combining ROCK activity and NT-proBNP provided an incremental value in predicting long-term heart failure mortality over NT-proBNP alone. / Thus, increased ROCK activity is likely involved in cardiovascular diseases and further studies would be helpful to elucidate the potential role of ROCK activity inhibition in cardiovascular diseases. / We also recruited a group of 178 patients with CHF. All the patients were enrolled between December 2007 and January 2009 and followed up until 1st February 2010 (mean: 14.4+/-7.2 months, from 0.5 month to 26 months) or until the occurrence of cardiac death. Forty-five patients died (25.3%) within 2 years follow up. / Dong, Ming. / Adviser: Cheuk Man Yu. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-164). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Background Cardiovascular disease in the context of human immunodeficiency virus infection has become a major clinical concern in recent years. In the current report we assess hospitalizations due to cardiovascular disease in human immunodeficiency virus patients in a Social Security reference hospital in Peru. Methods A retrospective study was carried out between January 1996 and December 2012 in a General Hospital in Lima, Peru. Results We included 26 patients hospitalized due to cardiovascular disease. Mean age was 46.3 years (SD 12.5), predominantly male (57.7%). Ten patients (38.4%) were in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome stages. Seventeen (65.4%) received high-active-antiretroviral therapy. Eleven (42.3%) had cardiac involvement and 15 (57.7%) had non-cardiac vascular involvement. The most frequent causes of cardiac involvement were pericardial effusion and myocardial infarction. On the other hand, deep vein thrombosis and stroke were the most frequent for non-cardiac vascular involvement. Conclusions Cardiovascular disease is an important cause of hospitalization in Peruvian human immunodeficiency virus patients, with differences between immunosuppression stages. Further studies analyzing associated factors are warranted. / germanvrodriguez@yahoo.com / Revisión por pares

Submitted by Natalia Vieira (natalia.vieira@famerp.br) on 2016-05-30T22:07:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 gildocavalherijunior_dissert.pdf: 207579 bytes, checksum: 1c1253f01337aa19bb5bb3919cfdebbc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-30T22:07:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gildocavalherijunior_dissert.pdf: 207579 bytes, checksum: 1c1253f01337aa19bb5bb3919cfdebbc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-22 / Introduction: Hemodynamic abnormalities and range of ankle motion reduction have been described in chronic venous disorders. Objective: The aim of this study was to correlate venous hemodynamics measured by air-plethysmography and range of ankle motion assessed by goniometry with clinical classes of “CEAP classification” based on clinical manifestation (C), etiologic factors (E), anatomic distribution of disease (A), and underlying pathophysiologic findings (P). Method: One hundred and forty-two white women were recruited and matched by age: group I = C0 e C1 (n= 24); group II = C2 (n= 30); group III = C3 (n= 27); group IV = C4 (n= 23); group V = C5 (n= 20); group VI = C6 (n= 18). Differences between groups were compared through analysis of variance (ANOVA), Bonferroni, Kruskal-Wallis and Dun tests, p-value = 5%. Results: The range of ankle motion was significantly reduced after C5. Venous filling index was significantly reduced after C2, ejection fraction and residual volume fraction after C4. Conclusion: The clinical severity of venous disease correlates with range of ankle motion reduction and hemodynamic deterioration measured by air-plethysmography. / Introdução: Na doença venosa crônica, têm sido descritas alterações hemodinâmicas e da mobilidade talocrural. Objetivo: Correlacionar os parâmetros hemodinâmicos venosos avaliados por pletismografia a ar e dados goniométricos de amplitude de movimento do tornozelo com o quadro clínico da doença venosa, utilizando-se a classificação Clínica, Etiológica, Anatômica e Fisiopatológica (CEAP). Método: Foram avaliadas 142 mulheres da raça branca, 284 membros inferiores que foram distribuídos em 6 grupos, de acordo com as classes clínicas da classificação CEAP: grupo I = C0 e C1 (n= 24); grupo II = C2 (n= 30); grupo III = C3 (n= 27); grupo IV = C4 (n= 23); grupo V = C5 (n= 20); grupo VI = C6 (n= 18). Foram realizados os exames de goniometria da articulação do tornozelo e de pletismografia a ar. Na análise estatística, utilizou-se a Análise de Variância, teste de Bonferroni, Kruskal-Wallis e de Dunn, considerando erro alfa de 5%. Resultados: Houve diferença significante da amplitude de movimento do tornozelo a partir do grupo C5 e do índice de enchimento venoso a partir de C2, da fração de ejeção e da fração de volume residual a partir de C4. Conclusão: A evolução do quadro clínico da doença venosa se correlaciona com uma redução da mobilidade do tornozelo e com alterações hemodinâmicas medidas pela plestimografia a ar.

This diploma thesis deals with the role of nutrition in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The theoretical part describes basic knowledge about cardiovascular diseases, prevalence, risk factors and the importance of nutrition in their prevention and treatment. The theoretical part describes in detail the effect of intake of carbohydrates, fiber, describes the role of glycemic index of foods, fat intake and their chemical composition, minerals, alcohol and coffee. One part of the theoretical part also describes the role of nutrition in the treatment. The research part is devoted to the dietary habits of patients who have already had an acute myocardial infarction. The aim of the research is to find out whether patients follow current recommendations for the prevention and treatment of CVD, or how the actual diets of these patients differ from recommendations. The data were collected using a questionnaire filled in during interviews with selected patients. It was found out that patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction have insufficient knowledge to build a balanced diet, or that nutritional recommendations are consciously violated. Problematic is especially the choice of fats, the unbalanced composition of the diet, the frequent consumption of too fat and sweet...

