Au cours d’une carrière amorcée sous le Second Empire et achevée dans les années vingt, Albert Robida (1848-1926) participa à cent sept périodiques et illustra quatre-vingt-quatorze livres. Il acquit une autonomie créatrice par la fondation, en 1880, de son propre journal humoristique, La Caricature, et par la publication de quarante-sept ouvrages écrits et illustrés de sa main. Il exprime, en tant que dessinateur la forte tension entre tradition et modernité palpable dans le monde parisien de l’édition au tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles. Sa notoriété actuelle est principalement due au premier de ses romans d’anticipation Le Vingtième Siècle (1883). Par cette forme originale, Robida livre une satire de son époque, tout en proposant la vision dystopique d’une société régie par la mécanisation. Dans la perspective de l’histoire de l’art, on s’interrogera sur la pratique graphique traditionnelle défendue par Robida, qui pourtant avait si bien entrevu, dès le début des années 1880, le potentiel médiatique des images animées. Afin de résoudre ce paradoxe, sa production graphique a été analysée selon de trois axes de recherche complémentaires. Le premier concerne les mécanismes de diffusion de ses dessins dans le secteur de l’édition, que ce soit à travers la presse, les livres ou les estampes. Le deuxième axe s’intéresse à la singularité de Robida dans la fin de siècle. Il analyse les modes de créations qui lui permirent de se dégager des contraintes inhérentes au monde de l’édition par la mise au point de son propre style de caricature, par l’auto-illustration et par sa participation aux livres de bibliophilie. Le troisième axe cerne les limites que Robida fixait au métier de dessinateur par une enquête orientée vers la peinture, la photographie et le cinéma. / During his career from the Second Empire to 1926, Albert Robida (1848-1926) took an active part in a hundred and seven newspapers and illustrated ninety-four books. He acquired a creative self-sufficiency by founding, in 1880, his own satirical newspaper, La Caricature, and by publishing forty-seven works which he himself wrote and illustrated. His career and his drawings express the strong tension between tradition and modernity in the Parisian world of edition from the end of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century. His present fame is mainly due to Le Vingtième siècle (1883), the first of his works of science-fiction. Through this new form, Robida renders a satire of his time, while offering a dystopic vision of a society run by mechanization. Although he foresaw the media possibilities in animated pictures in the early 1880's, he defended his traditional graphic practice which will be examined in the art history angle. To resolve this paradox, his graphic production has been analyzed according to three further axes of research. The first one is about the distribution of his pictures in the publishing sector through newspapers, books or etchings. The second one is focused on the peculiarity of Robida in the “fin de siècle”. It analyses the creative forms which allowed him to free himself from the constraints connected to the publishing sector by focusing on his own style as a caricaturist, on his auto-illustrations and on his participation in books on bibliophilia. The third axis centers on the limits which, as an illustrator, Robida set to his own profession by a research directed towards painting, photography and cinema.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Dans leurs préfaces et essais critiques, les romanciers de la seconde génération romantique expriment le désir de « créer des types ». C’est en effet selon eux le propre d’un chef-d’œuvre que de faire entrer dans le patrimoine littéraire commun de nouveaux types, comme Cervantès avec don Quichotte ou Molière avec Tartuffe. Notre thèse étudie la signification de ce terme apparu sous la monarchie de Juillet et les procédés stylistiques de caractérisation des personnages employés par les romanciers pour constituer des types. Notre corpus comprend les romans de Stendhal, Alfred de Vigny, Victor Hugo, George Sand, Honoré de Balzac, Alexandre Dumas, Eugène Sue et Théophile Gautier. Parce que le terme de type apparaît au même moment dans le vocabulaire de la caricature et de l’illustration, notre travail a également pour but de souligner les liens entre les procédés littéraires de typification et les dessins de types dans la presse satirique et la littérature panoramique. L’enjeu de notre thèse est de distinguer l’acception romantique du type d’une compréhension exclusivement sociologique tout en montrant les liens étroits entre types romanesques et types sociologiques. / During the July Monarchy, French romantic writers used critical essays to express their desire to create new typical characters, or « types ». According to them, the ability of a novel to create new « types » is a sign of literary value. This work studies the esthetical meaning of the word « type » and the way novels written by Stendhal, Vigny, Hugo, Sand, Musset, Balzac, Dumas, Eugène Sue and Théophile Gautier make a character into a « type ». This term appears in satirical newspapers and « Physiologies » at the same time and this dissertation aims at explaining the links between visual « types » in caricature and litterary « types » in novels. This work also tries to underline the differences and similarities between romantic and sociological « types ».