Vascular calcification is strongly correlated with the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis, heart attacks and strokes. The calcification process resembles bone formation and involves the osteogenic trans-differentiation of smooth muscles cells within the arterial wall. Cannabinoid receptors are known to modulate bone formation and are present in atherosclerotic vessels, suggesting they may also play a role in modulating calcification. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of cannabinoids on the expression of osteogenic proteins by vascular smooth muscle cells undergoing calcification.

No description available.

Background: Diabetes is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States (U.S), and a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The prevalence of diabetes in central Appalachian region is higher than the rest of the nation (14.4% versus 9.0%, respectively). Objectives: Examine the association between multiple risk factors for CVD and diabetes in asymptomatic adults in central Appalachia. Methods: Between January 2012 and July 2016, 3,000 community-dwelling asymptomatic individuals from central Appalachia participated in screening for sub-clinical atherosclerosis. Participants were asked to report their diabetes status (yes/no). In addition, data on coronary artery calcium (CAC), a marker for sub-clinical coronary atherosclerosis, in quartiles (0, 1-99, 100-399, ≥400), obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2), hypercholesterolemia (yes/no), hypertension (yes/no), current smoking (yes/no), sedentary lifestyle (yes/no), and family history of coronary artery disease (CAD) (yes/no), were collected. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess association between CVD risk factors and diabetes. Results: Of the 3,000 participants, 2,509 subjects (mean age: 58.3 years; SD = 9.8 years) had complete data on variables of interest. Approximately, 14% of the study population reported having type 2 diabetes. Among subjects with diabetes, 58% had a CAC score ≥1, 22% were obese, 17% had hypercholesterolemia, 20% had hypertension, 16% were current smokers, 17% had a sedentary lifestyle, and 15% had a family history of CAD. After adjusting for sex and age, having a CAC score of 1-99, 100-399, and ≥400 increased the odds of having diabetes (Odds ratio (OR): 1.4, 95% Confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-1.9; OR: 2.0, 95% CI = 1.4-2.8; OR: 3.1, 95% CI = 2.1-4.7, respectively) in a linear fashion. Being obese (OR: 3.2; 95% CI = 2.5-4.0), having hypercholesterolemia (OR: 1.8; 95% CI=1.4-2.4), being hypertensive (OR: 3.0; 95% CI= 2.3-3.8), being a smoker (OR: 1.5; 95% CI = 1.1-2.1), and being sedentary (OR: 1.6; 95% CI = 1.3-2.0) were significantly associated with diabetes. Having three (OR: 3.0; 95% CI=1.3-6.6), four (OR: 4.4; 95% CI=2.0-9.7), five (OR: 7.0; 95% CI=3.1-16.1) or six (OR: 9.9; 95% CI= 3.5-27.7) CVD risk factors significantly increased the odds of diabetes. Subjects with any of the seven risk factors under study were 1.7 times (95% CI= 1.5-1.9) more likely to have diabetes. Conclusion. Odds of type 2 diabetes increase with higher number of risk factors for CVD. Results support the use of multifaceted CVD and diabetes prevention programs to lower the incidence of type 2 diabetes.

The relationship between calcium intake and hypertension is receiving increased research attention. The prevalence of hypertension is high among the obese populations. Calcium is a mineral that influences blood pressure. The aim of the study was to examine the association between calcium intake and hypertension in a large nationally representative sample of obese American adults. A total of 14 408 obese adults aged 20 years or older were obtained from the 1999–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Analysis of variance and linear regression models were used to examine relationships between calcium intake and systolic blood pressure (SBP) as well as diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the association between calcium intake and hypertension after adjusting for potential confounders and interactions, including: age, race, education level, alcohol use, smoking, diabetes status, sodium intake and potassium intake. Calcium intake was significantly lower for the hypertensive group compared with the normotensive group (P < 0.0001), especially among those obese female young adults aged 20–44 years and among non-diabetic obese adults. Based on ordinary linear regression analysis, a significant inverse relationship was detected, SBP and DBP decreased if calcium intake increased (SBP: regression coefficient estimate=−0.015, P < 0.0001; DBP: regression coefficient estimate=−0.028, P < 0.0001). Multiple logistic regression showed that calcium intake was negatively associated with the probability of hypertension (odds ratio (OR)=0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.74–0.87, P < 0.0001). In stratified analysis, calcium intake in youngest adults (age 20–44 years) had the lowest likelihood of hypertension (OR=0.77, 95% CI: 0.64–0.93, P < 0.0001), the inverse relationship between calcium intake and probability of hypertension was stronger among females (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.55–0.84, P < 0.0001), when compared with the whole sample including all of 14 408 obese adults. The protective effect of calcium intake and hypertension was found significantly in obese non-diabetic adults (OR: OR=0.77, 95% CI: 0.67–0.89, P < 0.0001) not in obese diabetic adults. SBP, DBP and calcium intake were log transformed for both ordinary linear regression analysis and logistic regression analysis. Our study findings underscore the need to explore the physiological mechanism between calcium intake and hypertension. In this study, increased calcium intake was associated with the lowest risk of hypertension. Future studies utilizing longitudinal research designs are needed to quantify therapeutic levels of calcium for control of hypertension among obese adults. Increasing calcium intake among American adults may offer promise as a cost-effective strategy to improve hypertension among obese adults; however, further scientific exploration is warranted.