A caricatura, uma imagem da face baseada no exagero de suas características peculiares, geralmente é reconhecida tão bem quanto a fotografia da face sem distorções. Para confecção das caricaturas, exageram-se as diferenças entre a imagem original e um protótipo (face média de um grupo de pessoas); e para confecção das anti-caricaturas essas diferenças são atenuadas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar se existe um grau de exagero ótimo para que a caricatura represente a face melhor que a fotografia original. Além disso, investigou- se o papel da percepção holística versus percepção componencial no processo de reconhecimento de faces. Foram geradas seis faces prototípicas, masculinas e femininas, de pessoas da população da região de Ribeirão Preto que se auto-declaram branca, parda e preta. A partir das faces prototípicas, foram gerados dois tipos de caricaturas e anticaricaturas: 1. holística: em que todas as diferenças entre a face original e a prototípica foram manipuladas, 2. parcial: em que somente as diferenças de alguns elementos faciais isolados ou combinados entre a face original e a prototípica foram manipuladas. No Experimento I os estímulos teste foram as caricaturas e anti-caricaturas holísticas. No Experimento II os estímulos foram as caricaturas e anti-caricaturas parciais. Em ambos experimentos as caricaturas e anti-caricaturas foram submetidas a julgamentos de similaridade com a face original previamente memorizada. Os resultados do Experimento I indicaram que a melhor representação da face é a fotografia sem distorção e que, nos casos em que a face é atípica em relação ao protótipo, as caricaturas tendem a ser representações tão fidedignas quanto as fotografias sem distorção. Os resultados do Experimento II apontam para a importância dos elementos peculiares no reconhecimento de faces. Comparando-se os resultados dos Experimentos I e II pode-se afirmar que o processamento de faces se dá predominantemente de forma holística e que a manipulação de elementos peculiares da face reduz mais a similaridade entre a face original e a caricatura (ou anti-caricatura) que a manipulação de elementos não-peculiares. / A caricature is an exaggeration of distinctive facial features and is generally recognized just as well as an undistorted photograph of a face. Caricatures can be generated by exaggerating the differences between a face and a prototypical face (average face) and an anticaricature can be generated by reducing those differences. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a degree of caricaturing that best captures facial likeness. Moreover, we investigated the role of holistic perception versus componential perception in the facial recognition process. Six prototypical faces, three male and three female, were generated by morphing photographs of Brazilian people from the region of Ribeirão Preto-SP of different races: black, white and mixed race. Two types of caricatures and anticaricatures were generated: 1, holistic: by manipulating of all the differences between a face and the prototypical faces; 2, partial: by manipulating the differences of isolated or combined features between a face and the prototypical face. The stimuli used in Experiment 1 were the holistic caricatures and anticaricatures. In Experiment 2 the stimuli were the partial caricatures and anticaricatures. In both experiments, subjects were asked to rate the similarity between the caricatures and the anticaricatures and a face previously memorized. The results of Experiment 1 provide evidence that the best representation of the face is a photograph without distortion and that, when the face is atypical, the caricatures seem to be as good as photographs without distortion. The results of Experiment 2 point to the importance of the role of distinctive features in face recognition. Comparing the results of Experiments 1 and 2, we can say that the facial recognition process is predominantly holistic but that the manipulation of distinctive facial elements reduces the similarity judgment more than the manipulation of non-distinctive features.

Thesis (M.S.V.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 111-116. / The human face is a highly significant visual display which we are able to remember and recognize easily despite the fact that we are exposed to thousands of faces which may be metrically very similar. caricature is a graphical coding of facial features which seeks to be more like the face than the face itself: selected information is exaggerated, noise is reduced, and the processes involved in recognition are exploited. After studying the methods of caricaturists, examining perceptual phenomena regarding individuating features, and surveying automatic and man-machine systems which represent and manipulate the face, some heuristics for caricature are defined . An algorithm is implemented to amplify the nuance of a human face in a computer- generated caricature. This is done by comparing the face to a norm and then distorting the face even further away from that norm . Issues of style, context and animation are discussed. The applications of the caricature generator in the areas of teleconferencing, games, and interactive graphic interfaces are explored. / by Susan Elise Brennan. / M.S.V.S.

acase@tulane.edu

Ce mémoire vise à saisir les messages véhiculés dans La Presse, Le Soleil et L'Illustration nouvelle dans les années 1930. Nous avons utilisé la caricature comme objet d'étude afin de nuancer, par l'image et l'humour, ce qui était déjà connu sur les idéologies au Québec pendant cette décennie. Le contenu des caricatures varie d'une année à l'autre et épouse essentiellement les grandes lignes de l'actualité de l'époque. Les questions économiques, surtout traitées en 1932 - au cœur de la Crise - sont discutées sans remettre en doute les vertus du capitalisme et du libéralisme. 1935 étant une année électorale aux deux principaux paliers gouvernementaux, les caricatures et dessins d'actualité deviennent davantage politiques. Dans chaque journal, les critiques sont le plus souvent formulées en direction d'un seul parti, donnant ainsi un appui implicite à une autre formation, donc à la démocratie parlementaire. Cet appui tacite à la démocratie est plus clairement exprimé en 1938. Les tensions sur la scène internationale engendrent un lot de dessins défendant la paix et les grandes démocraties, aux dépens des dictatures. Ces manifestations de libéralisme sont à mettre en perspective avec le fait qu'il existe des exclus; femmes, immigrants et Africains sont représentés comme inférieurs. Des tabous et interdits font en sorte que des sujets sont évités et que certaines questions ne sont traitées que superficiellement. C'est à partir de ce principe qu'il est, par exemple, possible de rire des politiciens, mais non des institutions politiques. Nous y avons vu un rôle similaire à celui du carnaval, soit de permettre, par le rire, une contestation de surface des questions politiques et sociales. Par leur contenu idéologique, les dessins défendent donc essentiellement l'ordre en place, soit la société libérale telle qu'elle se présente au Canada. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Québec, Canada, années 1930, humour, caricatures, libéralisme, presse

Th. Ph. D.--Fine arts--Cambridge (Mass.)--Harvard university, 1985. / Bibliogr. p. 322-337.

A caricatura, uma imagem da face baseada no exagero de suas características peculiares, geralmente é reconhecida tão bem quanto a fotografia da face sem distorções. Para confecção das caricaturas, exageram-se as diferenças entre a imagem original e um protótipo (face média de um grupo de pessoas); e para confecção das anti-caricaturas essas diferenças são atenuadas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar se existe um grau de exagero ótimo para que a caricatura represente a face melhor que a fotografia original. Além disso, investigou- se o papel da percepção holística versus percepção componencial no processo de reconhecimento de faces. Foram geradas seis faces prototípicas, masculinas e femininas, de pessoas da população da região de Ribeirão Preto que se auto-declaram branca, parda e preta. A partir das faces prototípicas, foram gerados dois tipos de caricaturas e anticaricaturas: 1. holística: em que todas as diferenças entre a face original e a prototípica foram manipuladas, 2. parcial: em que somente as diferenças de alguns elementos faciais isolados ou combinados entre a face original e a prototípica foram manipuladas. No Experimento I os estímulos teste foram as caricaturas e anti-caricaturas holísticas. No Experimento II os estímulos foram as caricaturas e anti-caricaturas parciais. Em ambos experimentos as caricaturas e anti-caricaturas foram submetidas a julgamentos de similaridade com a face original previamente memorizada. Os resultados do Experimento I indicaram que a melhor representação da face é a fotografia sem distorção e que, nos casos em que a face é atípica em relação ao protótipo, as caricaturas tendem a ser representações tão fidedignas quanto as fotografias sem distorção. Os resultados do Experimento II apontam para a importância dos elementos peculiares no reconhecimento de faces. Comparando-se os resultados dos Experimentos I e II pode-se afirmar que o processamento de faces se dá predominantemente de forma holística e que a manipulação de elementos peculiares da face reduz mais a similaridade entre a face original e a caricatura (ou anti-caricatura) que a manipulação de elementos não-peculiares. / A caricature is an exaggeration of distinctive facial features and is generally recognized just as well as an undistorted photograph of a face. Caricatures can be generated by exaggerating the differences between a face and a prototypical face (average face) and an anticaricature can be generated by reducing those differences. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a degree of caricaturing that best captures facial likeness. Moreover, we investigated the role of holistic perception versus componential perception in the facial recognition process. Six prototypical faces, three male and three female, were generated by morphing photographs of Brazilian people from the region of Ribeirão Preto-SP of different races: black, white and mixed race. Two types of caricatures and anticaricatures were generated: 1, holistic: by manipulating of all the differences between a face and the prototypical faces; 2, partial: by manipulating the differences of isolated or combined features between a face and the prototypical face. The stimuli used in Experiment 1 were the holistic caricatures and anticaricatures. In Experiment 2 the stimuli were the partial caricatures and anticaricatures. In both experiments, subjects were asked to rate the similarity between the caricatures and the anticaricatures and a face previously memorized. The results of Experiment 1 provide evidence that the best representation of the face is a photograph without distortion and that, when the face is atypical, the caricatures seem to be as good as photographs without distortion. The results of Experiment 2 point to the importance of the role of distinctive features in face recognition. Comparing the results of Experiments 1 and 2, we can say that the facial recognition process is predominantly holistic but that the manipulation of distinctive facial elements reduces the similarity judgment more than the manipulation of non-distinctive features.

Egyptian campaign of 1798 led by general Bonaparte had an important impact on the European culture in the end of 18th century and begining of the 19th century. Also the campaign itself was strongly reflected in period art and print. Main goal of my diploma is to compare the visual appereance and thought of the caricature created mainly by the english authors on this matter, with official French propaganda under Napoleon which is visible in art of Antoine-Jean Gros' painting: Napoleon visiting the sick in Jaffa. In both cases these are distinctive illustrations of political function of art, which, mainly in the era of Napoleon I., gained new authenticity for the future evolution of political propaganda and caricature.